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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
GOALS OF UN AND ROADMAP
FOR INDIA
ECONOMICS FOR ENGINEERS
20Y201 – KAMALESH S
20Y201 – ARJUNRAJ A S

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UN and their aim:
• The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental
organization aiming to maintain international peace and security,
develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international
cooperation, and be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.
• The UN was established after World War 2.
• The UN is headquartered on international territory in New York
City and has other main offices in Geneva, Nairobi, Vienna, and The
Hague.
• The UN currently has 193 Countries as members.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS OF UN:
• The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), were adopted by
the United Nations in 2015 as a universal call to action to end
poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that by 2030 all people
enjoy peace and prosperity.
• The 17 SDGs are integrated—they recognize that action in one
area will affect outcomes in others, and that development must
balance social, economic and environmental sustainability.
• Countries have committed to prioritize progress for those who're
furthest behind.

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SDG 1 is to: "End poverty in all its forms everywhere" .
Poverty is defined as income less than 1.25 USD per day.
The target for this goal include a world where the poor are not
vulnerable to climate change and have equal right to economic
resources.
This goal aims to eradicate poverty by 2030.
The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
(MGNREGA) provides a legal guarantee of a minimum of 100 days
of wage employment per household every year for unskilled workers
in rural areas.
Goal 1
NO POVERTY:
7 Targets
13 Indicators

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SDG 2 is to: "End hunger, achieve food security and improved
nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture" .
The food and agriculture sector offers key solutions for
development, and is central for hunger and poverty eradication.
Targets for this goal include ending malnutrition, protecting small
farmers, protecting the genetic diversity of crops produced and
investing in research to make farming more productive.
Goal 2
ZERO HUNGER:
8 Targets
14 Indicators

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34% stunting,33.4% underweight, 17% wasting (0-4 age group). Total
INR 46 lakh crores USD 729 billion. Gap INR 18.5 lakh crores USD 293
billion Antyodaya-AnnaYojana, National Food Security Act (NFSA) .
Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana, Rainfed Farming System, Crop
Protection Policy. In 2016, India ranked 97 among 118 developing
countries according to the Global Hunger Index (GHI). Incidence of
anaemia among pregnant women has gone down by about 8
percentage points between 2005-06 and 2015-16. In 2016, India
ranked 97 among 118 developing countries according to the Global
Hunger Index (GHI). Incidence of anaemia among pregnant women
has gone down by about 8 percentage points between 2005-06 and
2015-16.
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SDG 3 is to: "Ensure healthy lives and promote well-
being for all at all ages" .
SDG 3 has 13 targets and 28 indicators to measure progress
toward targets.
Goal includes calls for universal health coverage, increasing
healthcare workforce, reducing illness and death by pollution,
comprehensive agenda for tackling a wide range of global
health challenges such as AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis.
Goal 3
GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING:
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• As of 2011, India’s Health Index was 0.702. India is estimated to require around INR 55
lakh crores (USD 880 billion) till 2030 to achieve the target value of its Health Index. A
gap of around INR 19 lakh crores (USD 305 billion) is estimated
• India has a doctor-population ratio of 1:1456, against the WHO benchmark of 1:1000.
• Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health (RMNCH+A) strategy,
with interventions across the life stages of women and children, and focus on addressing
inequitable healthcare delivery for groups in situations of vulnerability, has had a
profound impact on the maternal health situation
• NHM has also led to the creation of a million strong workforce of frontline workers -
Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) directly involved in preventive, promotive and
service delivery activities.

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SDG 4 is to: "Ensure inclusive and equitable quality
education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for
all".
Obtaining a quality education is the foundation to improving
people’s lives and sustainable development.
SDG 4 has ten targets which are measured by 11 indicators.
Targets for this goal include the need for access to university
level education, vocational training and entrepreneurial skills.
Goal 4
QUALITY EDUCATION:
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• With respect to expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP, in 2012, India spent 3.8
per cent, while South Africa spent 6.2 per cent, Japan spent 3.8 per cent and Germany spent
5 per cent (in 2011) (World Bank, 2007).
• While India has achieved near-universal enrolment in primary and secondary education
(Pratham Education Foundation, 2014), the learning levels of children are low. For example,
the Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2014 indicates that of all the students in rural
India enrolled in Standard VIII in 2014, about 25 per cent could not read a Standard II level
text.
• The study estimates a total finance requirement of INR 142 lakh crores or USD 2258 billion to
achieve Goal 4. A gap of INR 46 lakh crores or USD 740 billion is anticipated.
• India had made free and compulsory education up to the age of 14 years a fundamental
right of citizens and detailed it in the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education
(RTE) Act, 2009.

