2. Ketika manusia mulai mengenal peradaban ….. mereka-pun telah mengenal obat-obatan
3. Dari Bangsa Sumeria (3000 SM) ….. Suku Indian di Amerika Bangsa Sumeria (Shanidar), yg hidup ca. 5000 tahun yang lalu telah mengenal obat-obatan. Penyembuh disebut SHAMAN.
4. Mesir kuno …… Bangsa Mesir Kuno juga telah mengenal Obat-obatan dgn ditemukannya Papyrus Ebers oleh Georg Ebers. Dokumen ini diperkirakan telah berusia 3600 tahun (Abad 16 sebelum masehi) berisi “resep-resep” obat yg berasal dari tumbuhan, hewan dan mineral Papyrus Ebers
5. Daratan China (2000 SM) ….. Jejak Penemuan obat-obatan juga ditemukan di daratan China. Pen T’sao (herbal asli) pada zaman Kaisar Shen Nung (ca. 2000 SM) ditemukan di lembah sungai Kuning dan sungai Yangtze. Kaisar Sheng-Nung Pen Tsao
6. Hingga legenda para dewa Yunani kuno …. Aesculapius :Anak dewa Apollo,pakar kesehatan dipakai sebagai lambang dokter Hygeia : anak dewa Aesculapius, dewi kesehatan, dipakai sebagai lambang apoteker
11. Paracelsus (Theophrastus Bombastus vonHohenheim) (1493-1541) Pelopor ilmu Kimia Farmasi Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1742-1786) Apoteker – penemu banyak senyawa kimia
33. The Next Generation Stem cell adalah suatu jenis sel yang spesial ( the special one ) dengan kemampuannya yang unik untuk memperbanyak dan memperbaiki dirinya sendiri. Keunikan lainnya adalah kemampuannya untuk dapat berubah menjadi berbagai macam jenis sel yang berbeda-beda, sesuai lingkungannya. Singkat cerita, bila stem cells kita tanam di jaringan otak, jadi sel otak-lah dia, bila ditanam dijantung, jadi sel jantung-lah dia, dan bila ditanam dijaringan tulang maka jadi-lah dia sel tulang. Is it amazing or what?
34. Embryonic Stem Cell , berasal dari kumpulan sel, bernama inner cell mass, yang merupakan bagian dari embryo fase awal (4-5 hari), yang kita kenal blastocyte Embryonic Germ Cell , berasal dari jaringan fetus. Mereka diisolasi dari primordial stem cells yang ambil dari jaringan gonad saat fetus berusia 5-10 minggu. Adult Stem Cell , berasal dari sel yang belum berdiferensiasi di sel orang dewasa, tetapi memiliki sifat-sifat menyerupai stem cells. Termasuk diantaranya tali pusat stem cells dan embryonic carcinoma stem cells
43. Mammal Cloning Timeline Megan and Morag Dolly 1984 – A live lamb was cloned from sheep embryo cells 1986 – Early embryo cells were used to clone a cow 1993 – Calves were produced by transfer of nuclei from cultured embryonic cells 1995 – Two sheep, named Megan & Morag, were cloned using embryo cells 1996 – Birth of Dolly, the first organism to be cloned from a fully differentiated adult cell 1997 – Transgenic sheep named Polly was cloned containing a human gene
44. Tetra 1998 – 50 mice were cloned in three generations from a single mouse 1998 – 8 calves were cloned from a single adult cow, but only 4 survived to their first birthday 1999 – A female rhesus monkey named Tetra was cloned by splitting early embryo cells. 2000 – Pigs and goats reported cloned from adult cells 2002 – Rabbits and a kitten reported cloned from adult cells
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46. Mammal Cloning allows propagation of endangered species and Human’s best friends January 8, 2001 Noah , a baby bull gaur, became the first clone of an endangered animal. 2005, SNUPPY (Seoul National University Puppy), mamalia PERTAMA yg dikloning dari SATU sel kulit anjing yg sudah mati dgn teknik Nuclear Transfer Somatic Cell
47. Dengan menggunakan teknik nuclear transfer somatic cell , peneliti-peneliti asal Korea Selatan, yang dipimpin oleh Prof. Hwang Woo-suk tidak memerlukan sperma untuk pembuahannya, hanya perlu listrik sebagai pencetus pembelahan sel dan lahir-lah SNUPPY , Seoul National University Puppy.
48. Human Genome Project 1990 The Human Genome Project launch. The German Gene technology Law is passed 1994 The first genetically modified tomatoes are marketed in the USA. 1997 For the first time a eukaryotic genome, that of baker’s yeast, is unravelled 1998 The first human embryonic cell lines are established. 2001 The first draft of the human genome is published. 2003 The sequencing of the human genome is completed
52. Thank You - Danke - Matur Nuwun http://priyambodo71.wordpress.com
Editor's Notes
Embryo splitting (40s and 50s) aka artificial twinning First done in 1885 with sea urchines Mammals – first done in 1995 – seperate cells in developing embryos, let each cell multiply and develop into an embryo on its own, each embryo genetically identical Parthenogenesis (testing now – not been successful with mammals) Diploid precursor cells (which undergo meiosis to become oocytes) were mechanically, electrically, or chemically induced to develop as if it was a fertilized oocyte. Abnormal differentiation - No known embryos survive, but good for stem cells derivation – imprinting/division of labour between maternal/paternal genome??? Nuclear transplantation – aka somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) First done with frogs in 1952 Then 1975 rabbits – first mammal with NT (with embryonic somatic cell) then sheep (1986) and cow (1987) In 1996 – first mammal with NT from ADULT somatic cell (Dolly!!)
