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Introduction to HTTP/2 and How To Use It

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ArcBlock
ArcBlock

ArcBlock's Technical Learning Series Presents: Intro to HTTP/2. You may not know that your browser supports HTTP/2 long times ago. What exactly is HTTP/2? What's the difference between HTTP/2 and HTTP? Why do we even need HTTP2/? What can we do with HTTP/2's new feature? This talk is all about HTTP/2, also we will demonstrate how to write a simple HTTP/2 client in 33 lines of code. HTTP/2早在2015年就被互联网工程任务小组制定为标准，我们用的浏览器其实早就悄悄支持HTTP/2了。HTTP/2到底比HTTP/1.1好在哪里？关于HTTP/2我需要知道什么？听说HTTP/3快要出了现在才讲HTTP/2是不是有点晚？这篇讲座将解答您的这些问题。另外我们也会现场演示如何用33行代码写一个最简单的HTTP/2客户端。"

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12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 1/36 Intro to HTTP/2 Brought to you by Boshan Sun 1
12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 2/36 History of HTTP • HTTP/0.9, 1991 • HTTP/1.0, 1996, RFC 1945 • HTTP/1.1, 1999, RFC 2616, RFC 7230-7235 • HTTP/2, 2015, RFC 7540/7541 Related protocols • Gopher, 1991 • SPDY, 2012 2
12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 3/36 HTTP/1.1 client <----------------------> server GET / HTTP/1.1 HTTP/1.1 200 OK Host: example.com Content-Length: 1270 <!doctype html> <html> ... </html> 3
12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 4/36 HTTP/1.1 ➜ telnet example.com 80 Trying 93.184.216.34... Connected to example.com. Escape character is '^]'. GET / HTTP/1.1 Host: example.com HTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-Length: 1270 <!doctype html> <html> ... </html> 4
12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 5/36 Problems of HTTP/1.1 • TCP is not fully utilized • head of line blocking • too many request to render even for one page 5
12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 6/36 Problems of HTTP/1.1 client server | GET / | | -----------------------------> | | 200 OK | | <----------------------------- | | | | GET /favicon | | -----------------------------> | | 200 OK | | <----------------------------- | | | | GET /index.js | | -----------------------------> | | 200 OK | | <----------------------------- | | | | ... | | | | GET /title.png | | -----------------------------> | | 200 OK | | <----------------------------- | 6
12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 7/36 Workarounds • spriting: use a large image • inlining: put image inline • concatenation: put few js in one • sharding: connect to multiple servers 7
12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 8/36 HTTP/2 design goal • support url http:// & https:// • support proxy from http 1.x to http2 • no minor version number 8
12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 9/36 HTTP/2 • RFC 7540 - HTTP version 2 • RFC 7541 - HPACK: Header Compression for HTTP/2 9
12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 10/36 HTTP/2 features • one TCP connection • binary protocol • multiplexing • flow control and prioritization • header compression • server push 10
12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 11/36 Upgrade to HTTP/2 • Upgrade to https URI • Application Layer Protocol Negotiation(ALPN) • A connection preface PRI * HTTP/2.0 SM 11
12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 12/36 Frames +-----------------------------------------------+ | Length (24) | +---------------+---------------+---------------+ | Type (8) | Flags (8) | +-+-------------+---------------+-------------------------------+ |R| Stream Identifier (31) | +=+=============================================================+ | Frame Payload (0...) ... +---------------------------------------------------------------+ 12
12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 13/36 Types +---------------+------+ | Frame Type | Code | +---------------+------+ | DATA | 0x0 | | HEADERS | 0x1 | <- headers | PRIORITY | 0x2 | | RST_STREAM | 0x3 | | SETTINGS | 0x4 | <- settings | PUSH_PROMISE | 0x5 | | PING | 0x6 | | GOAWAY | 0x7 | | WINDOW_UPDATE | 0x8 | | CONTINUATION | 0x9 | +---------------+------+ 13
12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 14/36 Settings +-------------------------------+ | Identifier (16) | +-------------------------------+-------------------------------+ | Value (32) | +---------------------------------------------------------------+ +------------------------+------+---------------+ | Name | Code | Initial Value | +------------------------+------+---------------+ | HEADER_TABLE_SIZE | 0x1 | 4096 | | ENABLE_PUSH | 0x2 | 1 | | MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS | 0x3 | (infinite) | | INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE | 0x4 | 65535 | | MAX_FRAME_SIZE | 0x5 | 16384 | | MAX_HEADER_LIST_SIZE | 0x6 | (infinite) | +------------------------+------+---------------+ 14
