1. SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE · BUILDING · DESIGN
Centre for Modern Architecture Studies in Southeast Asia
Bachelor of Quantity Surveying (Honours)
BUILDING SERVICES I [QSB 1714/BLD 60403]
GROUP PROJECT (30%)
Project Brief
This project is a study on building services system with the selected topics such as
ventilation system,
telecommunication, storm water system, cold water supply and hot water supply.
In a group of 6 students, you are required to prepare one of the topics within the
existing topic below:
1. Sustainable Wastewater Treatment
2. Energy Efficient Ventilation System
3. Building Integration of Solar Energy
4. Water Treatment for Domestic Water Supplies
5. Ventilation Problem in Heritage Building
6. Energy Efficient in Heritage Building
7. Telecommunication Service for High Rise Building
8. Sustainable Storm-water Management
9. Indoor Environmental Quality in Healthcare/Office
10. The installation of Hot Water Supply for Hotel/Corporate Building
You are required to carry out survey on the selected topic, and prepare a
documentation report. You are required to explain the application, system,
installation process, benefits, problems, case study and anything relevant to support
the documentation. You are also encouraged highlighting the
recommendations for future improvement.
• A4 bound report complete with visual and photographs inclusive of detailing and
documentation of your project.
• Word processed, font size 11, Arial, 1.5 spacing, justify and not less than 3500
words
• Visual/photographs used in the submission must be clear and well communicated.
• Assumptions can be made through references from books/drawings are allowed.
DO NOT
PLAGIARISE. Application must be according to selected topic context.
• Softcopy is required to be attached with the hardcopy.
FORMAT of A4 report/Documentation
1. Cover page – Name and student ID number should be written clearly (TU logo)
2. Table of content
3. Introduction of selected topic
4. Installation process (if applicable)
5. Management system (if applicable

2. 6. The advantages and Disadvantages
7. Case study: Finding and Explanation
8. Possible problems to the system (if applicable)
9. Recommendations for future improvement
10. Learning from the group work project
11. References (alphabetical order)
12. Bibliography (alphabetical order)
13. Appendices
The assessment for this project will be based on your:-
• Demonstrated understanding of the project brief
• Quality and clarity of the documented drawings/photographs and detailing of the
system
• Materiality and richness of contents
• Clear visual and written communication of your understanding of the project
• Appropriate use of drawings/photographs standard e.g. symbols/profiling, label and
specifications
Standard university peer assessment for marks shall be distributed as follows:
Visual image, annotated sketches or drawings (20marks)
Documentation of building services system of selected building, explain the
installation process and
identify possible problems to the system (if applicable) including recommendations
for future
improvement
• Clear and suitable visual image used in report
• Clarity and annotation in sketches
Analysis, Explanation & Case Study (50 marks)
• Understanding the application, system, installation, process, benefits and
problems.
• Ability to identify problem defects and analyze problem.
• Propose appropriate solutions.
• Provide the appropriate case study (at least one)
• Ability to analyse the application of system to the real building project.
Communication (10 marks)
• English structure, punctuation, spelling, grammar
Presentation
• 7-10 minutes presentation.
• To develop students understanding of course materials and the current application
in construction industry.
• Developing higher-order intellectual skills – evaluating skills and critical thinking
skills
• Encourage knowledge sharing about subject taught
• Understand and explain relevant information related to the selected case study.
• Identify the application, system, installation, process, benefits, problems and
anything relevant
to support the documentation.
Report submission date: 12pm, 22nd June 2015
Presentation: Tutorial in week 13

4. Table of content
Introduction to SMART Tunnel 1
Installation process of SMART Tunnel 7
Management system 10
The advantages and disadvantages of Smart Tunnel 18
Case study 24
Possible problems 33
Recommendation for future improvement 38
Learning from the group work project 42
References & Bibliography 43

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`SMART TUNNEL
INTRODUCTION
Storm water is water that form up with the process of condensation of air water
vapour that fall under gravity. Hence, storm water management is to control, supervise
and conduct the flow of storm water. At the point when storm water is assimilated into the
ground, it is sifted and eventually recharges aquifers or streams into streams and rivers.
In created zones, notwithstanding, impenetrable surfaces, for example, asphalt and
rooftops keep precipitation from actually drenching into the ground.
In this assignment we are focusing on sustainable storm water management in
Malaysia and we look into the Smart Tunnel as one of the mega infrastructure to manage
storm water. According to the World Weather Online (2015), the rainfall in Malaysia can
go up to 600mm and it is possible to have 20 raining days when it comes to raining
seasons. Hence, it is likely to happen flash floods any cities in Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur is
a bustling city that the city is completely cover up by office and big shopping mall. Although
Kuala Lumpur is not a megacity as compared with western countries due to the relatively
smallsize of the city and population, the city is expanding and developing in which it covers
the whole of Klang Valley with an area of 284,300 hectares, including towns such as
Petaling Jaya, Shah Alam, Klang, Subang Jaya, Bangi and Selayang.
After the massive flash flood that washed away the city of Kuala Lumpur, causing
loss of billions ringgit, Malaysia government came out this Smart Tunnel idea in order to
protect the city in any events that flash floods may occur again. The idea of this SMART
tunnel mainly is to control the flow of storm water to prevent flood and at the same time, it
is also to solve the heavy traffic congestion in the city of Kuala Lumpur. The project started
in 2003 and completed in 2007. The tunnel is known as "Stormwater Management and
Road Tunnel" or "SMART Tunnel". It is one of the biggest underground tunneling project
in the country. This tunnel is about 9.7 km (6.0 miles) is the longest storm water tunnel in
South East Asia and second longest in Asia.
The main objective of this tunnel is to reduce the problem of flash floods in Kuala
Lumpur and also to reduce traffic congestion along Jalan Sungai Besi and Loke Yew
flyover at Pudu during peak hours. There are three part for this tunnel, the lower channel

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which receive storm water. While the middle and the upper deck which is use for motorway
tunnel. It is the longest multi-purpose tunnel in the world.
It begins at Kampung Berembang Lake near the Klang River at Ampang and ends
at Taman Desa Lake near Kerayong River at Salak South. The project is led by the
government, including Malaysian Highway Authority (LLM) and the Department of
Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia (Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran = JPS) and also a
company joint venture pact between Gamuda Berhad and Malaysian Mining Corporation
Berhad (MMC).

