A Study of Functioning of Two Non –Governmental Organizations (NGOs): Krishnarao Vrudhashram and Old Age Home& Youth of Today Welfare Foundation

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A Study of Functioning of Two Non – Governmental
Organizations (NGOs):Krishnarao Vrudhashram and Old
Age Home & Youth of today Welfare Foundation
Project Submitted to
H & G H Mansukhani Institute of Management
In partial fulfilment of the requirements for
Master in Management Studies
By
AKSHAT MAHENDRA
Roll No. – 2
Finance
Batch: 2018 – 2020
Under the guidance of
Internal Guide: Dr. ANJU VASWANI

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A Study of Functioning of Two Non – Governmental
Organizations (NGOs):Krishnarao Vrudhashram and Old
Age Home & Youth of today Welfare Foundation
Project Submitted to
In partial fulfilment of the requirements for
Master in Management Studies
By
AKSHAT MAHENDRA
Roll No. – 2
Finance
Batch: 2018 – 2020
Under the guidance of
Internal Guide: Dr. ANJU VASWANI

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Ulhasnagar
March 2020
Student’s Declaration
I hereby declare that this reportis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement of MMS
Degree of University of Mumbai to H.& G. H. Mansukhani Institute of Management.
This is my original work and is not submitted for award of any degree or diploma or for
similar titles or prizes.
Name : AKSHAT MAHENDRA
Class : SYMMS
Roll No. : 2
Place : Ulhasnagar
Date :
Student’s Signature:

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Certificate
This is to certify that the project submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of MMS
Degree of University of Mumbai to H. & G. H. Mansukhani Institute of Management
is a result of the bonafide research work carried out by Mr. AKSHAT MAHENDRA
under my supervision and guidance, no part of this report has been submitted for award of
any other degree, diploma or other similar titles or prizes. The work has also not been
published in any journals/Magazines.
Date:
Place:Ulhasnagar
External Guide Director
(Signature & Name of the Guide) (Signature & Name of Director)
Faculty Guide
(Signature & Name of Faculty)

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Acknowledgement
First of all, I want to thank my college for giving me a platform to commence and
gain knowledge about my chosen course for my career ahead.
Its justification will never sound good if I do not express my gratitude to the ones who
helped me gain knowledge. I would like to mention one of few such persons, my Project
Guide, Dr. Anju Vaswani without whose help my project would have neither begun
nicely nor would have reached this destination of successful completion.
I would like to raise my immense gratitude towards all those people who made my
internship experience as well as projecting it all in this report possible.
And lastly, I would like to thank my parents, friends for being pillars of supportthroughout
and gratitude in abundance to the Almighty.
AKSHAT MAHENDRA

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Table of Contents
Executive Summary........................................................................................................................................ 9
Chapter- 1: Introduction................................................................................................................................ 9
1.1 Introduction:........................................................................................................................................... 9
1.1.1 Meaning of NGOs........................................................................................................................... 11
1.1.2 Some other definitions of NGO:....................................................................................................... 12
1.1.3 Types of NGOs............................................................................................................................... 14
1.2 Types of NGO’s:................................................................................................................................... 18
1.2.1 Some other types of NGO’s:............................................................................................................ 19
1.3 Historical Background of NGO’s ........................................................................................................... 23
1.4 NGOs at International Level .................................................................................................................. 24
1.5 NGO’s at National Level....................................................................................................................... 25
1.6 NGO’s at Local Level........................................................................................................................... 27
1.7 Registration process:............................................................................................................................. 28
1.8 Role of NGO in Eco Development: ........................................................................................................ 31
1.9 Ngo and their relation with business and commerce................................................................................. 34
1.10 NGO and Political Parties................................................................................................................ 35
Chapter-2: Review of Literature: ................................................................................................................. 39
Chapter 3: Research Methodology ............................................................................................................... 44
3.1 Statement of the problem:...................................................................................................................... 44
3.2 Objectives of the research:..................................................................................................................... 44
3.3 Methodology and Data collection:.......................................................................................................... 44
3.4 Types of Data ....................................................................................................................................... 44
Chapter-4: Krishnarao Vrudhashram and Old Age Home Badlapur........................................................... 45
4.1 About NGO .......................................................................................................................................... 45
4.4.1 Organization structure..................................................................................................................... 45
4.4.2 About CEO/Founder ....................................................................................................................... 45
4.4.3 Aims, Vision , Mission.................................................................................................................... 46
4.2 Projects and Activities........................................................................................................................... 46
4.3 Functioning of NGO :........................................................................................................................... 47
4.4 Contribution to development of society .................................................................................................. 51
4.4.1 Here is the actual copy of Questionnaire filled by Sunil Desai Sir. ..................................................... 52
Chapter-5: Youth of of today Welfare Foundation....................................................................................... 60
5.1: About NGO. ........................................................................................................................................ 60
5.1.1 Organization structure..................................................................................................................... 61
5.1.2 About CEO/Founder and Team........................................................................................................ 61
5.1.3 Aims, Vision , Mission.................................................................................................................... 62

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5.2 Projects and Activities .......................................................................................................................... 63
5.3 Functioning of NGO :............................................................................................................................ 72
5.4 Contribution to development of society .................................................................................................. 73
5.4.1 Here is the actual copy of Questionnaire filled by Marshal R. Nadar.................................................. 74
Chapter 6: Conclusion.................................................................................................................................. 82
Chapter-7: Bibliography............................................................................................................................... 83

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LIST OF FIGURES: -
Figure 1.1.3. 1 Full Comparison of NonProfit & Not-for-Profit .................................................................... 17
Figure 4.3. 1 Photos of the NGOs.............................................................................................................. 48
Figure 4.3. 3 Some Photos......................................................................................................................... 49
Figure 4.3. 5 Photos of some activities undertaken by the NGOs............................................................. 50
Figure 4.4. 1 Krishnarao Vrudhashram and Old Age Home Profile Photo................................................ 45
Figure 5.1.2. 1 Photo of Marshal R. Nadar and other details .................................................................... 61
Figure 5.1.2. 2 Photo of CEO/Founder and Team..................................................................................... 62
Figure 5.2. 1 Latest Photos of Help done by NGO .................................................................................... 64
Figure 5.3.1. 1 Actual photo-copy from the Questionnaire........................................................................ 62
Figure 5.3.1. 2 Facebook Page Photo of AMMA's Khanna Kitchen Mission ............................................ 63

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Executive Summary
Elderly are an integral part of a population of any country who owe respect and attention
equally like any other section. However, due to changing family structure and
modernization, elderly population is facing inevitable challenges to live their life
respectfully. Loneliness, negligence and less importance, illness due to ageing and against
lack of treatment are the most of the treacherous conditions which elderly are facing.
At present the population of senior citizens in Maharashtra is nearly 1.25 crore. There are
more than 200 Old Age Homes in Maharashtra. It is important to understand the social
aspects concerning aged in the country as they go through the process of ageing. Changing
lifestyle, availability, accessibility and affordability ofhealth care, increased life expectancy,
rapid urbanization and economic dependency have led to an emergence of varied problems
for the elderly in India. And hence Krishnarao Vrudhashram and Old Age Home has
identified these needs and to provide the elderly with the required support, the organization
is proposing to open branches of this Old age home throughout Mumbai.
Chapter- 1: Introduction
1.1 Introduction:
A NGO is an organization consisting of
private individuals who believe in certain
basic social principles/ obligations and
who structure their activities to bring
about development to communities that
they are servicing. “NGOs include groups
and institutions that are entirely or largely
independent of Government and that have
primarily humanitarian rather than
commercial objectives”.