12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 15/36 Settings +-----------------------------------------------+ | Length (24) | +---------------+---------------+---------------+ | Type (8) | Flags (8) | +-+-------------+---------------+-------------------------------+ |R| Stream Identifier (31) | +=+=============================================================+ | Identifier (16) | +-------------------------------+-------------------------------+ | Value (32) | +---------------------------------------------------------------+ <<0,0,24,4,0,0,0,0,0,0,5,0,16,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,250,0,6,0,16,1,64,0,4,0,16,0,0>> 0,0,24, % length(24) 4,0, % type(SETTINGS), flags(0) 0,0,0,0, % stream id(0) 0,5, % MAX_FRAME_SIZE(1048576) 0,16,0,0, 0,3, % MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS(250) 0,0,0,250, 0,6, % MAX_HEADER_LIST_SIZE(1048896) 0,16,1,64, 0,4, % INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE(1048576) 0,16,0,0 +-----------------------------------------------+ 15
12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 16/36 Headers +-----------------------------------------------+ | Length (24) | +---------------+---------------+---------------+ | Type (8) | Flags (8) | +-+-------------+---------------+-------------------------------+ |R| Stream Identifier (31) | +=+=============================================================+ |Pad Length? (8)| +-+-------------+-----------------------------------------------+ |E| Stream Dependency? (31) | +-+-------------+-----------------------------------------------+ | Weight? (8) | +-+-------------+-----------------------------------------------+ | Header Block Fragment (*) ... +---------------------------------------------------------------+ | Padding (*) ... +---------------------------------------------------------------+ 16
12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 17/36 HPACK: Header Compression for HTTP/2 • RFC 7541 ➜ curl -v http://example.com GET / HTTP/1.1 Host: example.com User-Agent: curl/7.54.0 Accept: */* HTTP/1.1 200 OK Accept-Ranges: bytes Cache-Control: max-age=604800 Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8 Date: Mon, 19 Nov 2018 22:31:57 GMT ... 17
12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 18/36 Static Table +-------+-----------------------------+---------------+ | Index | Header Name | Header Value | +-------+-----------------------------+---------------+ | 1 | :authority | | <- host: example.com | 2 | :method | GET | <- GET | 3 | :method | POST | | 4 | :path | / | | 5 | :path | /index.html | | 6 | :scheme | http | | 7 | :scheme | https | | 8 | :status | 200 | | 9 | :status | 204 | | 10 | :status | 206 | | 11 | :status | 304 | | 12 | :status | 400 | | 13 | :status | 404 | | 14 | :status | 500 | | 15 | accept-charset | | | 16 | accept-encoding | gzip, deflate | | 17 | accept-language | | | 18 | accept-ranges | | | 19 | accept | | | ... | | | | 61 | www-authenticate | | +-------+-----------------------------+---------------+ 18
12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 19/36 Dynamic Table +-------+-----------------------------+---------------+ | Index | Header Name | Header Value | +-------+-----------------------------+---------------+ | 62 | x-user-name | hellokitty | | 63 | x-password | password123 | | ... | | | +-------+-----------------------------+---------------+ 19
12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 20/36 Our header GET / HTTP/1.1 Host: http2.golang.org :method: GET :scheme: https :path: / :authority: http2.golang.org +-------+-----------------------------+------------------+ | Index | Header Name | Header Value | +-------+-----------------------------+------------------+ | 1 | :authority | | http2.golang.org | 2 | :method | GET | | 4 | :path | / | | 7 | :scheme | https | +-------+-----------------------------+------------------+ 20
12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 21/36 How to represent a interger? 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | | +---+---------------------------+ +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 +---+---------------------------+ +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 | 255 +---+---------------------------+ 21
12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 22/36 Variable-length integer 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | ? | ? | ? | value | +---+---------------------------+ +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | ? | ? | ? | 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 +---+---------------------------+ +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | ? | ? | ? | 1 1 1 1 0 | 30 +---+---------------------------+ +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | ? | ? | ? | 1 1 1 1 1 | +---+---+---+-------------------+ | 0 | 0 | 0 + 31 = 31 +---+---------------------------+ +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | ? | ? | ? | 1 1 1 1 1 | +---+---+---+-------------------+ | 0 | 1 | 1 + 31 = 32 +---+---------------------------+ +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | ? | ? | ? | 1 1 1 1 1 | 22