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Installation process
Kuala Lumpur city is sitting on Karstic limestone geology with high ground water table.
The special features of karstic limestone include cliffs, pinnacles, cavities, collapsed
cavities and sinkholes. Overlying these Karstic limestone is loose alluvium from
previous tin mining activities (Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel (SMART
Tunnel, n.d).
Due to the natural of soil condition, special care is taken not to disturb the soil formation
that will cause structural imbalance to existing structure surrounding the tunnel. The
main care was using tunnel boring machine as part of the construction process because
it is the most cost-effective and least damaging method. The 13.2 diameter Slurry Shield
TBM were chosen and it consists of 4 core parts (Kumar ,2005).
First is the Rotary Cutter Head. This part is equipped with tungsten pick bits to excavate
the soil and consists of disc cutters to excavate rock. The second part is the Bulkhead,
where it provides stability during the tunnel excavation by forming a pressured bentonite
slurry shield. Thirdly, it is the hydraulic rams. This part is used to drive the machine
forward and keep the tunnel in its correct position. Lastly, it is the tunnel lining erector.
This is used to install the pre-cast concrete lining of the tunnel (MMC-Gamuda, n.d).
In the design of the tunnel lining, Smart tunnel uses pre-cast tunnel lining segments. The
lining installation is done together with the drilling work. After the TBM machine
progresses with the drilling work, the installation of the tunnel lining work are done using
the same rails used by the TBM machine. This make the tunnel lining to be brought into
the tunnel easier and the installation works progresses as the drilling continues. A single
ring-shaped steel reinforced lining segment is used as the mould to support the joining of
the segments (Kumar ,2005).
The pre-cast concrete linings for the tunnel are transported to the erector by boogies on
rails. These linings are then placed in the correct position in the tunnel with the help of
vacuum pads attached to hydraulics arms. The arms are extended to keep the linings in
place while the linings are bolted together (MMC-Gamuda, n.d).
As the TBM continue to drill the tunnel the side jacks will stabilize the operation. The
shield of the TBM machine provides 15cm gap between the tunnel lining and ground soil
that will be injected with special cement grout. The cement grout reinforced the tunnel

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while the tunnel lining work progresses. The cement grout also seals off the leakage of
water into the tunnel construction work. If the water seep through the tunnel works it will
cause major cave in as the water pressure from ground water flow will push through into
the leakage fissures and break through into the tunnel construction (Kumar ,2005).
The tunnel lining is installed in place after the surrounding soil is enhanced with the
spray of the cement material. Ring joints and parallel joints are used to support the
tunnel lining work progresses. The tunnel lining are sealed with neoprene band during
the manufacturing and installation of the linings. The sealing of tunnel lining takes place
by placing two segments and pressing the seal profiles together. The estimated force
applied to the ring joints by the tunnelling jacks of the shield is around 5600 tonnes
(Kumar ,2005).
(Website : Facesupport.org.)

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(Website : Trade note.net)
(Website : Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) Method)

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Management System
Water Channel System
Under the normal condition where there is no storm or low rainfall, no flood water will be
diverted into the system and the motorway is operating as usual. However, the SMART
system will be activated and when there is a moderate storm (Santhiman, 2006).
When the second mode is activated, flood water is diverted into the bypass tunnel in the
lower channel of the motorway tunnel and up to certain stage, the motorway section is
still open to traffic. The upper and lower decks are opened to traffic but the inverted level
is filled with water (Santhiman, 2006). Excess flood water will be diverted to SMART
holding pond and only the lower drain of tunnel will be used to convey flood flow to the
Desa attenuation pond (Gamuda, 2012).
However, when there is severe storm or heavy inundation, third mode will be activated.
This mode will be activated when major storm event occurs. Traffic will be evacuated
from the road tunnel. Sufficient time will be bought to the last vehicle to exit the
motorway safely before the automated water-tight gates are opened to allow flood water
to pass through. If heavy rain storm stops early or due to some specific circumstances,
then the traffic tunnel will not be flooded. The motorway will be reopened to traffic within
48 hours after the closure (Gamuda, 2012).
(Website : Tunnel Visions)

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Maintenance of SMART tunnel
The maintenance works are basically the planned maintenance. Usually the routine of
cleaning and maintenance works will be done at the same period every month. This
routine will start at 11am and ended at 6.00am the next day. The cleaning covers the
tunnel lightings, tunnel wall, cross passage drain, drain sumps and pumping station
while the yearly maintenance covers the traffic signs and floor toll lane equipment
(Murad, 2010, p.25-26).
On the other hand, the maintenance which takes over on the curative maintenance or
non-routine maintenance is performed after flooding events. The maintenance works is
focused mainly on cleaning the tunnel. Some of the damages are caused by the water
pressure. The cleaning process includes tunnel wall, road deck, tunnel lightings, traffic
signs, cross passage, drain sumps, sign boards, pumping station and the tunnel ceiling’s
surface .At this time, the tunnel will be closed at least two days for the cleaning and
repair process which was caused by pressure of water and there will be a need for one
more day for inspection before the motorway is open for the public (Murad, 2010, p.25-
26).
(Webite : The dark room)

