Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators in Ubiquitous Environments
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This document discusses the dynamic synthesis of mediators to allow components with heterogeneous interfaces and behaviors to interact. It presents an approach that models component interfaces and behaviors, matches interfaces to find compatible functionality, generates correct-by-construction mediators, and concretizes mediators by translating data and coordinating middleware protocols. The goal is to overcome heterogeneity at the application and middleware layers through automated mediator synthesis.
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Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators in Ubiquitous Environments
- 1. Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators in Ubiquitous Environments Amel Bennaceur UPMC PhD Defense work performed within the ARLES project-team supervised by Valérie Issarny
- 2. Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 18 July 2013 The Need for Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators Same functionality, various applications • Heterogeneous Interfaces 2 How to represent files? What kind of actions can be performed on these files?
- 3. Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 18 July 2013 The Need for Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators Same functionality, various applications • Heterogeneous Interfaces 3 & Behaviours What is the order in which these actions must be performed?
- 4. Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 18 July 2013 The Need for Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators Same functionality, various applications • Heterogeneous Interfaces Diversity of middleware solutions 4 & Behaviours What is the interaction protocol? What is the message format? HTTP/XML SOAP/XML REST/JSON FTP/XML REST/XML
- 5. Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 18 July 2013 The Need for Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 5 FTP/XML Same functionality, various applications • Heterogeneous Interfaces Diversity of middleware solutions Ubiquity & Behaviours
- 6. Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 18 July 2013 The Need for Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 6 FTP/XML Same functionality, various applications • Heterogeneous Interfaces Diversity of middleware solutions Ubiquity & Behaviours Mediator Mediator Mediator Mediator
- 7. Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 18 July 2013 The Need for Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 7 Mediator Same functionality, various applications • Heterogeneous Interfaces Diversity of middleware solutions Ubiquity & Behaviours
- 8. Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 18 July 2013 Thesis Statement Components with compatible functionalities should be able to interact despite heterogeneities in their interfaces and behaviors at both application and middleware layers. Mediators that seamlessly overcome these heterogeneities should be dynamically synthesised and deployed in their environment. 8
- 9. Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 18 July 2013 9 Model of WebDAV Client Model of Google Docs Service Domain ontology Ressource Document Folder Thing Nothing SpreadSheetFile Download Upload Delete Replace Move Mediator Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators Informed by Ontologies Model Extraction Model Extraction Synthesis
- 10. Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 18 July 2013 Modelling Components 10 Background from Semantic Web Services Ontology-based functional semantics • Capability • The high-level functionality of a system • Interface • A set of observable actions LTS-based behavioural semantics • The way the observable actions are coordinated Capability (CapWDAV) Requires fileManagement Interface signature (I WDAV) Behaviour <Authenticate, {Username, Password}, {Authorisation}> <Lock, {SourceURI}, {Acknowledgment}> <MoveFile, {SourceURI,DestinationURI}, {Acknowledgment}> <ReadFile, {SourceURI}, {File}> <Unlock, {SourceURI}, {Acknowledgment}> ... Authenticate Lock MoveFile/ReadFile/WriteFile Unlock Logout Behaviour (WDAV)
- 11. Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 18 July 2013 Modelling Components 11 Background from Semantic Web Services Ontology-based functional semantics • Capability • The high-level functionality of a system • Interface • A set of observable actions LTS-based behavioural semantics • The way the observable actions are coordinated • At both application and middleware layers • Application → Business logic • Middleware → Communication & coordination protocol Capability (CapWDAV) Requires fileManagement Interface signature (I WDAV) Behaviour <Authenticate, {Username, Password}, {Authorisation}> <Lock, {SourceURI}, {Acknowledgment}> <MoveFile, {SourceURI,DestinationURI}, {Acknowledgment}> <ReadFile, {SourceURI}, {File}> <Unlock, {SourceURI}, {Acknowledgment}> ... Authenticate Lock MoveFile/ReadFile/WriteFile Unlock Logout Behaviour (WDAV) SendHTTPRequest[Authenticate] [Username, Password] ReceiveHTTPResponse[Authenticate] [Authorisation]