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They are non-profit making, voluntary and service oriented organizations. Working on
various issues like Environment protection, Save the Planet Earth, Disability, Science and
Technology, Health, Agriculture, Animal welfare, Art and Culture, Education.
NGOs are known by different names: Voluntary organizations (VOs), Voluntary Agencies
(VAs), Voluntary Development Organizations (VDOs) and Non Governmental
Development Organizations (NDGO). NGOs vary greatly according to their philosophy,
purpose, programs, approach, orientation, scope of activities, expertise and structures. To a
layman, NGO is a social institute, it is non-governmental and has a purpose of charity.
Following are the different definitions of NGOs to have a better understanding of NGOs:
The World Bank defines NGOs as “Private organisations that pursue activities to relieve
suffering, promote the interests of the poor, protect the environment, provide basic social
services, or undertake community development.” In wider usage, the term, „NGO‟ can be
applied to any non-profit organisation which is independent from government. NGOs are
typically value based organisations which depend, in whole or in part, on donations and
voluntary service.
The United Nations describes an NGO as: Any non-profit, voluntary citizens' group which
is organized on a local, national or international level. Task-oriented and driven by people
with a common interest, NGOs perform a variety of services and humanitarian functions,
bring citizens‟ concerns to governments, monitor policies and encourage political
participation at the community level. They provide analysis and expertise, serve as early
warning mechanisms and help monitor and implement international agreements.
A Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) or Civil Society Organization is
any organization not established by government agreement. They comprise the "third
sector" of modern society, in addition to the public and private sectors. For
more background see What is an NGO? by Peter Willetts at City University, London. The
NGOs listed in this guide are selected samples for educational purposes.

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In simple terms, NGOs can be defined as “self-governing, private, not-for - profit
organizations that are geared to improving the quality of life for disadvantaged people”
(Vakil, 1997).
1.1.1 Meaning of NGOs
Professor Peter Willets, from the City University of London, defines an NGO as "an
independent voluntary association of people acting together on a continuous basis for some
common purpose other than achieving government office, making money or illegal
activities.".
Duggal (1988) defines NGOs in his study. According to him,
(a) NGOs are registered as public trusts or societies;
(b) Programmes adopted by NGOs are welfare programmes and many a time it is
government funded rural development programs;
(c) NGOs as a rule do not generate their own funds completely but rely on external financial
assistance from government agencies, both national and international; (d) NGOs are private
organizations, but their nature makes them somewhat different from what one gradually
refers to the private sector. Thus, they are not supposed to make any profit.
The term, "non-governmental organization" or NGO, came into use in 1945 because of the
need for the UN to differentiate in its Charter between participation rights for
intergovernmental specialized agencies and those for international private organizations. At
the UN, virtually all types of private bodies can be recognized as NGOs.
They only have to be independent from government control, not seeking to challenge
governments either as a political party or by a narrow focus on human rights, non-profit-
making and non-criminal. As of 2003, there were reportedly over 20,000 NGOs active in
Iran.
The majority of these organizations are charity organizations, and thus would not fall under
the category of development-oriented NGOs. In this document the term NGO is primarily
used for organizations other than charitable organizations. The structures of NGOs vary

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considerably. With the improvement in communications, more locally-based groups,
referred to as grass-roots organizations or community based organizations, have become
active at the national or even the global level.
Increasingly this occurs through the formation of coalitions with other NGOs for particular
goals, such as was the case in the case of the Bam earthquake for example. A civil society is
composed of three sectors: government, the private sector and civil society, excluding
businesses.
NGOs are components of social movements within a civil society. In the case of Iran, where
civil society is not yet mature, NGOs can have an important role in strengthening the
foundations of an emergent civil society. The issue of independence is an important one in
the credibility of an NGO.
It is hard for NGOs not to come under any governmental influence. Individual governments
do at times try to influence the NGO community in a particular field, by establishing NGOs
that promote their policies. This has been recognized by quite common use of the acronym
GONGO, to label a government-organized NGO.
Also, in more authoritarian societies, NGOs may find it very difficult to act independently
and they may not receive acknowledgment from other political actors even when they are
acting independently.
On the other hand, development and humanitarian relief NGOs need substantial resources,
to run their operational programs, so most of them readily accept official funds. It is thus
important for the NGO to have transparency in its operations and goals so that its
relationship.
1.1.2 Some other definitions of NGO:
An NGO is . . .

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A non-profit making, voluntary, service – oriented/ development oriented
organization, either for the benefit of members (a grassroots organization) or of other
members of the population (an agency).
It is an organization of private individuals who believe in certain basic social
principles and who structure their activities to bring aboutdevelopment to communities that
they are servicing.
Social development organization assisting in empowerment of people.
An organization or group of people working independent of any external controlwith
specific objectives and aims to fulfil tasks that are oriented to bring about desirable change
in a given community or area or situation.
An independent, democratic, non-sectarian people‟s organization working for the
empowerment of economic and/or socially marginalized groups.
An organization not affiliated to political parties, generally engaged in working for
aid, development and welfare of the community.
Organization committed to the root causes of the problems trying to better the quality
of life especially for the poor, the oppressed, the marginalized in urban and rural areas.
Organizations established by and forthe community without or with little intervention
from the government; they are not only a charity organization, but work on socio-economic-
cultural activities.
An organization that is flexible and democratic in its organization and attempts to
serve the people without profit for itself.

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1.1.3 Types of NGOs
NGOs can be distinguished into two groups:Operational and advocacyNGOs. This may be
interpreted as the choice between small-scale change achieved directly through projects and
large-scale change promoted indirectly through influence on the political system.
Operational NGOs have to mobilize resources, in the form of financial donations, materials
or volunteer labor, in order to sustain their projects and programs.
This process may require quite complex organization. Finance obtained from grants or
contracts, from governments, foundations orcompanies, require time and expertise spenton
planning, preparing applications, budgeting, accounting and reporting. Major fund-raising
events require skills in advertising, media relations and motivating supporters.
Thus, operational NGOs need to possessan efficient headquarters bureaucracy, in addition
to the operational staff in the field. AdvocacyNGOs will carry out much the same functions,
but with a different balance between them. Fund-raising is still necessary, but on a smaller
scale and it can serve the symbolic function of strengthening the donors' identification with
the cause.
Persuading people to donate their time is necessary, but, in addition to a small number of
people giving a great deal of time, it is also necessary to be able to mobilize large numbers
for brief periods. External donors may not impose onerous administrative burdens, but
supporters still have to be supplied with information on an efficient regular basis. Major
events will aim to attract favorable publicity rather than raise funds.
Therefore, despite their differences, bothoperational and advocacyNGOs need to engage in
fund-raising, mobilization of work by supporters, organizing special events, cultivating the
media and administering a headquarters.
Only the defining activities – implementing projects or holding demonstrations – serve to
differentiate them. In reality, the distinctions are not as sharp as the labels suggest.
Operational NGOs often move into advocacywhen projects regularly face similar problems

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and the impact of the projects seems to be insufficient.
All the large development and environment operational NGOs now run some regular
campaigns, at least by supporting campaigning networks. Similarly, advocacy NGOs often
feel they cannot ignore the immediate practical problems of people in their policy domain.
Human rights NGOs and women's NGOs end up having programs to assist the victims of
discrimination and injustice.
NonProfit v/s Not-for-Profit
Non-governmental organizations, or NGOs, and nonprofit organizations (NPOs)have many
more similarities than differences. Both of these organization types generally work toward
benefiting society and human welfare, or improving the world. In general terms, however,
the difference between an NGO and NPO is usually a question of scope.
While most NGOs are nonprofits, few nonprofits are NGOs. This is because NGOs usually
take on large – even international – projects, often focusing on regions of the world in need.
Nonprofit organizations, or NPOs, are usually associated with churches, clubs and local
associations.
Doctors Without Borders, for example, is a nonprofit that is also a non-government
organization. On the other hand, a local group registered as a charity raising money for a
new Little League stadium is a nonprofit organization but wouldn't be called an NGO.
There are certain organizations, which are set up by the group of individuals for serving the
entire society, which can be NGO or NPO. An NGO, a non-governmental organisation,
established to work for public and social welfare. Such organisation is not affiliated with
any government.
On the other end, NPO, as its name suggests, is a non-profit organisation, that works for any
purpose other than making profits but such organizations are incorporated under the
Companies Act. As the rules and regulations and purpose of establishing the two types of
organization are different, there exist a fine line of differences between NGO and NPO.