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CCTV
CCTV system in the tunnel provides continuous visual monitoring and general
surveillance of designated areas in the tunnel. It also ensures the security against theft
and vandalism. Besides, it also provides visual confirmation of facilities breakdown,
traffic incident such as speed drop, stopped vehicles and vehicles that travel in inverse
direction, accident and fire in the tunnel. The alarm will also be triggered to alert the
maintenance and operation personnel of the vital visual events. It also monitor any
person who is entering and leaving the cross passage and ventilation shaft. It also can
be used for visual recording in the tunnel (PSI Incontrol Sdn Bhd, n.d).
(Website : Jabatan Pengairan Dan Sairan)
Integrated Automatic Incident Detection (AID)
The AID detects the following incidents such as stopped vehicle, low speed or queuing
traffic, motorcars that go with wrong direction and tunnel's camera failure and relay these
to TMCS (PSI Incontrol Sdn Bhd, n.d).
Based on the incident and status, the operators at the TMCS will be helped by CCTV to
take any necessary actions, such as controlling the Traffic Control Signs (TCS) and

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Variable Message Signs (VMS) to close a lane or give early warning of queues forming
ahead (PSI Incontrol Sdn Bhd, n.d).
(Website : ETH Security)
Integrated Ventilation Monitoring and Control
The air quality in the tunnel is monitored and controlled by the TMCS. This system is a
vital feature for safe, effective and secure operation of tunnel emergencies such as fire.
The tunnel ventilation system controls the amount of Jet fans in operation in the tunnel to
supply fresh air, expel s exhaust fumes and any fire smoke to maintain a safe and clean
air quality in the tunnel. This system observes the level of polluted air. The measurement
levels of these initiates the appropriate ventilation schemes and provides indication and
alarms to the operators (PSI Incontrol Sdn Bhd, n.d).

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(Website : Pinoy Exchange.com)
Integrated Fire Detection System
The detection of the fire within the tunnel is done by the fiber optic linear heat detection
system. The linear heat detection is interfaced with SCADA to allow the operator to see
the temperature reading along the tunnel. To enhance the fire detection system in the
tunnel, the system also fully utilizes both CCTV system and AID system to indicate when
traffic is going to slow or stop due to the fire incident. The AID system also capable of
doing pre-detection based on smoke detection. This alerts the operator in the control
room who can monitor what is happening on video cameras and take proper action
according to the situation (PSI Incontrol Sdn Bhd, n.d).
(Website : Anacon)

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Integrated Access Control System
The monitoring of tunnel related security includes access to certain equipment and
buildings. In the breach of security, a result alarm will be raised in the SCADA and a
command can be issued to the CCTV system to direct the most relevant camera to start
recording (PSI Incontrol Sdn Bhd, n.d).
(Website : The Malaysian Times)
Integrated Audio Communication Systems
The Emergency phone, PABX and VoIP Public Address system are controlled via a
single integrated control system which links all the three facilities together for ease of
use and an efficient, more effective response. The integrated system also allow faster in
tracking and logging of emergency call, interface with other system such as SCADA and
CCTV. The tunnel is equipped with cables for easier radio communication that could
immediately contact the Malaysian Fire Department, Police and Ambulance and tunnel
operator for their aid when emergency happens (PSI Incontrol Sdn Bhd, n.d).

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(Website : Commend)
Traffic Monitoring and Control System
The condition of traffic within the tunnels is monitored and controlled by the Traffic
Monitoring and Control System. The TMCS observes the current traffic through the
outstation PLC and the CCTV system. Based on the incident and status from the AIDS,
the TCS & VMS can be directly controlled by the operator or SCADA system. The Traffic
control system also provides a series of pre-defined traffic plans which selectable by
operators during emergency situation such as fire alarm or accident in the tunnel. A
highly visible LED display also provides effective traffic directions. It is important that the
tunnel has the mechanisms to counter every emergency that might happen in the tunnel.
This can be done by an info system that automatically collects traffic data (PSI Incontrol
Sdn Bhd, n.d).

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(Website : ITS International)

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Advantage and Disadvantage
Advantages of Smart Tunnel
1) The motorway tunnel that reduce traffic congestion
The motorway tunnel serve as another route for motorists from the southern
gateaway to enter and exiting of the city centre. This will reduce the traffic
congestion in the southern gateway which leading to city centre. This will reduce
the travel distance in the tunnel for example the one in Jalan Istana interchange-
Kampung Pandan which take just four minute compare to the existing road that
use longer period of time.
2) Automated flood control gate
• The water tight gates are installed on either ends of the motorway tunnel (within
the storm water section). Similarly single flood control steel gates are also
installed at both ends of the motorway tunnel. These gates are operated using a
hydraulic system.
• 3 automated flood gates at both end of motorway
• 2 automated road gates at both end junction boxes

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3) Alam Flora Road Sweeper
Alam Flora Road Sweeper is a vehicle which is responsible to clean up the road in
SMART tunnel. SMART has legally binded a contract with Alam Flora to developed road
sweepers especially for SMART Tunnel. Every day, the cleaning will be done at night to
reduce the disruption of the road user in the SMART tunnel. The Road Sweeper has a
hopper capacity of +/- 5.0cu.m. It has a water tank and would be able to carry around
1000 litres per session.
The sweeper has a suction capability via the vacuum type “true flow” air system using a
fan blower output of +/- 450m3 per minute. Besides that, it fitted with a dual sweep
brooms on both sides of the vehicle, the speed can be changed and the pressure of the
brooms can be controlled. The dimension of the main broom is 1500mm in length and
400mm in diameter while the gutter broom measures around 500mm in diameter.
4. Other Emergency Equipment’s
The person in charge also increase the safety measure to avoid any accident happen
around the tunnel. In the tunnel there are fire fighting equipment, telephone and
surveillance at 1 km interval. Every 90m there will be a hydrant and fire extinguisher
place along slow lane of both tunnel road decks. Hose Reel, Fire Extinguishers, Break
glass and Emergency Telephone located within each cross passages, ventilation shafts
and escape shafts.

