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War and Global Insecurity
Terrorism, Global and Domestic

 Terrorism involves the unlawful use of force and violence
  against person, property to intimidate or coerce a
  government to achieve political or social objectives
 Narcoterrorism - use of violence in the trafficking of
  drugs
 State terrorism refers to the terrorism of the government
  against their own people
 Revolutionary terrorism - to bring about total political
  change
Measuring Terrorism
         in the United States


 There are domestic and international terrorist
  groups. Within the domestic category, there
  are left-wing and right-wing terrorists
 Between 2005 and 2006, the number of
  terrorist incidents increased dramatically,
  although much of the increase was accounted
  for by increased acts of terrorism in Iraq and
  Afghanistan
 Critics claim that the U.S. invasion of Iraq has
  stimulated the growth of Al Qaeda and other
  terrorist groups
Origins of Terrorist Groups

 Many terrorist groups have originated out of
  troubled areas of the world
        • Middle East
        • Northern Ireland
 Political radicalism is a source of terrorism
 Terrorism can have its origin in cults
 Terrorism can originate out of the State to
  maintain power
Origins of Terrorist Groups

 Characteristics of terrorist recruits
        • Well educated
        • Young
        • Upper-middle class or middle-class
          background
 Terrorism emerges out of the despair bred by the
  economic deprivation in parts of the world
 Terrorists operate on a belief system based on
  salvation through violence
Terrorism and Religion

 Terrorists groups are often motivated by deep
  religious convictions
        • Totalitarian belief systems
 Violence is often committed against known and
  unknown victims
        • Random victims
        • Select targets because of their prominence
          in society
Terrorism’s Impact on Society

 The primary impact of terrorism on society are:
       • Increased fear and heightened security
       • Erosion of civil liberties
       • Economic consequences
       • Health consequences
       • Political consequences
War and Its Effects

 Between 1100 and 1925, about 35 million soldiers
  were killed in 862 wars
 During World War II, 17 million soldiers and 35
  million civilians were killed
 In 2006, about 2 million veterans were receiving
  compensation from the U.S. government for war-
  related disabilities
 War takes a psychological toll on soldiers
        • Posttraumatic stress disorder
Indirect Effects of War

 War is a major factor in mass migration of
  populations
       • Between 1986 and 1999, over 1.3 million
         refugees were granted asylum in the United
         States
 Government policy during war has also forced
  population migration
       • WW II and German relocation policy
Indirect Effects of War

 War and economic devastation
 Impact of war on culture and the psychology of
 people
Effects of Nuclear War


 Technology has made warfare more lethal
      • Human consequences
      • Ecological consequences
 Rogue States and Weapons of Mass
  Destruction
      • North Korea
      • Iraq under Saddam Hussein
      • Afghanistan under the Taliban
      • Zimbabwe under Robert Mugabe
Effects of Nuclear War

 The prospect of a global nuclear war has lessened
 Nuclear proliferation and threat of nuclear war in
 unstable parts of the world is still a problem
Controlling Warfare


 The increase in the destructiveness in warfare
  has lead to progress in controlling war
 The Bush administration has claimed that a
  war on terrorism means that rules of
  conventional warfare do not apply
 In 2004 the Supreme Court rejected the U.S.
  government’s attempt to detain an American
  citizen indefinitely without trial
Controlling Warfare

 The concept of a just war emanated out of the
 culture of Greek and Roman civilization
       • Justification for going to war
       • Justifiable acts in wartime
 The rules of warfare are difficult to enforce

       • War crimes
Theories About War and Its
               Origins

 Ethological and Sociobiological theories
 Aggression and violence as a genetic trait to
  enhance survival of the human species
 Konrad Lorenz
     Aggression as an instinct in humans
 Aggression is linked to territoriality
 Edward O. Wilson
       • Genetic predisposition to aggression
       • Aggression channeled through culture
Theories About War and Its
                Origins

 Ethological and Sociobiological theories
 Critics argue
       • Research contrasting humans to other
         animals is flawed
       • Human motivation to fight is learned in
         response to symbols
Theories About War and Its
                Origins