12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 23/36 String literal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | H | String Length (7+) | +---+---------------------------+ | String Data (Length octets) | +-------------------------------+ "" +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 0 | 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 +---+---------------------------+ "abc" +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 0 | 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 | 3 +---+---------------------------+ | 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 | 97(a) +-------------------------------+ | 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 | 98(b) +-------------------------------+ | 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 | 99(c) +-------------------------------+ "你好" +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 0 | 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 | 6 +---+---------------------------+ 23
12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 24/36 Indexed Header Field +-------+-----------------------------+------------------+ | Index | Header Name | Header Value | +-------+-----------------------------+------------------+ | 1 | :authority | | http2.golang.org | 2 | :method | GET | | 4 | :path | / | | 7 | :scheme | https | +-------+-----------------------------+------------------+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 1 | Index (7+) | +---+---------------------------+ +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 1 | 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 | 130 +---+---------------------------+ +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 1 | 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 | 132 +---+---------------------------+ +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 1 | 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 | 135 +---+---------------------------+ 24
12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 25/36 Literal Header Field • Literal Header Field with Incremental Indexing • Literal Header Field without Indexing • Literal Header Field Never Indexed 25
12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 26/36 Dynamic Table +-------+-----------------------------+---------------+ | Index | Header Name | Header Value | +-------+-----------------------------+---------------+ +-------+-----------------------------+---------------+ :method: GET :scheme: http :path: / :authority: example.com +-------+-----------------------------+---------------+ | Index | Header Name | Header Value | +-------+-----------------------------+---------------+ | 62 | :authority | example.com | +-------+-----------------------------+---------------+ :method: GET :scheme: http :path: / :authority: example.com cache-control: no-cache +-------+-----------------------------+---------------+ | Index | Header Name | Header Value | +-------+-----------------------------+---------------+ | 62 | cache-control | no-cache | | 63 | :authority | example.com | 26
12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 27/36 Literal Header Field with Incremental Indexing indexed name 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 0 | 1 | Index (6+) | +---+---+-----------------------+ | H | Value Length (7+) | +---+---------------------------+ | Value String (Length octets) | +-------------------------------+ new name 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 0 | 1 | 0 | +---+---+-----------------------+ | H | Name Length (7+) | +---+---------------------------+ | Name String (Length octets) | +---+---------------------------+ | H | Value Length (7+) | +---+---------------------------+ | Value String (Length octets) | +-------------------------------+ 27
12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 28/36 Literal Header Field with Incremental Indexing 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 0 | 1 | Index (6+) | +---+---+-----------------------+ | H | Value Length (7+) | +---+---------------------------+ | Value String (Length octets) | +-------------------------------+ +-------+-----------------------------+------------------+ | Index | Header Name | Header Value | +-------+-----------------------------+------------------+ | 1 | :authority | | http2.golang.org +-------+-----------------------------+------------------+ +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 0 | 1 | 0 0 0 0 0 1 | 65 +---+---+-----------------------+ | 0 | 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 | 16 +---+---------------------------+ | 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 | 104(h) +-------------------------------+ | 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 | 116(t) +-------------------------------+ | 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 | 116(t) +-------------------------------+ | 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 | 112(p) 28