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5. Radio Re-Broadcasting Services
Radio re-broadcasting is an audio (sound) broadcasting service, used to broadcast
through the air as radio waves (a form of electromagnetic radiation) from a transmitter to
an antenna and finally to a receiving device. Stations can link in radio networks to
broadcast common programming, either in syndication or simulcast or both. Audio
broadcasting also can be done via cable FM, local wire networks, satellite and the
Internet. With the radio re-broadcasting services now accessible in Smart Tunnel, user
should be able to receive the radio channel, hand phone and other maintenance
communication reception without any interference.
6. Ventilation/Escape Shafts
Ventilation/ getaway shafts at 1km interims. These capable air ventilators will continually
maintain the air quality inside of the motorway. To secure the ventilation framework amid
the flooding, the framework comprises of a progression of shafts every containing a
fumes and outside air injector. This configuration empowers the fans to be introduced
outside the SMART passage to make a longitudinal stream in the passage between the
poles that allows the air in the passage to be ceaselessly recharged and the extraction
of the fumes exhaust. The component likewise takes into consideration smoke control in
the case of a flame.
7. Cross Passage
Cross Passage between decks at 250m intervals: the passage is also use as one of the
emergency exits during an emergency.

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8. Air Quality Monitoring Equipment (AQME)
In the tunnel there are 38 sets of AQME monitoring carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen
monoxide (NO) and particulate. They are place in the upper and lower decks. The
ventilation framework will be worked naturally taking into account the air quality checking
framework yields. The ventilation will accommodate the supply and concentrate of air for
both the upper and Lower Street decks and comprises of 4 nos. of ventilation shafts and
each consists of 8 arrangement of fans.
9. SCADA Monitoring & Surveillance
State-of-the-art SCADA monitoring and surveillance of SMART at its 24-hour SMART
Highway. In the Smart Tunnel there are more than 212 units of Closed Circuit Television
and BARCO Wall is able to show 70 CCTVs screen at one time in the SCADA
Monitoring & Surveillance room. The technology that high enough to use laser beam and
automatic detection to identify any kind of strange occasions.
10. First Responder Vehicle (FRV)
• Custom-Built Fire Engines for SMART Highway
• The Fire Responder Vehicles are specially designed for accessibility into SMART
Highway and equipped to perform any necessary fire and rescue emergencies in the
dual purpose tunnel. Manufactured in accordance with international standards of MS
ISO 9001 for quality assurance and under the special requirements of the National Fire
Protection Agency, the vehicles aim to assist the current SMART Highway’s Emergency
Response Patrol team’s rescue operations.
• The FRVs were customized to meet the sophisticated designs of the SMART
Tunnel such as height limitations, tunnel manoeuvrability, special equipment housing,
and is powered by an engine that produces minimal carbon emission in order to ensure
safety in the tunnel is maintained throughout an emergency operation.
• The purpose for the custom build for this fire engine is to get into the destination
in a shorter time since the fire engine has been park at different and specific locations

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smart tunnel in each deck to gain access to upper and lower deck respectively.(Taman
Desa and Jalan Hang Tuah Fire and Rescue Departments respectively).
• The powerful 2.5 litre DOHC 4 x 4 vehicles with customization are the first of its
kind, Malaysian fire engines that will be used solely for SMART Highway operations.
11. Medical Response Vehicle (MRV)
• Custom-Built Ambulance specialise for SMART Highway
• MRV is a custom made vehicle which is capable in giving the first responder
services or further emergency treatment. The advantage of the MRV is it can transport
the medical team or the Emergency Medical Specialist to the scene area. The MRV can
be used on the wet, skidded and limited eye vision and also at the off road situation. For
urban situation or metropolitan condition, MRV is capable to use the road curbs in
reaching the incident area.
• MRV is a heavy-duty load carrying chassis and it can be used for on and off road
situation for example in the SMART Tunnel, flood condition or off road. It is fully
equipped with medical respondent equipment based on what needed. MRV can carry 6
persons at one time including the medical equipment.
• Come with a powerful engine to cater during the difficulties situation. Inside the
MRV it have provided with the various patience seating configuration based on treatment
needs, MRV are also able to carry the listed medical equipment such as:
o Emergency Medical and Trauma Bag
o Emergency Drugs
o Emergency Airways Management
o Immobilization Set
o Automated External Defibrillator
o Triage Card
o Other equipment’s carried along to safe guard the incident area include
emergency cone and etc.

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DISADVANTAGES OF SMART TUNNEL
1. Not all smart tunnels solve all problems
• We must not throw litter and clog the tunnel. Smart does not necessarily try to
solve all the flood problems in the city.
• If an integrated approach is not taken on the handling of the urban drainage, then
floods will continue to hit the city. The smart tunnel is to mitigate floods in the city.
2. Smart tunnel alone cannot curb floods
• Provide a storm water management system to mitigate flooding problems, it is
one of the two components needed to solve flash floods.
• The other component includes the construction of some 200 dams and flood
retention ponds.
• The Smart tunnels and the ponds are supposed to complement each other and
only then would the problem be solved.
3. Desalination
• Desalination is the process of removing mud and other debris from a flooded
area.
• During a major rain event, the SMART Tunnel will be filled with flood waters
along with mud and debris picked up from the run off.
• After the rain has passed and the water has been channelled to the reservoir,
mud and debris that weren’t carried away will be left in the tunnel.
• The process of cleaning up the mess will take a considerable amount of time and
many will believe that the desalination process was not tested and planned thoroughly.
4. Increased Road Capacity
• Induced congestion is when capacity is added to a freeway and essentially
invites more people to drive.
• When more people begin to drive the freeway will once again become
overloaded and congested
5. Delayed opening of tunnel
• Delay in opening the tunnels will cause floods to occur.
6. No response
• Numerous attempts to contact SMART has been futile.

