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Session 5.3

Biodiversity and
agroforested
habitats
Ecosystem Functions, Goods and Services

de Groot et al 2002
Habitat provision by trees
• Microclimate buffering
Habitat provision by trees
•
•
•
•
•
•

Microclimate buffering
Nutrient availability
Water availability
Provision of C substrates
Host for pollinators
Host biological control agents
Habitat provision by trees
Pres. #4,#5,#6

Pres. #1,#2,#3
TREE-BGBD

WaNuLCAS

TREE-AGBD
Tree-soil interactions and
the provision of soil-mediated
ecosystem services
Edmundo Barrios, Fred Ayuke, Diana H. Wall, Scott Bates,
Noah Fierer, Keith Shepherd

University of Nairobi

GSBI
Global Soil Biodiversity Initiative
OUTLINE
1. Biodiversity management in agricultural
landscapes
2. Land health surveillance framework
3. Challenges and opportunities
BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT IN
AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES
Planned and managed
AGBD aboveground biodiversity
Above-ground: planned, managed biodiversity

?

BGBD
Unplanned, unmanaged
Below-ground: unplanned, unmanaged biodiversity
belowground biodiversity

?

?
Diversitas 2005
Why bother about Soil Biota when
considering Ecosystem Services?
Primary driving agents of nutrient cycling (C, N, P, S)
Regulators of dynamics of:

soil organic matter
carbon sequestration
greenhouse gas emissions

Modify soil physical structure and water regimes
Enhance amount & efficiency of nutrient acquisition of plants
(Symbiosis)

Influencing plant health
(pathogens & pests vs. natural predators & parasites)
(Barrios 2007)
SOIL BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION AND THE
PROVISION OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

Barrios et al, 2012
What about trees and
soil-based ecosystem services?
Strong linkage between aboveground biodiversity
(vegetation/crops) and belowground biodiversity
(soil organisms)
Great potential to strategically utilize land use and
management systems to influence
the provision of ecosystem goods and services
AGROFORESTRY

Close to half of agricultural land has > 10%
Tree cover (Zomer et al 2009)
Some effects of trees are mediated through
impact on soil biota – trees increase abundance
Mean density of different soil biota and calculated response ratios
Agroforestry
Soil macrofauna
Earthworms
Beetles
Centipedes
Termites
Ants

Soil mesofauna
Collembola
Mites

Soil microfauna
Non-parasitic nematodes
Parasitic nematodes

Agriculture

RR

References

(indiv m-2)
54.4
20.9
2.7
90.7
23.2

(indiv m-2)
17.6
9.6
0.5
81.0
8.6

3.1
2.2
5.6
1.1
2.7

1,2,3,4,5,6
1,2,5
1,2,5
1,2,5
1,2,5

(indiv m-2)
3890.1
5100.7

(indiv m-2)
2000.7
1860.1

1.9
2.7

7
7

(indiv liter-1)
2922
203.7

(indiv liter-1)
1288
211.5

2.3
1

8
8

Barrios et al. 2012
Some effects of trees are mediated through
impact on soil biota – trees increase activity
Greater soil biological activity (earthworms) near trees
but effect greater for some tree species than others
Pruned trees
Free growing trees
Earthworm cast weight
Sample with no
earthworm casts

Pauli et al 2010
TREES AS HOTSPOTS OF BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
IN AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES

Barrios et al. 2012
Land Health Surveillance
AfSIS - A Globally Integrated African Soil
Information Service (www.africasoils.net)
International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) Tropical
Soil Biology and Fertility Institute (TSBF), Earth Institute at
Columbia University, World Agroforestry Centre
(ICRAF), International Soil Reference Information Centre
(ISRIC)
With support from Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and
Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA)
AfSIS Sentinel Sites
10 km
Cluster#4

Cluster#8

Cluster#12

Cluster#16

Cluster#3

Cluster#7

Cluster#11

Cluster#15

10 km

Cluster#2

Cluster#6

Cluster#10

Cluster#14

Cluster#1

Cluster#5

Cluster#9

Cluster#13

SENTINEL SITE (100 km2)
2.5 Km

CLUSTER (1 km2)

2.5 Km

Plot
1000 m2
Subplot
#2

Subplot
#1

Subplot
#3

Sub-plots
100 m2

Subplot
#4
Sampling plot (1000 m2)
sub-plots (100 m2)
SOIL
BIOTA
D ocumentation of AfSI S methods and
guidelines for implementation
LDSF characterization of Woody Cover
PLANTS

T-square method

Tree density, basal area, biovolume and biomass
Tree Density Mapping at Fine Resolution

Map of tree density in an areas with steep climatic gradients in northern Kenya, derived
from modeling ground data collected from sentinel sites to Landsat imagery (28.5 m
resolution).
AfSIS Soil Characterization