12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 29/36 Literal Header Field without Indexing 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Index (4+) | +---+---+-----------------------+ | H | Value Length (7+) | +---+---------------------------+ | Value String (Length octets) | +-------------------------------+ +-------+-----------------------------+------------------+ | Index | Header Name | Header Value | +-------+-----------------------------+------------------+ | 1 | :authority | | http2.golang.org +-------+-----------------------------+------------------+ +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 0 0 1 | 1 +---+---+-----------------------+ | 0 | 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 | 16 +---+---------------------------+ | 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 | 104(h) +-------------------------------+ | 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 | 116(t) +-------------------------------+ | 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 | 116(t) +-------------------------------+ | 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 | 112(p) 29
12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 30/36 Literal Header Field never Indexing 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | Index (4+) | +---+---+-----------------------+ | H | Value Length (7+) | +---+---------------------------+ | Value String (Length octets) | +-------------------------------+ 30
12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 31/36 HPACK in action :method: GET :scheme: https :path: / :authority: http2.golang.org +-------+-----------------------------+------------------+ | Index | Header Name | Header Value | +-------+-----------------------------+------------------+ | 1 | :authority | | http2.golang.org | 2 | :method | GET | | 4 | :path | / | | 7 | :scheme | https | +-------+-----------------------------+------------------+ <<130>> <<135>> <<132>> <<65,16,104,116,116,112,50,46,103,111,108,97,110,103,46,111,114,103>> 31
12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 32/36 Headers +-----------------------------------------------+ | Length (24) | +---------------+---------------+---------------+ | Type (8) | Flags (8) | +-+-------------+---------------+-------------------------------+ |R| Stream Identifier (31) | +=+=============================================================+ | Header Block Fragment (*) ... +---------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------+ |0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1| (21) +---------------+---------------+---------------+ |0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1|0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1| (END_HEADERS & END_STREAM) +-+-------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ |0|0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1| (stream id 1) +=+=============================================================+ |1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0|1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1|1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0| +-----------------------------------------------+ ... 0,0,21, % length(21) 1,5, % type(HEADERS), flags(END_HEADERS & END_STREAM) 0,0,0,1, % stream id(1) 130,135,132, % header block fragment 65,16,104,116,116,112,50,46,103,111,108,97,110,103,46,111,114,103 32
12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 33/36 a simple http2 client https://github.com/sunboshan/h2 -module(http2). -export([start/0,init/0]). start() -> spawn(http2,init,[]). init() -> {ok,Socket} = ssl:connect("http2.golang.org",443,[ binary, {alpn_advertised_protocols,[<<"h2">>]} ]), Magic = "PRI * HTTP/2.0rnrnSMrnrn", Settings = <<0,0,0,4,0,0,0,0,0>>, ssl:send(Socket,[Magic,Settings]), loop(Socket). loop(Socket) -> receive {ssl,Socket,Data} -> parse(Data), loop(Socket); {send,Data} -> ssl:send(Socket,Data), 33
12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 34/36 a simple http2 client ➜ erl -s ssl 1> c(http2),P=http2:start(). <0.108.0> 2> P ! {send,<<0,0,21,1,5,0,0,0,3,130,135,132,65,16,104,116,116,112,50,46,103,111,108,97,110,103,46,111,114,103>>}. {send,<<0,0,21,1,5,0,0,0,3,130,135,132,1,16,104,116,116, 112,50,46,103,111,108,97,110,103,46,...>>} <html> <body> <h1>Go + HTTP/2</h1> <p>Welcome to <a href="https://golang.org/">the Go language</a>'s <a href="https://http2.github.io/">HTTP/2</a> demo & interop server.</p> <p>Congratulations, <b>you're using HTTP/2 right now</b>.</p> ... </body></html> 34