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Case Study
Objective
This aims in studying stormwater management (SMART) in Kuala Lumpur. The detailed
objectives of this study include:
1) To provide a comprehension of the cause of flooding happens in Malaysia.
2) To study the relevant stormwater and flood risk management in Kuala Lumpur.
3) To evaluate the effectiveness of the Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel
(SMART).
Overview
Malaysia has an equatorial climate with constant high temperatures and high relative
humidity. The climate is influenced by the northeast and southwest monsoons. The
northeast monsoon prevails between November and February, brings heavy rainfall
predominantly to the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia and to Sabah and Sarawak. Rain
bearing winds also comes with the southwest monsoon from April to September, though
rainfalls during this period are generally less than during the northeast monsoon. The
storm occasionally brings intense rainfalls, severely overloads the drainage systems,
results in localized ‘flash’ floods.
Back in few decades, Kuala Lumpur, the Federal capital, suffered the wrath of the flood
due to the urbanization of Kuala Lumpur that has encroached on the Klang and Gombak
rivers, which merge in the center of the city. Diagrams on the following page illustrate the
loss suffered from natural disaster from 1990 to 2014. It shows that storm and flood
dictate the frequency of natural disasters, mortality and economic downfall.
Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel (SMART), a project under the Federal
Government initiated to alleviate the flooding problem in the city centre of Kuala Lumpur.
The project is implemented through a joint venture pact between MMC Berhad and
Gamuda Berhad with the Department of Irrigation And Drainage Malaysia and the
Malaysian Highway Authority as the executing government agencies (SMART,2006).

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Diagrams above shows frequency of natural disasters happen in Malaysia, the mortality
caused by the natural disasters and how much they affect economic issues. ( RED EM-
DAT, 2015 ).
Causes of Flooding
According to the previous diagrams, of all disasters in Malaysia, floods are most frequent
and bring the greatest damage annually. As far back as 1886, Kelantan experienced
disastrous floods and gale-force winds. Then, the flood of 1926 affected most part of
Malaysia, resulting in extensive damages to property, road systems and agricultural land
and crops. In 1967, severe floods surged across Perak, Terengganu and Kelantan river
basins, claiming 55 lives. In 1971, a catastrophic flood swirled across many parts of the
country. Pahang was severely affected, suffering great economic losses in the form of
property and crops, as well as a death toll of 24. At the meantime, Kuala Lumpur, the
Federal capital, suffered the flash flood as well. Flood occurrences seem to be getting
more frequent in recent years, especially in city like Kuala Lumpur where rapid
urbanization is taking place.
There are a few of main causes of flooding in Malaysia. The primary reasons are due to
the increased runoff rates and loss of flood storage as the consequence of development
extending into and taking over flood plains and drainage corridors. Furthermore,
inadequate drainage systems and failure of localized drainage improvement works also
results in flood problems. Apparently, localized continuous heavy rainfall and inadequate
river capacity are also the causes of flooding in Kuala Lumpur. ( Chia Chong Wing,
n.d. ).

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Stormwater and Flood Risk Management in Kuala Lumpur
Indeed, any region faced with high annual
rainfalls, increased populations, and expanding
cities will be called upon to place increasingly
great focus on flood control.
In 1982 the government conducted a National
Water Resources Study on structural and non-
structural measures for flood mitigation and
management. Subsequently, a number of flood
mitigation projects were completed, such as
canalization of rivers, raising river embankments and multi-purpose dams. ( Asian
Disaster Reduction Center , n.d. )
According to Tan Keng Chok ( 2014 ), the Kuala Lumpur City Hall (DBKL) civil
engineering and drainage department director, land clearing for development had
caused the surface run-off coefficient to
increase, causing drains in the city to overflow.
It was told that the current drainage system
was designed a long time ago and its existing
capacity cannot cope with the high density of
rainfall. Hence, drain upgrading projects have
been undertaken to alleviate the flooding
issue. For example, two drainage projects at
Jalan Chan Sow Lin and Kampung Dato’ Keramat as well as the drainage tunnel from
Jalan Duta which would carry rainwater through Jalan Bangsar to Sungai Klang were
constructed.

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Next management method is the construction of flood detention or retention ponds.
Ponds such as disused mining
pools can be used for flood storage.
The objective is to divert the flood
water through such ponds and thus
regulate the outflow so that the
flood peaks are attenuated. This
strategy has been used in the case
of Batu/ Jinjang Pond Project in
Kuala Lumpur where excess flood
water is diverted from Sg. Gombak to Batu Pond for temporary storage and from Sg.
Keroh to Jinjang Pond. Water in the pond will be released slowly back to the river after
the flood flow has subsided. ( Chia Chong Wing, n.d. ).
Flood control strategies usually cover a whole city or region. In practical terms, the
solutions typically involve multiple pumping stations at several locations to ensure
sufficient flood management when required. Pumping stations have been systematically
required at irrigation canal intakes. The existence of the floating pump, which is an
unique equipment, with unmatched capabilities & applications. The pump is a complete
and integrated operative unit, designed for continuous operation, capable of handling
very large flows. It can be installed and placed in operation in a short period of time,
without the need to make civil constructions, required for other type of pumps of similar
or even inferior flow rates. It is suitable for flooding control or emergency operations
where its structural design and construction materials are designed for long term,
continuous operation. Hence, it is one of the sustainable stormwater and flood risk
managements. (Wintima Corporation Sdn Bhd, n.d. )
Undoubtedly, there is also the need for maintenance of main drains, rivers, ponds and
pump houses. This is to ensure the consistency and efficiency of the operations so they
can function at their best.

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Barrier to Stormwater Management System
Based on a survey done for 1st
International Conference on Managing Rivers in the 21st
Century ( 2004 ), concerns over education, lack of information regarding stormwater
management, funding and enforcement are three main barriers to manage stormwater in
local Malaysia communities.
Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel (SMART)
- Flood incidences before operation of SMART
- Overall performance of SMA
Graph above shows the result for survey question : What barriers may exist for
stormwater management in your community? (1st
International Conference on Managing
Rivers in the 21st
Century , 2004 ).
The lack of education or information regarding stormwater management concerns were
indicated by 39% of respondents. To increase the awareness, the Government must
actively provide a variety of information by means of local council public relation
activities. The motivation and awareness of people is essential for wider acceptance of
stormwater management concept to ensure the successful of Urban Stormwater Manual
for Malaysia ( MSMA ) in Malaysia.
Next, 35% of respondents cited funding as a barrier for the implementation of
stormwater management in their community. In order to encourage people to install
stormwater facilities in their community is to provide them subsidy. The Government
should appropriates the construction cost of infiltration facilities in its budget to provide
subsidy for local authorities to actively encourage the construction of such facilities. This
subsidy can motivate the people and accelerate the acceptance of stormwater
management concept in Malaysia.
Many respondents felt that a lack of information or clarity about who was responsible for
adoption and maintenance of MSMA facilities had been the main deterrent to their use.
Land take was also found to be a significant deterrent. This indicates that whilst designer