•
•
•

High throughput system
Infrared spectroscopy on
all samples
Reference samples on
subsets
Measuring Soil Carbon in Landscapes

1988

2006
Soil Biological Properties
Soil samples
0-20 cm, 20-50 cm
Composited per plot (1000 m2)

Soil monoliths
One per subplot (100 m2)

Soil analysis
Soil DNA analysis (dry soil)

Soil macrofauna

25 cm

Soil DNA analysis (DESS soil)

20 cm

Soil analysis

Systematic assessment of Local Ecological Knowledge on tree-soil biota interactions
Barrios et al., 2013
Soil macrofauna distribution

Spatial distribution of earthworms across a Sentinel Site
Dark circles = presence, light circles = absence
Pyrosequencing
DNA extracted from soil samples
-High throughput system
-PCR amplification with group
specific primers for SSU rRNA gene
-Pyrosequencing gives ~1500 sequence
per sample across many samples
(>450,000 seq per run)
- Illumina (MySeq 5 million seqs per run)

-Taxonomic Information
per sample

AGCCTTAA…

AGCCTTAA…

AGCCTTAA…

GCTACCAT…

GCTACCAT…

GCTACCAT…

CGGATCAC…

CGGATCAC…

CGGATCAC…

CTCGATTC…

CTCGATTC…

CTCGATTC…
Soil total N

Bradyrhizobium DNA sequences

Heat map showing the levels of total % N in soil (left) as well as abundance of DNA sequence
types representing Bradyrhizobium (right) at Sentinel Site
CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES
Developing better understanding of
AGBD/BGBD interactions
Recommendations of what types of tree
densities, arrangements and species
maintain essential ecosystem functions
provided by soil biota
in agricultural landscapes.
Identifying, Quantifying and Mapping
Host Spots of Biological Activity and
Ecosystem Services

Temporal and spatial dynamics as a
result of environmental factors in situ

Predictive knowledge of
Ecosystem Service Provision
Developing Local Soil Health
Monitoring Systems to evaluate
Ecosystem Service provision
performance
Allow rural communities,
environmental/agricultural institutions
and local government
Prepare for negotiations related to
Payment for Ecosystem Services
Thank you!

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Tree-soil interactions and the provision of soil-mediated ecosystem services