- 12. Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 18 July 2013 The Steps for Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 12 Interface Matching Generating Correct-by- Construction Mediators Concretisation Components’ interfaces Components’ behaviours Components’ communication protocols Overcoming the Heterogeneity of Application layer Middleware layer many-to-many under ambiguity different interaction paradigms unified approach
- 13. Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 18 July 2013 Interface Matching - Example Behaviour <Authenticate, {Username, Password}, {Authorisation}> <Lock, {SourceURI}, {Acknowledgment}> <MoveFile, {SourceURI,DestinationURI}, {Acknowledgment}> <ReadFile, {SourceURI}, {File}> <Unlock, {SourceURI}, {Acknowledgment}> ... (<Authenticate>, <Authenticate>) (<Authenticate>, <SetSharingProperties>) (<MoveFile>, <DownloadDocument>) (<MoveFile>, <DownloadDocument, UploadDocument>) (<MoveFile>, <DownloadDocument, Authenticate>) (<MoveFile>, <DownloadDocument, DeleteDocument>) (<MoveFile>, <DownloadDocument, UploadDocument DeleteDocument>) (<MoveFile>, <DownloadDocument, DeleteDocument UploadDocument>) (<MoveFile>, <DownloadDocument, UploadDocument SetSharingProperties>) <Authenticate, {Username, Password}, {Authorisation}> <SetSharingProperties, {SourceURI, SharingProperties}, {Acknowledgment}> <UploadDocument, {Metadata, Content, DestinationURI}, {Acknowledgment}> <DownloadDocument, {SourceURI}, {Document}> <DeleteDocument, {SourceURI}, {Acknowledgment}> ... (<>, <>) ~ ~ ~ ~ 13 Interface Matching Generating Mediators Concretisation
- 14. Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 18 July 2013 Definition of Interface Matching Matching interface to interface consists in finding all pairs of actionssuch that a sequence of actions required by the former can be safely performed using a sequence of actions provided by the latter. In addition, all pairs are minimal. But… interface matching computation is NP-Complete 14 Interface Matching Generating Mediators Concretisation
- 15. Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 18 July 2013 Interface Matching using Constraint Programming 15 CP Solver Interface Matching Generating Mediators Concretisation
- 16. Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 18 July 2013 Interface Matching using CP Constraints: safety properties for and 16 Interface Matching Generating Mediators Concretisation The functionality offered by the provided actions covers that of the required actions Each required action has its output data available (also in the appropriate format) at the time of execution, and Each provided action has its input data available at the time of execution.
- 17. Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 18 July 2013 Interface Matching using Constraint Programming 17 CP Solver Interface Matching Generating Mediators Concretisation
- 18. Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 18 July 2013 Ontology Encoding But… No CP solver for ontological subsumption Define a bit vector encoding of the ontology which is correct and complete regarding the subsumption and disjunction axioms. 18 Interface Matching Generating Mediators Concretisation
- 19. Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 18 July 2013 Ontology Encoding - Example Presentation SpreadSheet TextDocument Document ≐ Presentation SpreadSheet TextDocument File Presentation SpreadSheet 00101 TextDocument 01001 Document 01111 File 11111 00011 19 Interface Matching Generating Mediators Concretisation
- 20. Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 18 July 2013 From Interface Matching to Matching Process such that 20 … … Associate a matching process … … … … Interface Matching Generating Mediators Concretisation
- 21. Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 18 July 2013 The Steps for Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 21 Interface Matching Generating Correct-by- Construction Mediators Concretisation Components’ interfaces Components’ behaviours Components’ communication protocols Overcoming the Heterogeneity of Application layer Middleware layer many-to-many under ambiguity different interaction paradigms unified approach
- 22. Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 18 July 2013 Mediator Synthesis - Example WebDAV Client Google Docs Service Matching Processes Mediator UploadDocument WriteFile DownloadDocument UploadDocument DeleteDocument MoveFile Authenticate Authenticate Lock SetSharingPropertiesUnlock SetSharingProperties Logout Logout Authenticate Lock MoveFile/ WriteFile Unlock Logout Authenticate SetSharingProperties/ UploadDocument/ DownloadDocument/ DeleteDocument Logout 22 Interface Matching Generating Mediators Concretisation
- 23. Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 18 July 2013 Generating Correct-by- Construction Mediators The mediator composes the mapping processes in order to allow both components, whose behaviours are and , to coordinate and reach their final states The basic case Translation 23 Interface Matching Generating Mediators Concretisation
- 24. Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 18 July 2013 Generating Correct-by- Construction Mediators 24 X3 X#1 X#1 X2X2 P'1 P'2 P1 P2 M' M Interface Matching Generating Mediators Concretisation X3 X#1 X#1 X2X2 P'1 P'2 P1 P2 M' M X3 X#1 X#1 X2X2 P'1 P'2 P1 P2 M' M