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Figure 1.1.3. 1 Full Comparison of NonProfit & Not-for-Profit

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1.2 Types of NGO’s:
NGO types can be understood by their orientation and level of cooperation.
NGO types by orientation:
Charitable Orientation often involves a top-down paternalistic effort with little
participation by the "beneficiaries". It includes NGOs with activities directed toward
meeting the needs of the poor -distribution of food, clothing or medicine; provision
of housing, transport, schools etc. Such NGOs may also undertake relief activities
during a natural or man-made disaster.
Service Orientation includes NGOs with activities such as the provision of health,
family planning or education services in which the programme is designed by the
NGO and people are expected to participate in its implementation and in receiving the
service.
Participatory Orientation is characterized by self-help projects where local people
are involved particularly in the implementation of a project by contributing cash,
tools, land, materials, labour etc. In the classical community development project,
participation begins with the need definition and continues into the planning and
implementation stages. Cooperatives often have a participatory orientation.
Empowering Orientation is where the aim is to help poor people develop a clearer
understanding of the social, political and economic factors affecting their lives, and
to strengthen their awareness of their own potential power to control their lives.
Sometimes, these groups develop spontaneously aroud a problem oran issue, at other
times outside workers from NGOs play a facilitating role in their development. In any
case, there is maximum involvement of the people with NGOs acting as facilitators.

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NGO Types by level of operation:
Community-based Organizations (CBOs) arise out of people's own initiatives.
These caninclude sports clubs, women's organizations, neighbourhood organizations,
religious or educational organizations. There are a large variety of these, some
supported by NGOs, national or international NGOs, or bilateral or international
agencies, and others independent of outside help. Some are devoted to rising the
consciousness ofthe urban pooror helping them to understand their rights in gaining
access to needed services while others are involved in providing such services.
Citywide Organizations include organizations such as the Rotary or lion's Club,
chambers of commerce and industry, coalitions of business, ethnic or educational
groups and associations of community organizations. Some exist for other purposes,
and become involved in helping the poor as one of many activities, while others are
created for the specific purpose of helping the poor.
National NGOs include organizations such as the Red Cross, YMCAs/YWCAs,
professional organizations etc. Some of these have state and duty branches and assist
local NGOs.
International NGOs range from secular agencies such as Redda Barna and Save the
Children organizations, OXFAM, CARE, Ford and Rockefeller Foundations to
religiously motivated groups. Their activities vary from mainly funding local NGOs,
institutions and projects, to implementing the projects themselves.
1.2.1 Some othertypes of NGO’s:
Apart from "NGO", there are alternative or overlapping terms in use, including: third-
sector organization (TSO), non-profit organization (NPO), voluntary organization
(VO), civil society organization (CSO), grassroots organization (GO), social movement
organization (SMO), private voluntary organization (PVO), self-help organization (SHO)
and non-state actors (NSAs).

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In Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian and other Romance languages, the 'mirrored'
abbreviation "ONG" is in use, which has the same meaning as "NGO" (for
example Organisation non-gouvernementalein French, OrganizaçãoNãoGovernmental in
Portuguese, Organización no gubernamental in Spanish, or Organizzazione non
governativa in Italian).
Governmental-related organizations / non-governmental organizations are a heterogeneous
group. As a result, a long list of additional acronyms has developed, including:
 BINGO: 'Business-friendly international NGO' or 'Big international NGO
 SBO: 'Social Benefit Organization, a positive, goal-oriented designation as a substitute
for the negative, "Non-" designations
 TANGO: 'Technical assistance NGO'
 TSO: 'third-sector organization'
 GONGO: 'government-organized non-governmental organization' or 'government-
operated NGOs' (setup by governments to look like NGOs in orderto qualify foroutside
aid or promote the interests of government)
 DONGO: 'Donor-organized NGO'
 INGO: 'International NGO'
 QUANGO: 'quasi-autonomous NGO,' or QUANGO refers to NGOs set up and funded
by the government. The term is particularly prevalent within the UK (where there are
more than 1,200 of them), the Republic of Ireland, and the Commonwealth.
 National NGO: A non-governmental organization that exists only in one country. This
term is rare due to the globalization ofnon-governmental organizations, which causes an
NGO to exist in more than one country.
 CSO: 'Civil Society Organization'
 ENGO: 'Environmental NGO,' such as Greenpeace and WWF
 NNGO: 'Northern NGO'

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 PANGO: 'Party NGO,' set up by parties and disguised as NGOs to serve their political
matters.
 SNGO: 'Southern NGO'
 SCO: 'Social change organization'
 TNGO:'Transnational NGO.' The term emerged during the 1970s due to the increase of
environmental and economic issues in the global community. TNGO includes non-
governmental organizations that are not confined to only one country but exist in two or
more countries.
 GSO: Grassroots Support Organization
 MANGO: 'Market advocacy NGO'
 NGDO: 'Non-governmental development organization'
 PVDO: 'Private voluntary development Organisation
USAID refers to NGOs as private voluntary organizations. However, many scholars have
argued that this definition is highly problematic as many NGOs are in fact state- or
corporate-funded and -managed projects and have professional staff .
GRO/NGOs exist for a variety of reasons, usually to further the political or social goals of
their members or founders.
1. TYPE OF NGO IN INDIA BASED ON SIZE:
Based on the spread and resources , an NGO can be classified
 Large organizations.
 Large full-time paid staff.
 Multinational bodies.
 Branch offices in several countries.
 E.g., Oxfam, International committee or the Red Cross, Médecins Sans Frontiers

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2. TYPE OF NGO BASED ON GEOGRAPHIC SCOPE
The main features are:
 Take on both global and local issues
 Focus on specific country, region or issue
3. THEMATIC SCOPE
The main features are:
 Primarily concerned with environment/ human rights/social issues/other
 Could be campaigning groups, watch-dog organizations
 Could be concerned with education, Emergency relief and Reactive priorities, or
emergency prevention and proactive priorities.
 Could focus on single or broader, multi-issue portfolio
4. CLASSIFICATION OF NGO BASED ON SECTORSIN WHICH NGO WORK:
Age care (care for the aged/Older
persons)
Agriculture
Animal Welfare
Art & Craft
Child Education
Cities/Urban Development
Community Development
Culture & Heritage
Drinking Water
Disability
Disaster Management
Education
Environmental issues
Health & Hygiene
HIV/AIDS
Housing & Slums
Population
Poverty Removal
Rural Development
Science & Technology Development
Tribal people
Waste Management
Women

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5. Type of NGO based on Registration/ Incorporation
Based on registration a NGO may be classified as a Trust, Society or Section 25 company
in India. Registration under different acts mean that different provisions and benefits will
apply to the various organizations.
1.3 Historical Background of NGO’s
International non-governmental organizations have a history dating back to at least the late
eighteenth century. It has been estimated that by1914, there were 1083 NGOs . International
NGOs were important in the anti-slavery movement and the movement for women's
suffrage, and reached a peak at the time of the World Disarmament Conference. However,
the phrase "non-governmental organization" only came into popular use with the
establishment of the United Nations Organization in 1945 with provisions in Article 71
of Chapter 10 of the United Nations Charter for a consultative role for organizations which
are neither governments nor member states—see Consultative Status. The definition of
"international NGO" (INGO) is first given in resolution 288 (X) of ECOSOC on February
27, 1950: it is defined as "any international organization that is not founded by an
international treaty". The vital role of NGOs and other "major groups" in sustainable
development was recognized in Chapter 27 of Agenda 21, leading to intense arrangements
for a consultative relationship between the United Nations and non-governmental
organizations. It has been observed that the number ofINGOs founded ordissolved matches
the general "stateof the world", rising in periods of growth and declining in periods of crisis.
Rapid development of the non-governmental sectoroccurred in western countries as a result
of the processes of restructuring of the welfare state. Further globalization of that process
occurred after the fall ofthe communist system and was an important part ofthe Washington
consensus.
Globalization during the 20th century gave rise to the importance of NGOs. Many problems
could not be solved within a nation. International treaties and international organizations

