5. HUMAN BEHAVIORS
REFERS TO THE OVERT AND COVERT
BEHAVIORS
OVERT BEHAVIORS – BEHAVIORS THAT
CAN BE SEEN AND OBSERVABLE.
COVERT – BEHAVIORS THAT ARE HIDDEN
7. GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY
DESCRIBE-tell what occurred
EXPLAIN-tells the why
PREDICT-under what conditions is the
behaviour/event likely to occur
CONTROL-
how is the principle applied or what change in
condition is necessary to prevent unwanted
occurrence or to bring about a desired
outcome
14. FIVE PIONEERING SCHOOLS OF
PSYCHOLOGY
1. STRUCTURALISM
THE STUDY OF THE MOST BASIC
ELEMENTS, PRIMARILY SENSATIONS
AND PERCEPTIONS THAT MAKE UP
OUR CONSCIOUS MENTAL EXPERIENCES.
17. ACTIVITY
FOR 5 MINUTES. WRITE DOWN ALL
THE THINGS THAT GO THROUGH
YOUR MIND NOW. REMEMBER THAT
YOU ARE NOT SUPPOSED TO CENSOR
ANYTHING. THEN, ANALYZE WHAT
YOU HAVE WRITTEN
18. WILLIAM JAMES
HE VIEWED MENTAL ACTIVITIES AS
HAVING DEVELOPED THROUGH
AGES OF EVOLUTION BECAUSE OF
THEIR ADAPTIVE FUNCTIONS SUCH
AS HELPING HUMANS SURVIVE.
19. 2. FUNCTIONALISM
STUDY OF THE FUNCTION RATHER
THAN THE STRUCTURE OF
CONSCIOUSNESS, WAS
INTERESTED IN HOW MINDS
ADAPT TO OUR CHANGING
ENVIRONMENT.
20. 3. GESTALT APPROACH
EMPHASIZES THAT PERCEPTION IS
MORE THAN THE SUM OF ITS
PARTS AND STUDIED HOW
SENATIONS ARE ASSEMBLED
INTO MEANINGFUL PERCEPTUAL
EXPERIENCES.
23. For example, a set of dots outlining the shape of a star is likely
to be perceived as a star, not as a set of dots. We tend to
complete the figure, make it the way it “should” be, finish
it. Like we somehow manage to see this as a "B"...
25. “GIVE ME A DOZEN HEALTHY
INFANTS, WELL-FORMED AND MY
OWN SPECIAL WORLD TO BRING
THEM UP IN AND I’LL GUARANTEE
TO TAKE ONE AT RANDOM AND
TRAIN HIMTO BECOME ANY TYPE
OF SPECIALIST I MIGHT SELECT-
DOCTOR, LAWYER, ARTIST,
CRIMINAL….”.
27. 5. PSYCHOANALYSIS
• BASED ON THE BELIEF THAT
CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES
GREATLY INFLUENCE THE
DEVELOPMENT OF LATTER
PERSONALITY TRAITS AND
PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS.
29. 1. REFER TO “SPOTLIGHT EFFECT” AND
LIST POSSIBLE BEHAVIORS EXHIBITED
BY SOMEBODY WHO SUDDENLY TRIPS
ON A CHAIR WHILE HE/SHE IS
INSIDE THE CANTEEN. LIST AT LEAST 5.
2. CONTRAST THIS METHOD WITH THE
“INTROSPECTION EXERCISE” WHICH
OF THE TWO IS EASIER TO
ACCOMPLISH? WHY?