30. 26 | P a g e
or developer could identify potential improvements to guidance but the most deterrent is
the worry of adoption and maintenance of the facilities. Another deterrent is the
procedure of obtaining approval from relevant authorities.
Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel (SMART)
The Stormwater Management And Road Tunnel (SMART) is an innovative project of the
Government of Malaysia which consists of a flood bypass system in combination with
regulated release. The main function is to mitigate over-bank flow nearby Tun Perak
Bridge located at Kuala Lumpur city center by diverting flood flows from entering the city
centre at the Klang/Ampang confluence through a bypass system before finally release it
downstream of the city. ( Zainab, Nor & Larry , 2013 )
Flood incidences before operation of SMART
The city of Kuala Lumpur (KL) is located at the confluence of the Klang and the Gombak
rivers in the Klang River Basin. Founded in the late 19th century, KL has now become
Malaysia’s largest and most important city. Being the nation’s capital city, KL has
undergone rapid development. Most of the area has been built-up into township,
residential and industrial parks.
As a result of the rapid pace of development and its impact on the ground, the existing
capacities of rivers in the basin are no longer able to cope with the flood flows from their
developing catchments. Flood magnitudes keep on mounting year by year leaving far
behind the capability of the city’s river and drainage system to cope with it. KL has
experienced seventeen (17) numbers of major flood incidences and the earliest recorded
incident is in 1926. The largest in recent history was the flood in 1971, which was
widespread and affected not only KL but a few other states in the country. Flash flood is
caused by thunderstorm which are localized rainfall of very high intensity (>60mm/hr)
and short duration (2-5hours). Table below shows the flooding incidences in KL city
before SMART starts operation in July 2007. As can be seen from the table, the
incidences of flood are becoming more and more frequent towards the end of the 20th
century and early 21st century.

31. 27 | P a g e
Table above shows the Kuala Lumpur flood events in the year before the operation of
SMART in Jult 2007.
Overall performance of SMART
Ever since the SMART system was put into operation on July 2007 until 2012, the
system has successfully dealt with a total of 203 storm events, which comprises of 121
numbers of Mode II events, 77 incidences of Mode III, and 5 incidences of Mode IV
events. ( Refer to Possible Problems of SMART system for detailed modes operations. )
All these modes require excess flood water to be diverted into the holding pond at Kg.
Berembang. Refer to Figure 3 for the SMART operational Modes from 2007 to 2012.
Scientific Paper The Journal of Water Resources Management : Vol 1 Number 2 2013
25 Year 2008 recorded the most numbers of Mode II and Mode III events, while year
2012 recorded the most numbers of Mode IV events. Mode IV is the most severe mode
since the whole tunnel will be used to divert excessive flood waters from entering Kuala
Lumpur City Center. Mode IV events occurred once in 2008 and 2011 and three times in
2012. This makes year 2012 a very challenging year for SMART Control Centre.

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Conclusion : Why Kuala Lumpur special case?
From the case study, it appears that since 1950s there has been a rise in the number of
reported flood disaster events and since 1980s this increase has been more significant.
City like Kuala Lumpur is particularly vulnerable to flooding because of few reasons :
1. Direct impacts on the citizens. The scale of population at risk. A large and growing
proportion of the population concentrates in Kuala Lumpur.
2. Direct impacts to physical infrastructure; buildings, urban services ( e.g. roads, railway
lines, embankments, public water supply and sanitation ) and specific industries.
3. Indirect impacts to economic sectors : change in productive capacity as a result of the
change in resource productivity or market demand.
The adoption of SMART system approach is one of the sustainable effective stormwater
mangements as can be seen from the overall performance of SMART discussed
beforehand. The implementation of SMART should not be seen as a one-off activity but
as a part of process that will semi-continuously produce feedbacks and updates to the
plan of management interventions in order to facilitate continuous adaption as
necessary. New information and data, technological developments, and new or modified
drivers of change may all lead to the need to revise and update the plan.

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Possible problems to the SMART Tunnel in Malaysia
1. Limitation
In Malaysia, SMART tunnel can only mitigate flooding in the city center due to
overbank flow of Klang River between Tun Perak Bridge and Dang Wangi Bridge, one
option is to increase the capacity of the stretch of Klang River concerned, and the other
option is to reduce the flood flow passing through it. However, it is not 100% prevent big
flood. It just reduced the percentage of big floods and damages by flood. It used to face
only big flood in Kuala Lumpur before the SMART tunnel was build. (Feekle, 2011)
It is realized that the discharges from the tributaries of Klang River downstream of the
diversion point, condition and capacity of the receiving rivers, Kerayong River and Klang
River downstream of the Kerayong/Klang confluence, have influence to the flooding at city
center. SMART tunnel alone is not able to fully offset these influences. A huge project
costs a lot of money and might not be economical viable. SMART tunnel is not the only
solution to the flood problem, but people would say this is a project worth billions built to
relieve the situation in a big way. The SMART tunnel is designed to handle only 45 per
cent of floodwaters coming from the rivers. When people look at the tunnel and the high
cost,they think it would cover all, but in fact, it only takes care of 45 per cent. (New Sunday
Times, 2007)
Another case in Malaysia, which was the day Jalan Tun Razak, Jalan Semarak and
Kampung Baru were flooded just like how it was in 2006, when the worst flood ever hit the
city center. It also seems that the river that burst its bank was Sungai Bunus. It flows
through the Kampung Baru - Jalan Tun Razak - Jalan Semarak area and this waterway
was not covered under the SMART Tunnel scope. So, there is now a need to come up
with a flood mitigation project to resolve this "new problem". (The Star Online, 2011)