  • 2. Ecosystem Functions, Goods and Services de Groot et al 2002
  • 3. Habitat provision by trees • Microclimate buffering
  • 4. Habitat provision by trees • • • • • • Microclimate buffering Nutrient availability Water availability Provision of C substrates Host for pollinators Host biological control agents
  • 5. Habitat provision by trees Pres. #4,#5,#6 Pres. #1,#2,#3 TREE-BGBD WaNuLCAS TREE-AGBD
  • 6. Tree-soil interactions and the provision of soil-mediated ecosystem services Edmundo Barrios, Fred Ayuke, Diana H. Wall, Scott Bates, Noah Fierer, Keith Shepherd University of Nairobi GSBI Global Soil Biodiversity Initiative
  • 7. OUTLINE 1. Biodiversity management in agricultural landscapes 2. Land health surveillance framework 3. Challenges and opportunities
  • 8. BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT IN AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES Planned and managed AGBD aboveground biodiversity Above-ground: planned, managed biodiversity ? BGBD Unplanned, unmanaged Below-ground: unplanned, unmanaged biodiversity belowground biodiversity ? ? Diversitas 2005
  • 9. Why bother about Soil Biota when considering Ecosystem Services? Primary driving agents of nutrient cycling (C, N, P, S) Regulators of dynamics of: soil organic matter carbon sequestration greenhouse gas emissions Modify soil physical structure and water regimes Enhance amount & efficiency of nutrient acquisition of plants (Symbiosis) Influencing plant health (pathogens & pests vs. natural predators & parasites) (Barrios 2007)
  • 10. SOIL BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION AND THE PROVISION OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES Barrios et al, 2012
  • 11. What about trees and soil-based ecosystem services? Strong linkage between aboveground biodiversity (vegetation/crops) and belowground biodiversity (soil organisms) Great potential to strategically utilize land use and management systems to influence the provision of ecosystem goods and services
  • 12. AGROFORESTRY Close to half of agricultural land has > 10% Tree cover (Zomer et al 2009)
  • 13. Some effects of trees are mediated through impact on soil biota – trees increase abundance Mean density of different soil biota and calculated response ratios Agroforestry Soil macrofauna Earthworms Beetles Centipedes Termites Ants Soil mesofauna Collembola Mites Soil microfauna Non-parasitic nematodes Parasitic nematodes Agriculture RR References (indiv m-2) 54.4 20.9 2.7 90.7 23.2 (indiv m-2) 17.6 9.6 0.5 81.0 8.6 3.1 2.2 5.6 1.1 2.7 1,2,3,4,5,6 1,2,5 1,2,5 1,2,5 1,2,5 (indiv m-2) 3890.1 5100.7 (indiv m-2) 2000.7 1860.1 1.9 2.7 7 7 (indiv liter-1) 2922 203.7 (indiv liter-1) 1288 211.5 2.3 1 8 8 Barrios et al. 2012
  • 14. Some effects of trees are mediated through impact on soil biota – trees increase activity Greater soil biological activity (earthworms) near trees but effect greater for some tree species than others Pruned trees Free growing trees Earthworm cast weight Sample with no earthworm casts Pauli et al 2010
  • 15. TREES AS HOTSPOTS OF BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY IN AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES Barrios et al. 2012
  • 16. Land Health Surveillance AfSIS - A Globally Integrated African Soil Information Service (www.africasoils.net) International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute (TSBF), Earth Institute at Columbia University, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), International Soil Reference Information Centre (ISRIC) With support from Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA)
  • 17. AfSIS Sentinel Sites 10 km Cluster#4 Cluster#8 Cluster#12 Cluster#16 Cluster#3 Cluster#7 Cluster#11 Cluster#15 10 km Cluster#2 Cluster#6 Cluster#10 Cluster#14 Cluster#1 Cluster#5 Cluster#9 Cluster#13 SENTINEL SITE (100 km2)
  • 18. 2.5 Km CLUSTER (1 km2) 2.5 Km Plot 1000 m2 Subplot #2 Subplot #1 Subplot #3 Sub-plots 100 m2 Subplot #4
  • 19. Sampling plot (1000 m2) sub-plots (100 m2) SOIL BIOTA
  • 20. D ocumentation of AfSI S methods and guidelines for implementation
  • 21. LDSF characterization of Woody Cover PLANTS T-square method Tree density, basal area, biovolume and biomass
  • 22. Tree Density Mapping at Fine Resolution Map of tree density in an areas with steep climatic gradients in northern Kenya, derived from modeling ground data collected from sentinel sites to Landsat imagery (28.5 m resolution).
  • 23. AfSIS Soil Characterization • • • High throughput system Infrared spectroscopy on all samples Reference samples on subsets
  • 24. Measuring Soil Carbon in Landscapes 1988 2006
  • 25. Soil Biological Properties Soil samples 0-20 cm, 20-50 cm Composited per plot (1000 m2) Soil monoliths One per subplot (100 m2) Soil analysis Soil DNA analysis (dry soil) Soil macrofauna 25 cm Soil DNA analysis (DESS soil) 20 cm Soil analysis Systematic assessment of Local Ecological Knowledge on tree-soil biota interactions Barrios et al., 2013
  • 26. Soil macrofauna distribution Spatial distribution of earthworms across a Sentinel Site Dark circles = presence, light circles = absence
  • 27. Pyrosequencing DNA extracted from soil samples -High throughput system -PCR amplification with group specific primers for SSU rRNA gene -Pyrosequencing gives ~1500 sequence per sample across many samples (>450,000 seq per run) - Illumina (MySeq 5 million seqs per run) -Taxonomic Information per sample AGCCTTAA… AGCCTTAA… AGCCTTAA… GCTACCAT… GCTACCAT… GCTACCAT… CGGATCAC… CGGATCAC… CGGATCAC… CTCGATTC… CTCGATTC… CTCGATTC…
  • 28. Soil total N Bradyrhizobium DNA sequences Heat map showing the levels of total % N in soil (left) as well as abundance of DNA sequence types representing Bradyrhizobium (right) at Sentinel Site
  • 29. CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES Developing better understanding of AGBD/BGBD interactions Recommendations of what types of tree densities, arrangements and species maintain essential ecosystem functions provided by soil biota in agricultural landscapes.
  • 30. Identifying, Quantifying and Mapping Host Spots of Biological Activity and Ecosystem Services Temporal and spatial dynamics as a result of environmental factors in situ Predictive knowledge of Ecosystem Service Provision
  • 31. Developing Local Soil Health Monitoring Systems to evaluate Ecosystem Service provision performance Allow rural communities, environmental/agricultural institutions and local government Prepare for negotiations related to Payment for Ecosystem Services

Editor's Notes

  1. Essentially what this technique allows us to do is to analyze many hundreds of samples simultaneously with the community in each sample (bacterial or eukaryotic) analyzed in depth. We typically end up with more than 1500 sequences per sample. of the ssu rRNA gene with each sample receiving a unique 12 bp error-correcting barcode of the ssu rRNA gene with each sample receiving a unique 12 bp error-correcting barcodeDescription of barcoded pyrosequencing. 16s for bacteriaSequences belonging to each sample identified using the barcodesof the ssu rRNA gene with each sample receiving a unique 12 bp error-correcting barcode