 Clausewitz: War as State Policy
 War occurs in a social context
 The monarch was the major force behind war
       • War as an alternative to diplomacy
       • Interest of the monarch and military were
         seen as the same
       • Military were to serve the interest of the
         monarch
Theories About War and Its
               Origins

 Marx and Lenin on War
 Karl Marx - war was based on the interests of the
  economic elites to acquire raw materials and to
  expand capitalism
 Vladimir Lenin - saw warfare as stemming from
  competition among capitalist nations for the
  expansion of global economic dominance
       • Colonialism
Theories About War and Its
             Origins


 Institutional and International
  Perspectives
 Institutional Forces within Nations
 Influence of military leaders on government
  policy
 Harold Lasswell and the Garrison State
        • Military leaders impose dictatorial
          power on society
        • Channel state resources for military use
        • Control public support through
          propaganda
Theories About War and Its
               Origins

 Institutional Forces within Nations
 C.W. Mills and the Power Elite
 Economic institutions and the military elite have
  come to shape economic life around their view of
  the world and the interests of the military
 Politics and the forging of public opinion in
  support of war
        • Nationalism and warfare
Theories About War and Its
             Origins


 The International Context of War and
  Peace
 League of Nations and later the United
  Nations are examples of attempts to arrive at
  global cooperation among nations
 Global conflicts and the U.S. as peacekeepers
        • Less than successful
 International trade and the economic
  incentive for peace
 International peacekeeping institutions and
  international law
Social Policy

 The war in Iraq, a growing crisis over North Korea,
  Iran’s threats to renew their production of nuclear
  weapons, and other events have made the world
  situation increasingly gloomy
 There has been a rise of negative feelings about the
  United States in that the country is not exerting
  positive leadership in seeking world peace
Social Policy

 Arms Control: A Promise Unfulfilled
 United Nations
       • International Atomic Energy Commission
         was formed in 1945 to ban nuclear weapons
 Nuclear test ban treaties
 Nuclear anti-proliferation policies
 Controlling the arms merchants
Social Policy

 Dealing with Terrorism
 Policy of no-concessions to terrorist groups
 Public awareness in controlling terrorism
 Homeland Security Act of 2002
 International diplomacy and economic
 development