12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 35/36 HTTP/3 • HTTP-over-QUIC • Coming in 2019… maybe 35
12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 36/36 36

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Introduction to HTTP/2 and How To Use It

  • 1. 12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 1/36 Intro to HTTP/2 Brought to you by Boshan Sun 1
  • 2. 12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 2/36 History of HTTP • HTTP/0.9, 1991 • HTTP/1.0, 1996, RFC 1945 • HTTP/1.1, 1999, RFC 2616, RFC 7230-7235 • HTTP/2, 2015, RFC 7540/7541 Related protocols • Gopher, 1991 • SPDY, 2012 2
  • 3. 12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 3/36 HTTP/1.1 client <----------------------> server GET / HTTP/1.1 HTTP/1.1 200 OK Host: example.com Content-Length: 1270 <!doctype html> <html> ... </html> 3
  • 4. 12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 4/36 HTTP/1.1 ➜ telnet example.com 80 Trying 93.184.216.34... Connected to example.com. Escape character is '^]'. GET / HTTP/1.1 Host: example.com HTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-Length: 1270 <!doctype html> <html> ... </html> 4
  • 5. 12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 5/36 Problems of HTTP/1.1 • TCP is not fully utilized • head of line blocking • too many request to render even for one page 5
  • 6. 12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 6/36 Problems of HTTP/1.1 client server | GET / | | -----------------------------> | | 200 OK | | <----------------------------- | | | | GET /favicon | | -----------------------------> | | 200 OK | | <----------------------------- | | | | GET /index.js | | -----------------------------> | | 200 OK | | <----------------------------- | | | | ... | | | | GET /title.png | | -----------------------------> | | 200 OK | | <----------------------------- | 6
  • 7. 12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 7/36 Workarounds • spriting: use a large image • inlining: put image inline • concatenation: put few js in one • sharding: connect to multiple servers 7
  • 8. 12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 8/36 HTTP/2 design goal • support url http:// & https:// • support proxy from http 1.x to http2 • no minor version number 8
  • 9. 12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 9/36 HTTP/2 • RFC 7540 - HTTP version 2 • RFC 7541 - HPACK: Header Compression for HTTP/2 9
  • 10. 12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 10/36 HTTP/2 features • one TCP connection • binary protocol • multiplexing • flow control and prioritization • header compression • server push 10
  • 11. 12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 11/36 Upgrade to HTTP/2 • Upgrade to https URI • Application Layer Protocol Negotiation(ALPN) • A connection preface PRI * HTTP/2.0 SM 11
  • 12. 12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 12/36 Frames +-----------------------------------------------+ | Length (24) | +---------------+---------------+---------------+ | Type (8) | Flags (8) | +-+-------------+---------------+-------------------------------+ |R| Stream Identifier (31) | +=+=============================================================+ | Frame Payload (0...) ... +---------------------------------------------------------------+ 12
  • 13. 12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 13/36 Types +---------------+------+ | Frame Type | Code | +---------------+------+ | DATA | 0x0 | | HEADERS | 0x1 | <- headers | PRIORITY | 0x2 | | RST_STREAM | 0x3 | | SETTINGS | 0x4 | <- settings | PUSH_PROMISE | 0x5 | | PING | 0x6 | | GOAWAY | 0x7 | | WINDOW_UPDATE | 0x8 | | CONTINUATION | 0x9 | +---------------+------+ 13
  • 14. 12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 14/36 Settings +-------------------------------+ | Identifier (16) | +-------------------------------+-------------------------------+ | Value (32) | +---------------------------------------------------------------+ +------------------------+------+---------------+ | Name | Code | Initial Value | +------------------------+------+---------------+ | HEADER_TABLE_SIZE | 0x1 | 4096 | | ENABLE_PUSH | 0x2 | 1 | | MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS | 0x3 | (infinite) | | INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE | 0x4 | 65535 | | MAX_FRAME_SIZE | 0x5 | 16384 | | MAX_HEADER_LIST_SIZE | 0x6 | (infinite) | +------------------------+------+---------------+ 14