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such as the World Trade Organization were centred mainly on the interests of capitalist
enterprises. In an attempt to counterbalance this trend, NGOs have developed to
emphasize humanitarian issues, developmental aid and sustainable development.
A prominent example of this is the World Social Forum, which is a rival convention to
the World Economic Forum held annually in January in Davos, Switzerland. Thefifth World
Social Forum in Porto Alegre, Brazil, in January 2005 was attended by representatives from
more than 1,000 NGOs.
In terms of environmental issues and sustainable development, the Earth Summit in Rio in
1992 was the first to show the power of international NGOs, when about 2,400
representatives of NGOs came to play a central role in deliberations. Some have argued that
in forums like these, NGOs take the place of what should belong to the popular movements
of the poor. Whatever the case, NGO transnational networking is now extensive.
1.4 NGOs at International Level
An international non-governmental organization (INGO) extends the concept of a non-
governmental organization (NGO) to an international scope.
NGOs are independent ofgovernments and can beseen as two types, advocacyNGOs, which
aim to influence governments with a specific goal, and operational NGOs, which provide
services. Examples of NGO mandates are environmental preservation, human rights
promotions or the advancement of women. NGOs are typically not-for-profit but receive
funding from companies or membership fees. Many large INGOs have components of
operational projects and advocacy initiatives working together within individual countries.
The technical term "international organizations" describes intergovernmental
organizations (IGOs) and include groups such as the United Nations or the International
Labor Organization, which are formed by treaties among sovereign states. In contrast,

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INGOs are defined as "any internationally operating organization which is not established
by inter-governmental agreement".
An INGO may be founded by private philanthropy, suchas the Carnegie, Rockefeller, Gates
and Ford Foundations, or as an adjunct to existing international organizations, such as the
Catholic or Lutheran churches. A surge in INGOs for economic development occurred
during World War II, some of which would later become large organizations like SOS
Children's Villages, Oxfam, Catholic Relief Services, CARE International and Lutheran
World Relief. The number ofINGOs grew from 6,000 in 1990 to 26,000 in 1999, and a 2013
report estimated about 40,000.
Aside from incorporation under national laws, no current formal legal status exists for
INGOs, which can lead to complications.
1.5 NGO’s at National Level
Non-governmental organizations (also known as NGOs, or non-government
organizations) are organizations that are independent of any government. They are
usually non-profit. Many ofthem are active in humanitarian orsocialareas. However, NGOs
can also be lobby groups for corporations, suchas the World Economic Forum. NGOs are a
subgroup of all organizations founded by citizens, which include clubs and
other associations that provide services, benefits, and premises only to members..
Sometimes the term is used as a synonym of "civil society organization" to refer to any
association founded by citizens, but this is not how the term is normally used in the media
or everyday language, as recorded by major dictionaries.
The explanation of the term by NGO.org (the non-governmental organizations associated
with the United Nations) is ambivalent: "[an NGO is] any non-profit, voluntary citizens'
group which is organized on a local, national or international level," but then goes on to
restrict the meaning in the sense used by most English speakers and the media: "Task-

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oriented and driven by people with a common interest, NGOs perform a variety of service
and humanitarian functions, bring citizen concerns to Governments, advocate and monitor
policies and encourage political participation through provision of information."
NGOs are usually funded by donations, but some avoid formal funding altogether and are
run primarily by volunteers. NGOs are highly diverse groups of organizations engaged in a
wide range of activities and take different forms in different parts of the world. Some may
have charitable status, while others may beregistered for tax exemption based onrecognition
of social purposes. Others may be fronts for political, religious, or other interests. Since the
end of World War II, NGOs have had an increasing role in international
development, particularly in the fields of humanitarian assistance and poverty alleviation.
Russia had about 277,000 NGOs in 2008. India is estimated to have had around 2 million
NGOs in 2009, just over one NGO per 600 Indians, and many times the number of primary
schools and primary health centers in India.
The term "NGO" is not always used consistently. In some countries the term NGO is applied
to an organization that in another country would be called an NPO (a non-profit
organization), and vice versa. Political parties and trade unions are considered NGOs only
in some countries. There are many different classifications of NGOs in use. The most
common focus is on "orientation" and "level of operation". An NGO's orientation refers to
the type ofactivities it takes on. These activities might include human rights, environmental,
improving health, or development work. An NGO's level of operation indicates the scale at
which an organization works, such as local, regional, national, or international.
The term "non-governmental organization" was first coined in 1945, when the United
Nations (UN) was created. The UN, itself an intergovernmental organization, made it
possible for certain approved specialized international non-state agencies — i.e., non-
governmental organizations — to be awarded observer status at its assemblies and some of
its meetings. Later, the term became used more widely. Today, according to the UN, any

27
kind of private organization that is independent of government control can be termed an
"NGO", provided it is not-for-profit, but not simply an opposition political party.
Public surveys reveal that NGOs often enjoy a high degree of public trust, which can make
them a useful – but not always sufficient – proxy for the concerns of society and
stakeholders.
1.6 NGO’s at Local Level
By local NGOs, we mean the not-for-profit organizations that are based and work in
developing countries. These local NGOs work both at the national level and down at the
community level often in the most remote areas where populations have the greatest needs
and lowest access to services.
Local NGOs fulfil many important roles:
 Acting as intermediaries between government and citizens, and donors and citizens
 Holding government and donors to account.
 Mobilizing communities and including citizens’ voices in decisions about the
allocation of resources.
 Building the skills and capacities of communities and local people.
 Providing access to communities and on-the-ground information to international
NGOs.
 Providing cost-effective services; and thus, retaining development resources in-
country
 Influencing national or sectoral policies.
 Filling gaps in the provision of services
The role oflocal organizations is often overlooked. Discussions and debates on development
and environmental management are dominated by bilateral aid agencies, development
banks, national governments and international non-governmental organizations (NGOs).
But these are only as effective as the (mostly local) organizations that their funding supports.

28
All poverty reduction is local. Much of what the poor require — schools, healthcare, water
and sanitation, land, social safety nets, rule of law, getting onto voter registers — must be
obtained from local organizations: local government agencies, local NGOs or local
community organizations. Many barriers to poverty reduction are local: local power
structures, land-owning patterns, and anti-poor politicians, bureaucracies and regulations.
These web pages have profiles of local organizations that have sought to address these
issues. Some are local NGOs; some are grassroots organizations and some are
partnerships between grassroots organizations and local NGOs. They all function on a local
level, have intimate knowledge of the local context and seek to be accountable to local
populations. Many operate on very small budgets, outside the main funding flows and
frameworks. Yet they are not isolated from larger governance issues; indeed, much pro-poor
political change has been catalyzed by local innovations and by political pressure from
grassroots organizations and their associations.
The localorganization profiles that can be accessed from this site illustrate the knowledge
and experience of local organizations and their effectiveness. These profiles also give local
organizations the opportunity to discuss what constrains their greater effectiveness (or
possibilities to increase their scale and scope)and what kinds of external supportwould best
suit their goals. The aim is to go beyond documenting and disseminating the work of local
organizations, and to allow those who work in them to suggest how international funding
and frameworks can better supporttheir work and the work of their partners and to challenge
the current modes by which international funding is managed.
1.7 Registration process:
As per section12(1) ofthe National TrustAct any Voluntary Organization orthe Association
of Parents of Persons with Disabilities (Divyangjan) or the "Association of Persons with
Disabilities (Divyangjan), working in the field of Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental
Retardation and Multiple Disabilities" already registered under the Societies Registration