- 25. Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 18 July 2013 Mediator Synthesis The mediator composes the mapping processes in order to allow both components, whose behaviours are and , to coordinate and reach their final states The basic case Translation 25 Interface Matching Generating Mediators Concretisation
- 26. Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 18 July 2013 Mediator Synthesis The mediator composes the mapping processes in order to allow both components, whose behaviours are and , to coordinate and reach their final states Consumption of extra provided actions 26 P'1 P1 P2 M' M ββ Interface Matching Generating Mediators Concretisation
- 27. Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 18 July 2013 Mediator Synthesis The mediator composes the mapping processes in order to allow both components, whose behaviours are and , to coordinate and reach their final states Consumption of extra provided actions 27 Interface Matching Generating Mediators Concretisation
- 28. Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 18 July 2013 The Steps for Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 28 Interface Matching Generating Correct-by- Construction Mediators Concretisation Components’ interfaces Components’ behaviours Components’ communication protocols Overcoming the Heterogeneity of Application layer Middleware layer many-to-many under ambiguity different interaction paradigms unified approach
- 29. Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 18 July 2013 From Abstract to Concrete Mediator Refine the synthesised mediator • Translating application data • Combining ontology relations with schema matching techniques • Coordinating middleware protocols • Deploying the mediator 29 Interface Matching Generating Mediators Concretisation
- 30. Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 18 July 2013 Data Translations 30 <entry xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" gd:etag="'HhJSFgpeRyt7ImBq'"> <ref>https://docs.google.com/feeds/id/pdf%3AtestPdf</ref> <published>2012-04-09T18:23:09.035Z</published> <updated>2012-04-09T18:273:09.035Z</updated> <app:edited xmlns:app="http://www.w3.org/2007/app"> 2009-06-18T22:16:02.388Z </app:edited> <title>PDF's Title</title> <content type="application/pdf" src="https://doc-04-20-docs.googleusercontent.com/docs/ secure/m71240...U1?h=1630126&e=download&gd=true"/> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://docs.google.com/ fileview? id=testPdf&hl=en"/> <author> <name>benamel</name> <email>benamel@gmail.com</email> </author> <gd:resourceId>pdf:testPdf</gd:resourceId> <gd:lastViewed>2012-06-18T22:16:02.384Z </gd:lastViewed> <docs:writersCanInvite value="false"/> <docs:md5Checksum>2b01142f7481c7b056c4b410d28f33cf </docs:md5Checksum> </entry> <w:response> <w:href>https://docs.google.com/feeds/id/pdf%3Ate stPdf</w:href> <w:propstat> <w:status>HTTP/1.1 200 OK</w:status> <w:prop> <w:displayname>testPdf.pdf</w:displayname> <w:author>benamel</w:author> </w:prop> </w:propstat> </w:response> 0.5 0.2 0.6 0.2 WebDAV File Google Docs Document Interface Matching Generating Mediators Concretisation
- 31. Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 18 July 2013 Data Translations 31 Combine ontology relations with schema matching techniques • Subsumption: Use schema matching tools to find, for each simple data concept in the target, a corresponding data concept in the source • Disjunction: Select the appropriate translation function such that • Aggregation: Use schema matching tools to find, for each simple data concept in the target, a corresponding data concept in the concatenation of source schemas Chapter 5. From Abstract to Concrete Mediators ching to define the function f agg that specifies how the XML elements of mputed using theXML elementsof Sagg. Hence, thetranslation function osition of the two functions, i.e., f = f agg ◦ concat. pplication to the File M anagement Example
- 32. Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 18 July 2013 Coordinating middleware Protocols- Example 32 ReceiveRequest[MoveFile][SourceURI,DestinationURI] SendRequest [DownloadDocument][SourceURI] SendReply[MoveFile][Acknowledgment] ReceiveResponse [DownloadDocument][Document] Concretise DownloadDocument UploadDocument MoveFile Compute Metadata and Content from DocumentDeleteDocument SendRequest [UploadDocument][Metadata, Content, DestinationURI] … Interface Matching Generating Mediators Concretisation Compute SourceURI
- 33. Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 18 July 2013 Interaction Patterns 33 Provided Action Required Action < op, i, a> < op, i, a> op = methodN ame i = argument a = returnValue Server Client ReceiveRequest[methodN ame][argument] ReceiveResponse[methodN ame][returnValue] SendResponse[methodN ame][returnValue] SendRequest[methodN ame][ar gument] op = dataChannel i = data a = data Writer Reader Write[data] Read[dataChannel][data] op = eventType i = eventType a = event Publisher Subscriber Publish[event] Subscribe[eventType] GetEvent[event] Unsubscribe RPC DSM Publish/Subscribe Interface Matching Generating Mediators Concretisation
- 34. Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 18 July 2013 Deploying the Mediator 34 Translate req.lock into prov.setSharingPropertiers Translate req.move into prov.downloadDoc followed by prov.getUploadDoc followed by prov.getDeleteDoc Translate req.unlock into prov.setSharingPropertiers Control HTTP Parser HTTP Composer HTTP Parser HTTP Composer Mediator Interface Matching Generating Mediators Concretisation