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2. Ineffectiveness
Another aspect to the problem emerged is SMART tunnel management's slowness in
reacting to downpours leading to flash floods in the suburbs of Kuala Lumpur has angered
residents. Residents in the vicinity of Ampang Jaya and Pandan who have been inundated
by flash floods in recent months have accused the management of the SMART Tunnel of
inefficiency. The continuous downpour had affected housing estates in the whole of
Ampang area and in Kampung Pandan Dalam, Bandar Baru Ampang, Lembah Jaya,
Taman Nirwana, Taman Putra Sulaiman, Taman Dagang and Bukit Belacan. (Pragalath,
2012)
SMART company delay in opening the tunnels is what caused the floods. On that day,
there was six inches of water on the ground and it was raining from evening until 9.30 p.m.
at night. This was not the firsttime that SMART had neglected its duties. SMART company
should be prepared to guard the city (around the clock) but they are not. (Thomas, 2012)
3. Less Use
People are saying that government refuses to operate the tunnel now because the
government wants to collect toll through SMART traffic operations. If we had this tunnel,
how often would it be used? The tunnel would be used once, or three times yearly.
Spending RM1.3 billion for something which would not be used the whole year needed re-
evaluation. (New Sunday Times, 2007)
4. Road Traffic
In addition, SMART tunnel requires times to clean up thus it will be closed to public and
re-open back after 48 hours of major storm.This will causethe traffic congestion problems
remains unsolved during the major stormwater discharge by the tunnel. According to
Ariffin, motorists complained of constant traffic jams in the Sungai Besi area ever since
the tunnel was closed at 6pm last Saturday following a heavy storm. The two pictures
below reveal the effectiveness of the tunnel in reducing traffic congestion. (2008)

35. 31 | P a g e
(Website, The Star)
Figure 1(a) : The picture was taken during the morning rush hour
(Website, The Star)
Figure 1(b) : The picture was taken soon after the tunnel was reopended to traffic
5. High Maintenance Fees
Another problem with SMART tunnel is the high maintenance fee. A RM2.8 billion
SMART tunnel comes with a hefty maintenance fees which costing RM20 million per year.
(Big boy big toy, 2011) Such sum of money comes from our pocket as taxpayers. Once
these roads are ready to be used, we have got to pay money to use it notwithstanding that
we have already contributed to its constructions financially through our tax money.
According to Works Minister Datuk Seri Samy Vellu, SMART Tunnel toll rate will be set
at RM2 and will be effective from 11:59pm, June 14 2007. (Paul, 2007) If the tariff number
is low, it is hard to believe it can earn back the investment and keep good maintenance.
As we all know that the toll rate would be increased from RM 2 until RM4 or RM5 in the
future.

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6. Accident
Road accidents occurredin the SMART tunnel. An average of five accidents occur
in the tunnel monthly and mostare causedby drunk drivers travelling at night on weekends.
Unthinking fiends are speeding in the motorway tunnel. What is worse, there is little the
authorities can do about it. As it also doubles up as a floodwater tunnel, there are no speed
trap cameras in the tunnel and police cannot put up roadblocks. A casual observation at
the Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel (SMART) showed that most cars are
clearly disregarding the 60kph speed limit, with someobviously going at morethan 100kph.
SMART public relations manager Mohd Noor Mohd Ali said enforcing the speed limit
remained a difficult task. He said the design of the tunnel made it tough for traffic
enforcement efforts to be carried out as the road shoulders were too narrow to ensure the
safety of traffic policemen. (Shaun and Austin, 2011)
7. Bumpy Road
Many of the road users complained about the bumpy road in the SMART Tunnel.
The bumpy road may be a minor nuisance to all the drivers that would cause minor
damage to cars and even result in a car accident. However, that is always a reason behind
everything that has happened. According to Mohd Noor Mohd Ali, the tunnel is designed
with features to reduce speed, like the special rough road surface and yellow transverse
bars painted across the road. (Shaun and Austion, 2011)
8. Safety Check
A typical tunnel or SMART tunnel has to go through the safety check due to it confined
structural nature when accident happens. For example, Burnley Tunnel Tragedy in
Melbourne which occurred on the 23rd March, 2007 is a good example. Due to the smart
safety system which are TROX fire and smoke dampers installed in the smoke extract
system installed in the tunnel, all passengers were able to evacuate in 15 minutes to avoid
the suffocation.
SMART is one of the first type of tunnel that has dual functionalities on storm
management and traffic, thus it should be allocated for this tunnel for trials and simulate
the storm situation. It is because if a car gets trapped inside the tunnel when the gate is
closing, the whole system will be considered as failure and departments and authorities

37. 33 | P a g e
concerned have to be bashed by the public and the losses are astronomical. (Johnsonooi,
2007)
9. Blind Corner
Ultimately, the exit of tunnel is concealed behind the blind corner hence this problem
would possibly cause the drivers to stop suddenly in the middle of the road because they
have no idea which road to exit. This caused the other cars behind to honk profusely as it
is a blind corner. Hence, more notifications or sign ages are required to inform the drivers
before they reach the exit. (Marmitecarb, 2007)

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Recommendation for future improvement
As the SMART tunnel is a multipurpose mega structurebuilt to prevent flash floods
that may occur and to solve the congestion in Kuala Lumpur city, extending or renovate
the SMART tunnel may affect the existing buildings and structures. On the other hand, it
is high cost to improve or restructure SMART tunnel. Hence, alternatives should be taken
to improve storm water management in Kuala Lumpur city and Low Impact Development
(LID) is highly recommended.
LID development or improvement in which it brings less or no harm to the
environment which in this case it basically means development to storm water
management which is green and environmental friendly (Maxey, 2009, p.8). One of
methods is infiltration practices. It is a practice that constructs structures or landscapes to
infiltrate runoff water. It reduces the volume of discharged storm water and infrastructure
required to conduct, cure or manage runoffs (United States Environmental Protection
Agency, 2007).
Infiltration trenches is one of the examples of infiltration practice. The trenches
serve as a basin to trap runoff storm water, temporary storage before infiltrate into the soil
(Nieber, Erickson, Weiss, Gulliver & Hozalski, 2012). Besides controlling the flow rate of
discharged storm water, it also provides aesthetic landscape and may can be used for
recreational purposes (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2007). Moreover,
the deposited runoff storm water can either be infiltrated into the surrounding soil or
discharged through underdrain (Pekarek, Shelton, Feehan & Holm, 2011).