29
Act, 1860(21 of 1860), or section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956(1 of 1956), or as a Public
Charitable Trust, under Persons With Disability (PWD)Act, 1995 or Revised Persons with
Disabilities (RPWD) Act, 2016 in the concerned state, can apply for registration in National
Trust by filling online form along with form `E’ (to be generated through the online system
while filling up the online registration form) duly signed and stamped by the
President/General Secretary of the organization.
The registration of such organization shall be necessary with the Trust for availing benefits
under the schemes of the Trust.
How to apply online for Registration with the National Trust -
Before one starts filling up the online form, please go through it carefully –
Check your eligibility - The NGO should have already been working in the field of
National Trust related Disabilities namely Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation,
Multiple Disabilities (Also refer to Guidelines in this regard).
2) The NGO should have a valid registration under –
i) - The Societies Act / Public Charitable Trust Act,
ii) - Persons with Disabilities (PWD) Act / RPWD Act, 2016.
iii)- NGO-Darpan Portal of Niti Aayog.
The following documents are required to apply for registration:
 Resolution & Authorization of the Organization to file application for registration (To be
uploaded in the online registration form, along with the MOA / Trust Deed etc.).
 FormE (To begenerated through online system while filling up the online registration form)
for registration under Rule 27(3). All pages duly signed and stamped by authorized
signatory.
 Audited Annual Accounts of the latest last two years
 Annual Reportof Activities for the latest last three years, focusing more on NationalTrust
disabilities related activities.

30
 Memorandum of Association (MOA) / Trust Deed along with the latest certificate issued
by the Competent Authority as Registrar of Societies etc. regarding details of Governing
Body Members / Board Trustees / Management Committee Members (To be uploaded after
merging in one pdf file).
 Certificate of Registration under Persons with Disabilities (PWD) Act-1995 or Revised
Persons with Disabilities (RPWD) Act, 2016.
 Certificate of Registration/ Incorporation under any relevant Act like Societies Registration
Act, Public Trust Act.
 Proper Proof of registration on NGO-Darpan Portal of Niti Aayog.
Registration Fees is Rs. 2000/- for urban & Rs. 1000/- for rural area. The fee is to be
deposited electronically.
The NGO should upload all the documents with the on-line application.
Hard copies of all requisite documents, including duly signed and stamped Form- E
(generated through online process), must be submitted in the National Trust office within
seven days of online submission.
In case of any discrepancy found at any later stage between the on-line application and hard
copies submitted, the National Trust will be at liberty to cancel/ modify / withdraw its
approval. In such a case, the Registration Fees will not be refunded.
The National Trust registration will be generally co-terminus with the registration under
PwD Act-1995 or RPWD Act, 2016. During the period, the organization should also have
the valid registration on NGO-Darpan Portal of Niti Aayog. The NGOs who are registered
with the National Trust and whenever their PWD Act registration expires, shall be given a
grace period of 6 months to one year, for getting new registration under PWD Act.
Selecting the Correct Category of the organization, while filling up the online
registration form (for New Registration as well as for Renewal of Registration) -

31
While filling up the online registration form, the NGO / RO should appropriately select one
of the following three categories of registration with the National Trust –
‘AssociationofPersons with Disabilities’ - If more than 50% Governing Body Members /
Board Trustees / Managing Committee Members of the NGO
are Persons with National Trust related Disabilities;
‘AssociationofParents ofPersonswithDisabilities’ - If more than 50% Governing Body
Members / Board Trustees / Managing Committee Members of the NGO / RO
are Parents of Persons with Disabilities related to the National Trust;
‘Voluntary Organization’ - Remaining NGOs / ROs should select this category.
Application for renewal of registration should be submitted to National Trust6 months prior
to expiry of the date of registration under National Trust Act.
1.8 Role of NGO in Eco Development:
NGOs have immense role in bringing about social change and development and it is being
experienced from different parts of the country. Development, as we have read earlier, is a
multi- faceted process,which essentially involves the aggressive participation of the people
that would not be possible unless they are educated, awakened and motivated. NGOs are
taking up this job sportingly and successfully.
The areas in which we witness active and appreciative role of NGOs are as follows:
1) The NGOs are active to promote education, particularly among that section of
population, which has remained un-benefited or less benefited by the measures
adopted by the government. The education of girls, and other deprived people,
particularly the SCs and STs, has been their target objective.
2) Women are the other vulnerable section of society. Gender discrimination is a
ubiquitous cultural reality. Girls are discriminated in the upbringing pattern in the

32
family. Larger numbers of the undernourished are from amongst the girls. Retention
of girls in schools is much less as compared to boys. Women are forced to work as
housewife and denied participation in gainful economic activities outside homes.
About three-fourths of the work done by women is un-monetized.
3) Since the second half of the preceding century started the change in the status of
women with their active participation in political, social and economic activities,
which gained acceleration since the last quarter of the preceding century. More and
more women started moving out of the four walls of their houses and involving
themselves actively in the social sphere outside their homes.
Important in this process has been the role of academicians and NGOs. The book
Women’s Role in Economic Development byEaster Boserup (1970) is the pioneering
work in this direction. After a gap of few years, by 1978, a large number of works
were published, particularly on the status of women in the Third World – where their
position has been more vulnerable.
The role of women voluntary organizations towards this cause has been marvelous.
Sewa, Sathin, Eklavya, Disha, Environmental Action Group and Agrani Foundation
etc. are some of the thousands of NGOs known for their role in development by
creating awareness among people and interventions, if required.
4) The approachto development has been almost uniform world over at least in terms of
the use of technology, magnitude of production, pattern of consumption and
achievement of wealth. Both state and peoplewere unaware orlackadaisical aboutthe
backwash of the nature of development pursued.
The threat to the human life developed due to environmental pollution and imbalance
and the depletion of natural resources as a consequenceof the nature of development.
Here, the role of NGOs is really noticeable and praiseworthy. Thousands ofvoluntary

33
organizations are at work to awaken people and governments against environmental
degradation and depletion of resources.
5) It is not that the development process has unleashed only environmental threats to the
human existence but also many people are displaced due to developmental projects
and are quite often not properly compensated and rehabilitated.
The NGOs have a major role to play towards the cause of people’s resettlement and
are also performing commendable job in this direction. The projects like the
construction of dams, road highways and railways have often made some sections of
people, particularly in rural areas, vulnerable and are displaced without being properly
compensated.
6) NGOs are also rendering great service in restoring dignity to the deprived and
discriminated sections of the people in the society like women suffering from gender
discrimination, lower caste people suffering from caste segregation and the status of
untouchable, racial and religious discriminations.
Voluntary organizations, working at both national and international levels, have
earned praise for their services in societal development. These organizations are busy
in creating awareness and zeal for participation in development projects.
Ensuring humanism by fighting against human rights violations, social exclusions,
domestic violence and others have been common objectives of the NGOs. Of late,
these organizations are also entering the sector of economic well-being and standard
ofliving. In the state ofUttar Pradesh, Agrani Foundation’s JanSuraksha Kranti (JSK)
scheme of savings and life insurance is indeed a commendable effort in this direction.
The Performance of any organization Working in the field of socioeconomic development
of the masses, assessed in terms of qualitative change it brings in their leaves .Similarly, the