- 35. Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 18 July 2013 Assessment
- 36. Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 18 July 2013 Mediator Performance - File Management There is an overhead but response time for a request < 1s 36 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 WebDAV/WebDAV GDocs/GDocs WebDAV/GDocs Gdocs/WebDAV Timetoperformaninteraction(ms)
- 37. Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 18 July 2013 C2 Applicability - Case Studies 37 × × one-to-one interface matching one-to-many interface matching × × UAV Positioning-B Weather Station one-to-many interface matching cross interaction patterns mediation at runtime one-to-many interface matching cross middleware solutions Instant Messaging File Management Event Management Emergency Management
- 38. Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 18 July 2013 Processing Time per Mediation Step Depends on the size of the ontology Depends on the type of mismatches Negligible for real-world cases 38
- 39. Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 18 July 2013 Conclusion - Contributions Generating interface matching automatically • Further dealing with one-to-many and many-to-many correspondence Synthesising correct-by-construction mediators • Further dealing with ambiguity of interface matching Dealing with differences at both application and middleware layer 39 Dynamic Mediator Synthesis: From Theory to Practice
- 40. Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 18 July 2013 40 Conclusion - The Big Picture wind Atmosphere Thing Nothing Ontology weatherInfo HumidityTemperature GetHumidity Logout Login GetWeather Logout Login GetTemperature4 Mediator req.login req.getWeather req.logout prov.getTemperature prov.getHumidity prov.logout prov.loginEmergent Middleware Login(password,.username):.token GetWeather(token):.weatherInfo Logout(token): Binding:'SOAP,RPC <functionality name="C2Weather" kind="required"> <operation>Weather<operation> <output> WeatherInformation</output> </functionality> Interface C2 Model (weather projection) Behaviour Capability Login GetWeather Logout !Login(username,!password):!token !GetHumidity(token):!humidity !GetTemperature(token):!temperature !Logout(token):!acknowledgment Binding:'HTTP <functionality name="WeatherStation" kind="provided"> <operation>Weather<operation> <output> WeatherInformation</output> </functionality> Interface Weather station Model Behaviour Capability Login GetTemperature GetHumidity Logout DiscoveryCONNECT Enablers
- 41. Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 18 July 2013 Towards the Next Generation of Software First Generation • Execution Second Generation • Learning Next Generation • Innovation 41
- 42. Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 18 July 2013 Thank you
- 43. Dynamic Synthesis of Mediators 18 July 2013 Further Information Home page: amel.me ARLES: www.rocq.inria.fr/arles CONNECT: connect-forever.eu Automated Mediator Synthesis: Combining Behavioural and Ontological Reasoning, In Proc. SEFM 2013 The Role of Models@run.time in Supporting On-the-fly Interoperability, Springer Computing 2013 Composing Distributed Systems: Overcoming the Interoperability Challenge, FMCO 2012 The Role of Ontologies in Emergent Middleware: Supporting Interoperability in Complex Distributed Systems, In Proc. Middleware 2011 Middleware-layer Connector Synthesis: Beyond State of the Art in Middleware Interoperability, In SFM 2011 … 43
Editor's Notes
- Consider a file management system - it allows for reading, writing and sharing files- Many applications can be useMost of these applications are not standalone -> they are distributed across devicesDiscovered at runtime and
- Consider a file management system - it allows for reading, writing and sharing files- Many applications can be useMost of these applications are not standalone -> they are distributed across devicesDiscovered at runtime and
- Various applications same functionalityDiversity of middleware solutionWhy is this work interesting for you, for me, and for othersConsider a file management system - it allows for reading, writing and sharing files- Many applications can be useMost of these applications are not standalone -> they are distributed across devicesDiscovered at runtime and
- Why is this work interesting for you, for me, and for othersConsider a file management system - it allows for reading, writing and sharing files- Many applications can be useMost of these applications are not standalone -> they are distributed across devicesDiscovered at runtime and
- Why is this work interesting for you, for me, and for othersConsider a file management system - it allows for reading, writing and sharing files- Many applications can be useMost of these applications are not standalone -> they are distributed across devicesDiscovered at runtime and
- Why is this work interesting for you, for me, and for othersConsider a file management system - it allows for reading, writing and sharing files- Many applications can be useMost of these applications are not standalone -> they are distributed across devicesDiscovered at runtime and
- Semanticmiddleware
- Semanticmiddleware
- Put the method in translating datacoord