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SDG 5 is to: "Achieve gender equality and empower all
women and girls".
 Gender equality is not only a fundamental human right, but
is necessary foundation for a peaceful, prosperous and
sustainable world.
Targets for this goal include freedom from discrimination
violence, ensuring equal share of leadership opportunities and
responsibilities for women as well as property ownership.
Goal 5
GENDER EQUALITY:
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SDG 6 is to: "Ensure availability and sustainable
management of water and sanitation for all".
Water scarcity affects more than 40 percent of people, an
alarming figure that is projected to rise as temperatures do.
SDG 6 has eight targets which are measured by 11
indicators
Targets for this goal include programs that provide access to
basic technologies like toilets or latrines as well as protecting
ecosystems that provide water.
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Goal 6
CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION:
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SDG 7 is to: "Ensure access to affordable, reliable,
sustainable and modern energy for all".
About 1.2 billion people globally have no access to electricity.
The goal has five targets to be achieved by 2030. Progress
towards the targets is measured by six indicators.
Targets for this goal emphasize a conversion to renewable
sources and a dramatic improvement in efficiency everywhere.
Goal 7
AFFORDABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY:
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SDG 8 is to: "Promote sustained, inclusive and
sustainable economic growth, full and productive
employment and decent work for all".
SDG 8 has twelve targets in total to be achieved by 2030.
About 75 million people between ages 15 and 24 are
estimated to be unemployed and out of school globally.
This goal targets closing that gap using innovation, as well
as separating growth from ecosystem degradation.
Goal 8
DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH:
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SDG 9 is to: "Build resilient infrastructure, promote
inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster
innovation".
Investment in infrastructure are crucial for achieving sustainable
development.
SDG 9 has eight targets, and progress is measured by twelve
indicators.
Targets for this goal include fostering a more innovative and
environmentally sound approach to industrial development. Think
of innovative new ways to repurpose old material
Goal 9
INDUSTRY, INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE:
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SDG 10 is to: "Reduce income inequality within and among
countries".
To reduce inequalities, policies should be universal in principle,
paying attention to the needs of disadvantaged and marginalized
populations.
The Goal has ten targets to be achieved by 2030.
Targets for this goal include financial market regulation to make
the playing field more equal, making migration more orderly, safe,
regular and responsible.
Goal 10
REDUCED INEQUALITIES:
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SDG 11 is to: "Make cities and human settlements
inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable".
SDG 11 has 10 targets to be achieved, and this is being
measured with 15 indicators.
More than half the world population lives in cities.
Targets for this goal include addressing issues like
transportation, disaster preparedness, as well as preservation
of the world’s cultural and natural heritage.
Goal 11
SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES:
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SDG 12 is to: "Ensure sustainable consumption and
production patterns".
SDG 12 has 11 targets to be achieved.
Targets for this goal include topics like reducing food
wastage, corporate sustainability practice, and educating
people on the impact of their lifestyle choices.
Recycle paper, glass, plastic and aluminum.
Goal 12
RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION:
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SDG 13 is to: "Take urgent action to combat climate
change and its impacts by regulating emissions and
promoting developments in renewable energy".
There are five targets in total.
The goal has an asterisk as it references the “Paris Agreement”
of December 2015, which guides nations to jointly commit to limit
global warming to not more than 2 degree Celsius.
Educate young people on climate change to put them on a
sustainable path early.
Goal 13
CLIMATE ACTION:
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SDG 14 is to: "Conserve and sustainably use the oceans,
seas and marine resources for sustainable development".
SDG 14 has 10 targets to be achieved.
The world’s ocean are overfished, under-protected and
stressed from climate change and pollution.
The target for this goal include research and learning to find
out more about what lies beneath the oceans so as to better
save them.
Goal 14
LIFE BELOW WATER:
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SDG 15 is to: "Protect, restore and promote sustainable
use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests,
combat desertification, and halt and reverse
land degradation, and halt biodiversity loss".
SDG 14 has 10 targets to be achieved.
This goal targets halting the threat to living ecosystems and
biodiversity on land
Plant a tree and help protect the environment.
Goal 15
LIFE ON LAND:
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SDG 16 is to: "Promote peaceful and inclusive societies
for sustainable development, provide access to justice for
all and build effective, accountable and inclusive
institutions at all levels“.
This goal has 12 targets.
Targets for this goal include reduction of violence, end to
torture, reduction of corruption, as well as creation of
institutions and governments that work for everyone.
Goal 16
PEACE, JUSTICE AND STRONG INSTITUTIONS
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SDG 17 is to: "Strengthen the means of implementation and
revitalize the global partnership for sustainable
development" .
This goal has 19 outcome targets and 24 indicators.
This goal targets ensuring that countries have what is needed in
achieving the rest of the SDGs such as funds, capacities and
technologies.
The goal emphasizes the need for partnership and
collaboration.
Goal 17
PARTNERSHIPS FOR THE GOALS:
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SDG Trend of India:

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Measures taken for implementing SDGs in India:
• NITI Aayog
• Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI)
• Swachh Bharat Mission or Clean India Mission
• Make in India
• Skill India
• Digital India
• State governments Schemes

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Challenges in attaining SDGs in India:
Four areas have been identified as areas of concern for India in Achieving
SDGs
• Defining Indicators
• Financing SDGs
• Monitoring and Ownership
• Measuring Progress
3.9
1.4
2.5
Total annual investment
needs
Current annual
investment
Annual investment gap
Gap in funding SDGs in developing countries

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Measures to overcome Challenges:
A separate index for measuring the progress or achievement of SDGs can be developed
by taking the Ibrahim Index of African Governance (IIAG) as a base.
Some of the techniques used in developing IIAG are worth noting and may be applied
in the Indian context also.
A. Clustered indicators
B. Handling missing data
C. Normalization
D. Data aggregation

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Thank You!