39. 35 | P a g e
 Infiltration trenches (Website, Temple – Villanova Sustainable Stormwater
Initiative)
Porous pavement is also known as permeable pavement is another structure that
implements infiltration to discharge storm water from surface. It functions the similar way
as the infiltration trenches whereas the trapped water can either be infiltrate into the soil
or be discharged through underdrain. According to the research of University of Maryland
Extension (2013), permeable pavement is more efficient in terms of removing
contaminants in runoff storm water. By using permeable concrete for paving, water is able
to seep into the ground, passing through layers of aggregates and sand before reaching
the underground basins hence the water are consider naturally filtered before infiltrating
into surrounding soil or discharged through under pipes. Moreover, it can be built as open
space car parks and pedestrian pavements while it serves as storm water runoffs.
 Porous pavement (Website, Metropolitan Area Planning Council)
Besides infiltration practices, there are also another low impact development (LID)
alternative. Runoff storage practices is one of the common practice used as it does not
take up much space. One of the examples of such practices is the green roof or eco roof.
Instead of using only concrete or glass for roof finishes, the roof is planted with plants and
the plants serve as storm water management purposes. The plants are able to trap rain
water for storage to be reused and at the same time it waters the plants (United States
Environmental Protection Agency, 2007). According to the United States Environmental
Protection Agency (2009), 8 cm deep of media beneath the plant is able to reduce 38-54%
and 38-45% of rainwater runoffs annually. A 6.5cm deep of media can stop 40% of

40. 36 | P a g e
rainwater being discharged at the storm rate of 50mm. From these statistics shown, it
proves that green roof may serve the purpose of reducing the volume of discharged storm
water and hence controls the flowing rate of storm water.
 Green roof (Website, Bronx Council for Environmental Quality)
Similar to permeable pavement, runoff storage practices can also be implemented
in carparks, streets and pedestrian paths by installing storage tanks below them (Novotny,
Ahern & Brown, 2010). However, the differences are that permeable pavements undergo
infiltration whereas runoff storage is a direct discharge from the surface to be stored
temporarily in underground storage tanks in order to control the flow of storm water
drainage. Hence, permeable pavement provides aesthetics landscaping and infiltrated
storm water is cleaner as compared to runoff storage storm water.
As Kuala Lumpur city is an urban city with many tall buildings, green roof is a
suitable application to most of the buildings such as hotels, shopping malls etc. The
application of green roof should be implemented because the buildings in the city are close
to one another. Hence, the efficiency of drainage holes by the road curbs might not be
able to sustain the runoffs of storm water during a heavy rain which might lead to flood.
Therefore, the green roof may act as a detention to control the flowing rate of runoff storm
water.
Permeable pavement should be built as pedestrian walkways and open space car
parks for the runoff of storm water on the surface. Besides giving aesthetic view of the city,
it also reduces the drainage holes by the curbs needed. At the same time, runoff storage
underground tanks should be installed in order to split runoff storm water into different
compartments where some will be used to infiltrate into the soil and some will be stored

41. 37 | P a g e
temporary in the storage tanks to control the discharge rate and later discharged through
under pipes.
In conclusion, SMART Tunnel is not the only way that can solve flooding issue in
Kuala Lumpur city. By implementing low impact development (LID) methodology, flood
issues can be overcame, no big infrastructures required and most importantly it is more
environmental friendly. Moreover, it also reduce the reliance and burden to the SMART
Tunnel.

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Learning from the group work project
Our group consistof 5 members whichare Yong Seen Yee, Thun Shao Xun, Khoo
Xin Yee, Lee Pei Gee and Shane Sim Ee Han. Since there are 5 of us, work load are
distributed evenly among us with the agreement and consent from each and every one of
us.
As this assignment comes to the end, there are many things that we learnt
throughout the assignment. First of all, we are able to understand how storm water
management works and the importance of it for a city. Storm water management mainly
is to control the flow rate of storm water runoff and distribute the runoff evenly to prevent
flood. At the same time, it is also to maintain the water quality for drinking purposes and
daily usage.
Meanwhile, we also get to know in detail the operation of the SMART Tunnel and
hence it also shows us how advance in terms of technology that Malaysia had achieved.
From the caseof SMART Tunnel, we get to know about Tunneling Boring Machine (TBM).
It is a heavy, advance machine used to bore underground tunnels without affecting
existing structures. We also get to know that SMART Tunnel is not only a channel for
storm water management but it is also a traffic diversion to reduce the congestion in Kuala
Lumpur city.
On the other hand, we also learnt how to analyze and interpret data in order to
determine every piece of information is usable. For example, there are limitations to some
technologies that is not conventional to be used in Malaysia due to the weather and
geometric factors. Hence, it is a challenge to our critical thinking skills when it comes to
applying those technology from the information found from the Internet.
Last but not least, we learnt the importance of cooperation among members to
accomplish a task. Cooperation and tolerance is needed to assist each other to finish the
task on time. Cooperation is needed when it comes toattending group discussionsessions
and participate in the discussion. Tolerance is much needed to avoid conflicts especially
when exchanging ideas and expressing own opinions.

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References & Bibliography
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2) Abdullah, K. (2004). Stormwater Management And Road Tunnel (SMART) A
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492
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29) Wintima Corp. Sdn Bhd (n.d.) Floating Pump ( Website ) Retrieved from
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