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War and global security

  • 1. War and Global Insecurity
  • 2. Terrorism, Global and Domestic  Terrorism involves the unlawful use of force and violence against person, property to intimidate or coerce a government to achieve political or social objectives  Narcoterrorism - use of violence in the trafficking of drugs  State terrorism refers to the terrorism of the government against their own people  Revolutionary terrorism - to bring about total political change
  • 3. Measuring Terrorism in the United States  There are domestic and international terrorist groups. Within the domestic category, there are left-wing and right-wing terrorists  Between 2005 and 2006, the number of terrorist incidents increased dramatically, although much of the increase was accounted for by increased acts of terrorism in Iraq and Afghanistan  Critics claim that the U.S. invasion of Iraq has stimulated the growth of Al Qaeda and other terrorist groups
  • 4. Origins of Terrorist Groups  Many terrorist groups have originated out of troubled areas of the world • Middle East • Northern Ireland  Political radicalism is a source of terrorism  Terrorism can have its origin in cults  Terrorism can originate out of the State to maintain power
  • 5. Origins of Terrorist Groups  Characteristics of terrorist recruits • Well educated • Young • Upper-middle class or middle-class background  Terrorism emerges out of the despair bred by the economic deprivation in parts of the world  Terrorists operate on a belief system based on salvation through violence
  • 6. Terrorism and Religion  Terrorists groups are often motivated by deep religious convictions • Totalitarian belief systems  Violence is often committed against known and unknown victims • Random victims • Select targets because of their prominence in society
  • 7. Terrorism’s Impact on Society  The primary impact of terrorism on society are: • Increased fear and heightened security • Erosion of civil liberties • Economic consequences • Health consequences • Political consequences
  • 8. War and Its Effects  Between 1100 and 1925, about 35 million soldiers were killed in 862 wars  During World War II, 17 million soldiers and 35 million civilians were killed  In 2006, about 2 million veterans were receiving compensation from the U.S. government for war- related disabilities  War takes a psychological toll on soldiers • Posttraumatic stress disorder
  • 9. Indirect Effects of War  War is a major factor in mass migration of populations • Between 1986 and 1999, over 1.3 million refugees were granted asylum in the United States  Government policy during war has also forced population migration • WW II and German relocation policy
  • 10. Indirect Effects of War  War and economic devastation  Impact of war on culture and the psychology of people
  • 11. Effects of Nuclear War  Technology has made warfare more lethal • Human consequences • Ecological consequences  Rogue States and Weapons of Mass Destruction • North Korea • Iraq under Saddam Hussein • Afghanistan under the Taliban • Zimbabwe under Robert Mugabe
  • 12. Effects of Nuclear War  The prospect of a global nuclear war has lessened  Nuclear proliferation and threat of nuclear war in unstable parts of the world is still a problem
  • 13. Controlling Warfare  The increase in the destructiveness in warfare has lead to progress in controlling war  The Bush administration has claimed that a war on terrorism means that rules of conventional warfare do not apply  In 2004 the Supreme Court rejected the U.S. government’s attempt to detain an American citizen indefinitely without trial
  • 14. Controlling Warfare  The concept of a just war emanated out of the culture of Greek and Roman civilization • Justification for going to war • Justifiable acts in wartime  The rules of warfare are difficult to enforce • War crimes
  • 15. Theories About War and Its Origins  Ethological and Sociobiological theories  Aggression and violence as a genetic trait to enhance survival of the human species  Konrad Lorenz Aggression as an instinct in humans  Aggression is linked to territoriality  Edward O. Wilson • Genetic predisposition to aggression • Aggression channeled through culture
  • 16. Theories About War and Its Origins  Ethological and Sociobiological theories  Critics argue • Research contrasting humans to other animals is flawed • Human motivation to fight is learned in response to symbols
  • 17. Theories About War and Its Origins  Clausewitz: War as State Policy  War occurs in a social context  The monarch was the major force behind war • War as an alternative to diplomacy • Interest of the monarch and military were seen as the same • Military were to serve the interest of the monarch
  • 18. Theories About War and Its Origins  Marx and Lenin on War  Karl Marx - war was based on the interests of the economic elites to acquire raw materials and to expand capitalism  Vladimir Lenin - saw warfare as stemming from competition among capitalist nations for the expansion of global economic dominance • Colonialism
  • 19. Theories About War and Its Origins  Institutional and International Perspectives  Institutional Forces within Nations  Influence of military leaders on government policy  Harold Lasswell and the Garrison State • Military leaders impose dictatorial power on society • Channel state resources for military use • Control public support through propaganda
  • 20. Theories About War and Its Origins  Institutional Forces within Nations  C.W. Mills and the Power Elite  Economic institutions and the military elite have come to shape economic life around their view of the world and the interests of the military  Politics and the forging of public opinion in support of war • Nationalism and warfare
  • 21. Theories About War and Its Origins  The International Context of War and Peace  League of Nations and later the United Nations are examples of attempts to arrive at global cooperation among nations  Global conflicts and the U.S. as peacekeepers • Less than successful  International trade and the economic incentive for peace  International peacekeeping institutions and international law
  • 22. Social Policy  The war in Iraq, a growing crisis over North Korea, Iran’s threats to renew their production of nuclear weapons, and other events have made the world situation increasingly gloomy  There has been a rise of negative feelings about the United States in that the country is not exerting positive leadership in seeking world peace
  • 23. Social Policy  Arms Control: A Promise Unfulfilled  United Nations • International Atomic Energy Commission was formed in 1945 to ban nuclear weapons  Nuclear test ban treaties  Nuclear anti-proliferation policies  Controlling the arms merchants
  • 24. Social Policy  Dealing with Terrorism  Policy of no-concessions to terrorist groups  Public awareness in controlling terrorism  Homeland Security Act of 2002  International diplomacy and economic development