34
nongovernmental organization are expected to play a significant role in the socio-economic
transformation. Although they are not to replace the governmental efforts, yet their
supplementary efforts are universally acclaimed.
They resort to four clear cut strategies in the accomplishment of the following specified
objectives :
(I) Supplementing welfarism of the state (simple charity).
(II) Encouraging people's participation and in implementing programs launched by the
government for larger benefit of the community or village.
(III) Involving people in program planning, raising resources, implementing activities and
sharing fruits of development.
(IV) Conscience instilling and organizing people enabling them to demand and undertake
planning and implementation of development programs beneficial to them.
From these strategies, it is very much clear that the NGOs have somewhat different type of
functioning. In pohri block ofshivpuri district there are more than 50 NGOs are working. In
these NGOs some important NGOs like Saharia kranti, Ekta parishad, Sambhav social
services, Nandi foundation very much influencing the people bytheir activities and presence.
1.9 Ngo and their relation with business and commerce
Now more than ever, businesses (and their partners) are leaning on their expertise and
innovations, and not just philanthropy, to solve global problems. At the same time,
relationships have become more than a “name only” association between organizations;
there needs to be a 100 percent transparent partnership.
So, what are the key lessons for building a robust partnership?
1. Mutual Respect
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have long been known for their expertise in local
implementation, while businesses in the private sector have championed their marketing
prowess and creativity. The key is to blend these core competencies, melding the community

35
relationships of one with the “go to market” strategy and product expertise of the other.
2. Personal Investment
Trust is built from the beginning. Especially with job turnover in all sectors, relationship
building is a constant and ongoing process.It’s an investment — not just investing in what
you want to accomplish, but investing in each other to make each other stronger. You have
to be willing to learn from each other—and to stay at it.
3. Finding True Partners
Bringing more than 80 years of nutrition expertise, Amway scientists developed Nutrilite
Little Bits, a micronutrient powder, to give undernourished children the essential nutrients
they need to grow and develop a healthier brain and body. Through partnership
with CARE and local NGOs around the globe, Amway makes this micronutrient powder a
daily part of children’s diets – along with providing education, food provisions, and health
assessments.
1.10 NGO and Political Parties
India is witnessing a relay race at the sub-national electoral process to form government
through representative democracy. Bihar election is an ongoing testimony of this battle
between the political parties to win at any cost and for political leaders to establish
supremacy within their party. Instead of representing people or problems of their
constituency, representative form of democracy has created caste and religion as political
constituency.
Votes at local level do not really support the need to thrust selection or rejection based on
development performance, though governance and development pitch remains an overt
political slogan during the election. Once a seat is won, ruling parties or government as an
agency of the State need not go back to the electorate for a review of development
performance as there is hardly a tangible transformation in the lives of the poor.

36
Repeated election and politics of caste and religion has unturned approximately 600 million
people in India living in conditions that vary from the sub-human to the abysmal. Around
300 million do not have proper homes or safe drinking water. This situation is more visible
in poor states like Bihar.
Bihar is the most densely populated state (Census, 2011) with approximately 83 million
population, which accounts for one-seventh of the below poverty line (BPL) population of
India. With 9 out of every 10 person in Bihar living in villages, poverty in Bihar is
significantly a rural phenomenon.
According to the World Bank report titled - Bihar Towards a Development Strategy, the
challenge of development in Bihar are persistent poverty, rigid social stratification, poor
infrastructure and weak governance. The crux of the problem is identified as service
delivery, particularly those affecting the poorand where the role ofthe government is crucial
(World Bank, 2005).
To win elections, the political mathematics ofcaste and religion remains the primary agenda
of the parties. The election will be fought on the poverty and marginalisation of caste and
religious minorities. The chemistry of poverty and politics remains unaltered despite an
estimated 250 government schemes under operation. Poverty alleviation, upliftment and
welfare of the marginalised with limited livelihood options including the women, children,
scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, backward classes, landless labourers, artisans, small
farmers etc. are the major concerns.
Among the greatest challenge before the state today is the rise of young population without
skills and jobs. Government or business alone cannot meet the aspirations of this class. The
development initiatives need to be efficient and effective through participatory
accountability.
In large states like Bihar, there are gaps left bythe government in the developmental process,
some intentional, some due to lack of funds but mostly due to lack of transparency and

37
accountability. Civil society organisations or NGOs, media and the judiciary are often the
means available to the citizens to voice their opinions and enforce accountability.
NGOs bridge the information gap between the government and the society. Few NGOs are
engaged in the process ofnegotiation and debating about the character of the rules, policies,
programmes – in the process of expressing the voice of the marginalised.
An apt example is the success of government of Bihar initiative on rural livelihoods
programme. The programme, JEEViKA is implemented by Bihar Rural Livelihoods
Promotion Society (BRLP) registered under the Society Act and by adopting management
strategy of NGO. The BRLP model reinforces the idea that the NGOs are required as a part
of governance by government institutions suggesting a need for change in structure and
function of the government.
The model of change is to widen its reach, remain closer to ground realities and approach
target groups directly and emphatically, thereby creating ability to contextualize local
problems and create possible solutions.
Overall in India rough estimate of registered NGOs estimates over 2 million. The number
may double with unregistered NGOs. This size of the voluntary sector can play a vital role
in the shaping and implementation of government policies. NGOs have failed to change the
discourse of power and politics despite their strength and wider reach.
The political powers manage to develop confidence and forge contacts with the marginalised
on the hope to exploit their vulnerability for electoral gain. Often rallying of unemployed
youth behind politicians in elections is achieved by showing them a glimmer of hope for
their future.
A critical factorthat hampers their progress in achieving their goals is a lack of coordination
and networking amongst NGOs to achieve a common goal. There is a rise of unregulated
flyby NGOs, often act as a termite to the trust of the community.

38
NGOs are often born out of an individual’s commitment and motivation leading to the
development of individual centric institutions that lack accountability to the government or
to the community they work for.
A sizeable number of NGOs remain unaudited. Baring few, most of the businessmen and
politicians formed NGOs are to get grants from the government, tax exceptions and make
grey profits.
The problem lies in the lack of comprehensive regulatory framework and prevailing
draconian laws. Though the political economyof India has changed drastically, the societies,
associations, organizations or trusts are still being registered by the societies’ registration
Act of1860, the Indian TrustAct of1882, and the Charitable & Religious Trust Act of1920.
The laws and regulations related to NGOs vary across states. Another critical policy
limitation in this sphere is dueto the FCRA. Theforeign contribution regulation act prohibits
any political and religious activities for the NGOs. Religious and political activities are
considered anti-national activities.
Government’s inability to design regulatory framework affects millions of people who are
born and who die without access to entitlements. Lack of credible NGOs impede the
objective of participatory democracy by not promoting scrutiny of candidate in
election. Otherwise, electoral politics will continue to encourage of caste and religious
divide even after elections without making politicians and public servants accountable of
their action.
In orderto create a constructive spaceto bridge the gap between the government and society
for reduction of social and economic exclusion based on caste and religion, the government
must create a comprehensive regulatory framework and ensure consistency of NGOs
regulations across States.