  • 15. 12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 15/36 Settings +-----------------------------------------------+ | Length (24) | +---------------+---------------+---------------+ | Type (8) | Flags (8) | +-+-------------+---------------+-------------------------------+ |R| Stream Identifier (31) | +=+=============================================================+ | Identifier (16) | +-------------------------------+-------------------------------+ | Value (32) | +---------------------------------------------------------------+ <<0,0,24,4,0,0,0,0,0,0,5,0,16,0,0,0,3,0,0,0,250,0,6,0,16,1,64,0,4,0,16,0,0>> 0,0,24, % length(24) 4,0, % type(SETTINGS), flags(0) 0,0,0,0, % stream id(0) 0,5, % MAX_FRAME_SIZE(1048576) 0,16,0,0, 0,3, % MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS(250) 0,0,0,250, 0,6, % MAX_HEADER_LIST_SIZE(1048896) 0,16,1,64, 0,4, % INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE(1048576) 0,16,0,0 +-----------------------------------------------+ 15
  • 16. 12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 16/36 Headers +-----------------------------------------------+ | Length (24) | +---------------+---------------+---------------+ | Type (8) | Flags (8) | +-+-------------+---------------+-------------------------------+ |R| Stream Identifier (31) | +=+=============================================================+ |Pad Length? (8)| +-+-------------+-----------------------------------------------+ |E| Stream Dependency? (31) | +-+-------------+-----------------------------------------------+ | Weight? (8) | +-+-------------+-----------------------------------------------+ | Header Block Fragment (*) ... +---------------------------------------------------------------+ | Padding (*) ... +---------------------------------------------------------------+ 16
  • 17. 12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 17/36 HPACK: Header Compression for HTTP/2 • RFC 7541 ➜ curl -v http://example.com GET / HTTP/1.1 Host: example.com User-Agent: curl/7.54.0 Accept: */* HTTP/1.1 200 OK Accept-Ranges: bytes Cache-Control: max-age=604800 Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8 Date: Mon, 19 Nov 2018 22:31:57 GMT ... 17
  • 18. 12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 18/36 Static Table +-------+-----------------------------+---------------+ | Index | Header Name | Header Value | +-------+-----------------------------+---------------+ | 1 | :authority | | <- host: example.com | 2 | :method | GET | <- GET | 3 | :method | POST | | 4 | :path | / | | 5 | :path | /index.html | | 6 | :scheme | http | | 7 | :scheme | https | | 8 | :status | 200 | | 9 | :status | 204 | | 10 | :status | 206 | | 11 | :status | 304 | | 12 | :status | 400 | | 13 | :status | 404 | | 14 | :status | 500 | | 15 | accept-charset | | | 16 | accept-encoding | gzip, deflate | | 17 | accept-language | | | 18 | accept-ranges | | | 19 | accept | | | ... | | | | 61 | www-authenticate | | +-------+-----------------------------+---------------+ 18
  • 19. 12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 19/36 Dynamic Table +-------+-----------------------------+---------------+ | Index | Header Name | Header Value | +-------+-----------------------------+---------------+ | 62 | x-user-name | hellokitty | | 63 | x-password | password123 | | ... | | | +-------+-----------------------------+---------------+ 19
  • 20. 12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 20/36 Our header GET / HTTP/1.1 Host: http2.golang.org :method: GET :scheme: https :path: / :authority: http2.golang.org +-------+-----------------------------+------------------+ | Index | Header Name | Header Value | +-------+-----------------------------+------------------+ | 1 | :authority | | http2.golang.org | 2 | :method | GET | | 4 | :path | / | | 7 | :scheme | https | +-------+-----------------------------+------------------+ 20
  • 21. 12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 21/36 How to represent a interger? 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | | +---+---------------------------+ +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 +---+---------------------------+ +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 | 255 +---+---------------------------+ 21
  • 22. 12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 22/36 Variable-length integer 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | ? | ? | ? | value | +---+---------------------------+ +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | ? | ? | ? | 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 +---+---------------------------+ +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | ? | ? | ? | 1 1 1 1 0 | 30 +---+---------------------------+ +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | ? | ? | ? | 1 1 1 1 1 | +---+---+---+-------------------+ | 0 | 0 | 0 + 31 = 31 +---+---------------------------+ +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | ? | ? | ? | 1 1 1 1 1 | +---+---+---+-------------------+ | 0 | 1 | 1 + 31 = 32 +---+---------------------------+ +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | ? | ? | ? | 1 1 1 1 1 | 22