39
Chapter-2: Review of Literature:
(Brandes, 2015) - Major political decisions, though bit late taken by the government such
as financial assistance to the martyrs of people's movement –II (they called it II naming
people's movement – I of 2046 BS), formation of investigation committee for identifying
officials who behaved and decided to be brutal with people of movement. The hope from
this movement/crisis in Nepal has brought the people closer together, broke down
boundaries of caste system and made everybody (especially political forces) more open to
inclusive democracytoo. Forthe Dalits and all the other marginalized groups this was a new
opportunity to raise their voice for their acceptance in the mainstreaming of Nepal's
development.
(Visit-Nepal, 2015) - Before nineties, NGOs were engaged in the hardware sectors suchas
rural infrastructure, community forestry etc. Being this is the area where government sought
to look into. The needbased programs are the hardcore activities where NGOs replaced the
government representations to the some extent. The difficult area of intervention, unlimited
need of the community and pressure from the community were some of the factors that
forced to think on the approach to the NGOs.
The rationale of representing government in the need-based program is evaluated as a non-
genuine approach that found contributing to making the government nonresponsive and
irritating towards NGOs. It is claimed that Nepal being one of the poorest countries in the
world, the development of NGOs reaching the grassroots level seems mandatory.
(Nepal, 2016) - Nepalese society has the history of organizing self-help group in the
community level such as Kipat, Dhikur, Parma, Dhukuti etc. These were used to be very
popular social systems that grown up with the due modifications in the process or
institutional behavior. Some systems like Kipat is exhausted because of changed legal

40
requirements. Since from 1970s self-help organizations started to act as development
machinery in the Nepalese society. It flourished in the 90s because of re-instate of
democratic polity and thereby liberal registration process of such self-help organizations
converting them in social institutions.
The NGO intervention has been now boomed-up in the diversified sectors ranging from the
community mobilization and advocacy to delivering the basic services. NGO boom is
evidenced byformation of NGO Federation which umbrella organization of more than 5,000
NGOs.
(Amnesty, 2016) - The democratic rule came to Nepal in 1990, prior to this there was an
absolute monarchy. In February, 1996 the communist party of Nepal Maoist declared
"People's War". Their political manifesto was set out in 40 points of social, political and
economic demands. Initially, the insurgency was concentrated around a limited number of
districts in the heartland area of the Mid and Far West Regions of Nepal. Gradually all 75
districts of Nepal were affected – estimated place government controls confined to 10-20%.
Some 17,000 people, many of them civilians have been killed as a result of the conflict – of
these, 5,000 were killed only in 2002. The conflict had led to widespread human rights
abuses bybothparties, including the murder, rape and torture ofcivilians. Since 2002, Nepal
has had the highest rate of unlawful disappearances in the world. Commission was also
established on Inquiry into disappearances.
(APF, 2016) - Following the breakdown of these negotiations in November 2001 the
government declared a state of emergency and deployed the Royal Nepal Army (RNA).
The RNA had never before been deployed to maintain internal security; it was a ceremonial
force which swelled up to some 70,000 security force people.

41
In addition to RNA, the government formed an Armed Police Force on 24 October 2001,
from the core members of the regular police.
Golan-Nadir & Cohen (2017) argued that rather than regarding businesspeople as a
traditional interest group, we should consider the approaches to promoting change that
strongly motivated individuals adoptas policy entrepreneurs. Based on interviews with old
senior Israeli businesspeopleand decision-makers, we demonstrate how strongly motivated
Israeli businesspeople promote peace as policy entrepreneurs.
We identify their motivations, goals, challenges, and the strategies they use. The findings
indicate that although motivated by economic profits, businesspeople undertake activities
that may prove very beneficial to both themselves and society as a whole.
Murphy et al. (2017) case study of a multi-award winning Malaysian nongovernmental
organization (NGO), the Borneo Ecotourism Solutions and Technologies (BEST) Society,
and its sustainable community development model. The case study draws upon social
entrepreneurship literature, Diffusion of Innovations theory and the conceptoftoxic charity
to propose a four-step sustainable community development model, which nurtures social
entrepreneurship in the final step.
As financial difficulties increasingly trim direct and indirect governmental supportfor those
in need, NGOs such as BEST seek to address this shortfall with long-term and sustainable
solutions for the underprivileged and underserved.
Based on almost two decades of experience, BEST has learned that simply giving charity
creates dependency, a non-sustainable and temporary patchthat tends to make the recipients
worse off than receiving no charity.

42
BEST has shifted from giving charity to developing social entrepreneurs, who create and
sustain both social and private value. The first step in BEST’s community development
model, community consensus, drives the next three steps:interrupting dependency, building
capacity and developing social entrepreneurs.
The final step gives the recipients self-belief, selfreliance, self-determination and self-
esteem. The chapter and accompanying modelprovide recommendations for application and
future scholarly research of social entrepreneurship and sustainable community
development.
Yemini (2017) investigated the rationales and activities of nine non-profit intermediary
organizations operating in Israeli public schools, undersimilar missions of promoting school
entrepreneurship. Studyapplied a multiple casestudy qualitative methodology with in-depth
interviews and complementary content analysis to investigate how those intermediaries
operate and thrive.
Studydepict how the conceptofschoolentrepreneurship is formed and facilitated and reveal
how state policy and intermediaries’ activities interact and shape schools’ realm, as shown
in three specific paradoxes emerging from my analysis.
(WHO, 2018)- WHO's work on 'Health and development' attempts to make sense of these
complex links. It is concerned with the impact of better health on development and poverty
reduction, and conversely, with the impact of development policies on the achievement of
health goals.
In particular, it aims to build support across government for higher levels of investment in
health, and to ensure that health is prioritized within overall economic and development
plans.

43
In this context, 'health and development' work supports health policies that respond to the
needs of the poorest groups. WHO also works with donors to ensure that aid for health is
adequate, effective and targeted at priority health problems.
(Wiki, History of HIV/AIDS, 2018) - Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS or Aids) is a collection of symptoms and infections
resulting from the specific damage to the immune system caused by the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in humans, and similar viruses in other species (SIV, FIV,
etc.). The late stage ofthe condition leaves individuals susceptibleto opportunistic infections
and tumors.
Although treatments for AIDS and HIV exist to decelerate the virus' progression, there is
currently no known cure. HIV, et al., are transmitted through direct contact of a mucous
membrane or the bloodstream with a bodily fluid containing HIV, such as blood, semen,
vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid, and breast milk.
This transmission can come in the form of anal, vaginal or oral sex, blood transfusion,
contaminated hypodermic needles, exchange between mother and baby during pregnancy,
childbirth, or breastfeeding, or other exposure to one of the above bodily fluids.

44
Chapter 3: Research Methodology
3.1 Statement of the problem:
There has been a progressive increase in both the number and proposition of old age homes
in various parts of India over the last two decades. So, there is an urgent need to examine
the various aspects of this new and fast-growing population of old age homes and to
understand the operations, the managements, the problems of old age homes.
3.2 Objectives of the research:
The objectives of this study are as under:
 To study the concept of comprehensive and quality care of elderly citizen live with
respect and dignity.
 To assess the present status of NGOs’ role in various social – activities.
 To study the organizational structure and activities of selected NGOs.
 To study the problems encountered/faced by NGOs in executing respective activities.
3.3 Methodology and Data collection:
a. Research Design: Descriptive
b. Sampling Design: Random Sampling
c. Data Type: Primary & Secondary.
3.4 Types of Data
PRIMARY DATA:
Primary Data is collected by visiting Krishnarao Vrudhashram and Old Age Home
Badlapur and Youth of Today Welfare Foundation, Badlapur
SECONDARYSOURCE:
Secondarydata is collected from various websites like, NGOs website, ProQuest,
ShodhGanga, etc.

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Chapter-4: Krishnarao Vrudhashram and Old Age
Home Badlapur
4.1 About NGO
Figure 4.4. 1 Krishnarao Vrudhashram and Old Age Home Profile Photo
4.4.1 Organization structure
NGO has Board of Trustees in which there is total of 9 members.
Board of Trustees has selected Sunil K Desai as Chairman of this NGO.
4.4.2 About CEO/Founder
Mr. SUNIL KRISHNARAO DESAI, aged 59
years old, Indian Inhabitant, founded K.T. Desai
Educational Trust in 2003.
The objectives of this trust were to impart education
to economically weaker sections of the Society, to
start Nursing College, to give shelter for old persons
and destitute, and to start orphanages for all age
groups.