  • 23. 12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 23/36 String literal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | H | String Length (7+) | +---+---------------------------+ | String Data (Length octets) | +-------------------------------+ "" +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 0 | 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 +---+---------------------------+ "abc" +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 0 | 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 | 3 +---+---------------------------+ | 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 | 97(a) +-------------------------------+ | 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 | 98(b) +-------------------------------+ | 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 | 99(c) +-------------------------------+ "你好" +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 0 | 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 | 6 +---+---------------------------+ 23
  • 24. 12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 24/36 Indexed Header Field +-------+-----------------------------+------------------+ | Index | Header Name | Header Value | +-------+-----------------------------+------------------+ | 1 | :authority | | http2.golang.org | 2 | :method | GET | | 4 | :path | / | | 7 | :scheme | https | +-------+-----------------------------+------------------+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 1 | Index (7+) | +---+---------------------------+ +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 1 | 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 | 130 +---+---------------------------+ +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 1 | 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 | 132 +---+---------------------------+ +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 1 | 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 | 135 +---+---------------------------+ 24
  • 25. 12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 25/36 Literal Header Field • Literal Header Field with Incremental Indexing • Literal Header Field without Indexing • Literal Header Field Never Indexed 25
  • 26. 12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 26/36 Dynamic Table +-------+-----------------------------+---------------+ | Index | Header Name | Header Value | +-------+-----------------------------+---------------+ +-------+-----------------------------+---------------+ :method: GET :scheme: http :path: / :authority: example.com +-------+-----------------------------+---------------+ | Index | Header Name | Header Value | +-------+-----------------------------+---------------+ | 62 | :authority | example.com | +-------+-----------------------------+---------------+ :method: GET :scheme: http :path: / :authority: example.com cache-control: no-cache +-------+-----------------------------+---------------+ | Index | Header Name | Header Value | +-------+-----------------------------+---------------+ | 62 | cache-control | no-cache | | 63 | :authority | example.com | 26
  • 27. 12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 27/36 Literal Header Field with Incremental Indexing indexed name 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 0 | 1 | Index (6+) | +---+---+-----------------------+ | H | Value Length (7+) | +---+---------------------------+ | Value String (Length octets) | +-------------------------------+ new name 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 0 | 1 | 0 | +---+---+-----------------------+ | H | Name Length (7+) | +---+---------------------------+ | Name String (Length octets) | +---+---------------------------+ | H | Value Length (7+) | +---+---------------------------+ | Value String (Length octets) | +-------------------------------+ 27
  • 28. 12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 28/36 Literal Header Field with Incremental Indexing 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 0 | 1 | Index (6+) | +---+---+-----------------------+ | H | Value Length (7+) | +---+---------------------------+ | Value String (Length octets) | +-------------------------------+ +-------+-----------------------------+------------------+ | Index | Header Name | Header Value | +-------+-----------------------------+------------------+ | 1 | :authority | | http2.golang.org +-------+-----------------------------+------------------+ +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 0 | 1 | 0 0 0 0 0 1 | 65 +---+---+-----------------------+ | 0 | 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 | 16 +---+---------------------------+ | 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 | 104(h) +-------------------------------+ | 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 | 116(t) +-------------------------------+ | 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 | 116(t) +-------------------------------+ | 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 | 112(p) 28