46
With these objectives in mind Krishnarao old Age Home was founded in Jan 2012 and was
named as KRISHNARAO VRUDHASHRAM
4.4.2.1 About CEO/founder and Team
The name of trustees are given below.
MR. SUNIL KRISHNARAO DESAI - MSC. M.A. M.Phil. MBA
MR. SNEHA SUNIL DESAI - B.A
DR. PRABHAKAR NARAYAN DESAI - M.B.B.S
MR. AJIT KRISHNARAO DESAI - B.E
MRS. ANAMIKA AJIT DESAI - B.A
DR.AADITYA AJIT DESAI - (PhD.) ME, MBA
MR. AAKASH SUNIL DESAI - BE., MBA
MISS POOJA SUNIL DESAI - BE., MBA
MISS SHWETA SUNIL DESAI - BA
4.4.3 Aims, Vision , Mission
 To solve the problems of the people in the society.
 To provide shelter & food to destitute.
 To see to it that the old persons in the society are always happy, satisfied and content.
4.2 Projects and Activities
1. Orchestra is conducted once in a Month
2. Karaoke singing takes place once in 15 days.

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4.3 Functioning of NGO :
Our organization KRISHNARAO VRUDHASHRAM caters for old persons of any age
group belonging to any caste, creed, community or gender. We also cater for bedridden
patients, mentally disabled persons, paralytic and postoperative patients, hearing disability
persons. Weoffer shelter and job for women destitute along with their kids below five years.
Our KRISHNARAO VRUDHASHRAM at KRISHNARAO APARTMENT, Badlapur
(East) is located in a three storey building having well ventilated 19 flats with a capacity of
more than 100 inmates. We have in house mess which prepares food for old persons and
care takers. The services of care takers and manager is available for 24 hours on all 365 days
of the year.
CATEGORY - I
For normal old persons Rs.8000/- per month and deposit Rs.15000/
CATEGORY - II
For bedridden persons and patients Rs.15000/ - per month and deposit Rs.20000/.
The deposit is refundable in both the categories. We also provide life time services to any
person, if the personmakes one time payment of Rs.700000/-(Rupees Seven Lakh Only)
We provide unlimited breakfast, lunch, dinner, tea, snacks, milk to our inmates and a decent
facility to stay. Each flat is shared by three to four persons. There is a separate ward for
ladies and gents. Normal old persons and bedridden patients are kept separately. Each flat
has European style and Indian-style washroom facility.
HIGHLIGHTS :
We also offer free old age home facility to extremely poor people, farmers having suicidal
tendency and to people who have no relatives to support them.

48
Figure 4.3. 1 Photos of the NGOs

50
Figure 4.3. 5 Photos of some activities undertaken by the NGOs

51
4.4 Contribution to development of society
More such NGOs should come up in society, so that the entire burden will not come on the
Government.
We have already started Desai Nursing College at the same premises.
which offers the following certificate courses.
1. Auxiliary Nursing and Midwifery (ANM). Two years Certificate Course for ladies
2. General Nursing and Midwifery (GNM) Three years certificate course for ladies
Desai Nursing College aims at providing training at reasonable fees to girls coming from
tribal and Adivasi areas. These girls will be able to stand on their feet and become
independent after completing two years of rigorous training in hospitals and intensive care
units.
In addition to this we would like to start.
(i) Maternity Hospital for tribal and untrodden women.
(ii) Mahila Griha Udyog for women destitute
(iii) Yoga Institute for women.

52
4.4.1 Here is the actual copy of Questionnaire filled by Sunil Desai Sir.

60
Chapter-5: Youth of of today Welfare Foundation
5.1: About NGO.

61
5.1.1 Organization structure
In the NGO there are total 7 Core Committee Members : Having President, Secretary,
Treasure and 4 other core committee members
5.1.2 About CEO/Founder and Team
Marshal Ramakrishna Nadar Has done Graduation.
Since college time, he was in NSS Committee.
Figure 5.1.2. 1 Photo of Marshal R. Nadar and other details

62
Figure 5.1.2. 2 Photo of CEO/Founder and Team
5.1.3 Aims, Vision , Mission
We work on Education, Women's Development & Homeless people.
MAKE Mission, Sanitary Pad Mission, AMMA's Khanna Kitchen Mission, Wall of
Education.
Figure 5.3.1. 1 Actual photo-copy from the Questionnaire

63
Figure 5.3.1. 2 Facebook Page Photo of AMMA's Khanna Kitchen Mission
5.2 Projects and Activities
1. MAKE (Making All Kids Educated)
2. Menstrual Hygiene Movement (A way to good Health)
3. Amma's Kitchen
4. Amma's health care centre for Animals & Birds
5. Care for Bharat, donate clothes
6. Ambernath & Badlapur Adivasi Women & Children Development Activity Centre
7. Let's Care for Old.

64
Figure 5.2. 1 Latest Photos of Help done by NGO

65

66

68

70

72
5.3 Functioning of NGO :
These are Initiative of the organisation.

73
5.4 Contribution to development of society
Thses are the contribution done by the NGO in the form of evevnts in the past, countinuing
in the present situation of COVID-19, and will countinue in the future also. link

74
5.4.1 Here is the actual copy of Questionnaire filled by Marshal R. Nadar

82
Chapter 6: Conclusion
NGOs are playing an important role in rural development, including various subjects like
farm development, agricultural extension programme, irrigation, water-shed development,
energy conservation, environment protection, socio-economic empowerment of under-
privileged, housing, education, health, mass awareness against addiction, livelihood
activities, women-empowerment, community development, formation of SHGs, self-
employment and entrepreneurial development programme etc. But still the work to be done
is vast and wide.
It is recognized that voluntary efforts will grow, and that it is necessary to create an
environment conducive to their functioning on a much larger scale than at present. They
need to perform many more hard tasks encountering threats and challenges so as to bring
aboutthe desired rural development. They must think, plan and perform professionally. They
need to sensitively observe and critically analyze the social, economic, commercial and
political trends around the world, among nations, within the country and in their own
regions. Every now and then, they need to self assess their grass-rootinterventions, whether
they are relevant in the changing world order. They have to network people’s organizations
and strategically ally them so that they can protect themselves from being marginalized by
the external forces. Otherwise, the social infrastructure created in the village level by NGOs,
out oftheir hard work for decades, maybe blown away bythe wings ofmacro/powercenters.
NGOs must be conscious about the global forces and at the same time carryout their
interventions relevant to the requirements of their area of operation. NGOs need not confine
themselves to providing temporary remedies but strive for ensuring sustainable solutions. If
the present trend persists, the market institutions will assert more in the coming years. To
regulate state and market institutions, the people’s organizations at all levels need to be
strengthened and enabled so that they can act as strong civil society institutions. Whatever
they do, it is time for NGOs to think globally and act locally so as to ensure that their
intervention is relevant, appropriate, latest, just and right.

83
Chapter-7: Bibliography
WEBSITES
https://thenationaltrust.gov.in/content/innerpage/ngo-registration.php
https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/34847
https://www.wallstreetmojo.com/non-profit-vs-not-for-profit/
https://keydifferences.com/difference-between-ngo-and-npo.html#KeyDifferences
https://smallbusiness.chron.com/ngos-vs-nonprofits-65685.html
https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/13/what-is-non-government-organization.asp
https://www.gdrc.org/ngo/ngo-types.html
https://www.undp.org/content/dam/china/docs/Publications/UNDP-
CH11%20An%20Overview%20of%20International%20NGOs%20in%20Development%20Cooperation.p
df
https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/13/what-is-non-government-organization.asp
https://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C11/E4-16-07-06.pdf
https://www.savethechildren.org/content/dam/usa/reports/advocacy/local-ngo-brief.pdf
https://www.iied.org/local-organizations-introduction
https://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/52625_ch_9.pdf
https://ngosindia.com/ngo-registration/ngo-registration-methods/
http://hdl.handle.net/10603/231521

A Study of Functioning of Two Non –Governmental Organizations (NGOs): Krishnarao Vrudhashram and Old Age Home& Youth of Today Welfare Foundation

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A Study of Functioning of Two Non –Governmental Organizations (NGOs): Krishnarao Vrudhashram and Old Age Home& Youth of Today Welfare Foundation