  • 29. 12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 29/36 Literal Header Field without Indexing 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Index (4+) | +---+---+-----------------------+ | H | Value Length (7+) | +---+---------------------------+ | Value String (Length octets) | +-------------------------------+ +-------+-----------------------------+------------------+ | Index | Header Name | Header Value | +-------+-----------------------------+------------------+ | 1 | :authority | | http2.golang.org +-------+-----------------------------+------------------+ +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 0 0 1 | 1 +---+---+-----------------------+ | 0 | 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 | 16 +---+---------------------------+ | 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 | 104(h) +-------------------------------+ | 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 | 116(t) +-------------------------------+ | 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 | 116(t) +-------------------------------+ | 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 | 112(p) 29
  • 30. 12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 30/36 Literal Header Field never Indexing 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | Index (4+) | +---+---+-----------------------+ | H | Value Length (7+) | +---+---------------------------+ | Value String (Length octets) | +-------------------------------+ 30
  • 31. 12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 31/36 HPACK in action :method: GET :scheme: https :path: / :authority: http2.golang.org +-------+-----------------------------+------------------+ | Index | Header Name | Header Value | +-------+-----------------------------+------------------+ | 1 | :authority | | http2.golang.org | 2 | :method | GET | | 4 | :path | / | | 7 | :scheme | https | +-------+-----------------------------+------------------+ <<130>> <<135>> <<132>> <<65,16,104,116,116,112,50,46,103,111,108,97,110,103,46,111,114,103>> 31
  • 32. 12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 32/36 Headers +-----------------------------------------------+ | Length (24) | +---------------+---------------+---------------+ | Type (8) | Flags (8) | +-+-------------+---------------+-------------------------------+ |R| Stream Identifier (31) | +=+=============================================================+ | Header Block Fragment (*) ... +---------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------+ |0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1| (21) +---------------+---------------+---------------+ |0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1|0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1| (END_HEADERS & END_STREAM) +-+-------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ |0|0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1| (stream id 1) +=+=============================================================+ |1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0|1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1|1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0| +-----------------------------------------------+ ... 0,0,21, % length(21) 1,5, % type(HEADERS), flags(END_HEADERS & END_STREAM) 0,0,0,1, % stream id(1) 130,135,132, % header block fragment 65,16,104,116,116,112,50,46,103,111,108,97,110,103,46,111,114,103 32
  • 33. 12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 33/36 a simple http2 client https://github.com/sunboshan/h2 -module(http2). -export([start/0,init/0]). start() -> spawn(http2,init,[]). init() -> {ok,Socket} = ssl:connect("http2.golang.org",443,[ binary, {alpn_advertised_protocols,[<<"h2">>]} ]), Magic = "PRI * HTTP/2.0rnrnSMrnrn", Settings = <<0,0,0,4,0,0,0,0,0>>, ssl:send(Socket,[Magic,Settings]), loop(Socket). loop(Socket) -> receive {ssl,Socket,Data} -> parse(Data), loop(Socket); {send,Data} -> ssl:send(Socket,Data), 33
  • 34. 12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 34/36 a simple http2 client ➜ erl -s ssl 1> c(http2),P=http2:start(). <0.108.0> 2> P ! {send,<<0,0,21,1,5,0,0,0,3,130,135,132,65,16,104,116,116,112,50,46,103,111,108,97,110,103,46,111,114,103>>}. {send,<<0,0,21,1,5,0,0,0,3,130,135,132,1,16,104,116,116, 112,50,46,103,111,108,97,110,103,46,...>>} <html> <body> <h1>Go + HTTP/2</h1> <p>Welcome to <a href="https://golang.org/">the Go language</a>'s <a href="https://http2.github.io/">HTTP/2</a> demo & interop server.</p> <p>Congratulations, <b>you're using HTTP/2 right now</b>.</p> ... </body></html> 34
  • 35. 12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 35/36 HTTP/3 • HTTP-over-QUIC • Coming in 2019… maybe 35
  • 36. 12/18/2018 Intro to HTTP/2 http://127.0.0.1:8888/backend/abb7-http2.html 36/36 36