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INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
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INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
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INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
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INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
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INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
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INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
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INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
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INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
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INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
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INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING
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INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING

  1. THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING Volume – I YEAR 2015 WRITTEN BY: SYED AQEEL RAZA
  2. THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING VOLIUM – I Written by; Syed Aqeel Raza <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLIUM 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com>
  3. FATHER OF ACCOUNTING Fra Luca Bartolomeo de Pacioli (sometimes Paccioli or Paciolo; 1445–1517) was an Italian mathematician, Franciscan friar, collaborator with Leonardo da Vinci, and seminal contributor to the field now known as accounting. He is referred to as the Father of Accounting and Bookkeeping (he was the first to publish a work on double-entry system of book-keeping). He was also called Luca di Borgo after his birthplace, Borgo Sansepolcro, Tuscany. <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLIUM 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com>
  4. P R E F A C E First and foremost, I want thank to Almighty Allah who attached me to the Door-of-knowledge and encouraged me to serve mankind by spreading education which made the human supreme in creation. The object of writing this book “The System of Accounting” is to provide basic accounting concept in easy way of styles and illustrations makes readers, students and business executives acquainted with the concept of accounting. This book is primarily written for the use of beginners of this subject and for those who wish to have knowledge of it to keep eyes on their finance applied in business. At last in short, I shall say that this is my a little contribution based on your suggestions. I tried my best to avoid errors, but errors may be being human then please notify and suggest anything for improvement with liberty on my email addresses aqeelraza97@yahoo.com. <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLIUM 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com>
  5. F O R W A R D I am in great pleasure of presenting my Book “The System of Accounting Volume 1 which I think, will be proved different others because of the reason that I tried utmost to select suitable words with Urdu translation where necessary to make it comprehensive to readers and the students of commerce. I hope my a little struggle for this noble cause will be admirable with suggestions for improvement. <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLIUM 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com>
  6. TABLE OF CONTENTS LEVEL - I PAGE # LEVEL I PAGE # INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Meaning & Difinition NATURE OF ACCOUNTS 24 ACCOUNTING 1 ASSETS 25 BOOK KEEPING 2 Currrent Assets 26 BUSINESS 3 Fixed Assets 27 Business Terminology…..Service 4 Tangible Assets 28 Business Terminology…..Trading 5 Prepaid & Deffered Assets 29 Business Terminology…..Manufacturing 6 Intangible Assets 30 BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS 7 LIABILITIES 31 SOLE OWNERSHIP 8 Short Term Liabilities 32 PARTNERSHIP 9 Long Term Liabilities 33 COMPANIES/CORPORATIONS EQUITIES/PROPRIETORSHIP 34 - Joint Stock Companies 10 Internal Equities 35 - Pvt. Limited Companies 11 External Equities 36 - Public Limited Companies 12 Capital 37 - Multinational Companies 13 Drawing 38 - State Cop./Nationalized Industries. 14 INCOME/REVNUE 39 FRANCHISES 15 Accrual Basis Accounting 40 CLASSIFICATION OF ACCOUNTS 16 Cash Basis Account 40 Real Accounts 16 Sale 41 Personal Accounts 16 Purchases 42 Nominal Accounts 16 EXPENSES 43 TRANSACTIONS 17 Direct Expenses 44 Cash Transaction 18 Indirect Expenses 45 Credit Transaction 19 ABBRIVATION USED IN ACCOUNTING 46-47 ENTRY 20 Single Entry 21 RULES FOR TRANSACTIONS 48 Double Entry 22 BUSINESS ENTITY 23 <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLIUM 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com>
  7. INTRODUCTION 1 ACCOUNTING I Accounting is the “language of business “and the art of recording, summarizing and analyzing business information in a significant manner in terms of money, transactions and events. The accounting provides eyes and ears for management and is the key of success of every business. The most common accounting reports are called financial statement. Translation <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLIUM 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com>
  8. INTRODUCTION 2 BOOK-KEEPING Book-Keeping is defined to record business dealings or transactions under systematic prescribed procedures and presentation in shape of money or money’s worth instruments enables Accountant to extract complete financial picture of a business. Book-Keeping is the source of ascertain the working results from the written records of transactions. It helps and guides the management of the business to determine their policies and to make decisions in business operation. Translation <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLIUM 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com>
  9. INTRODUCTION 3 BUSINESS Business means profit in term of money or money’s worth thing through the satisfaction of human wants under classification of Service, Trading and Manufacturing. Any activity undertaken under legal frame of work with the aiming of earning profit is come under business classification such as hawker, shopkeeper, wholesaler, dealer, manufacturer, repair centre, banker etc. . Translation <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLIUM 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com>
  10. INTRODUCTION 4 SERVICE The term of business “service” describes work that supports a business but does not produce tangible commodity. In economics, a service is an intangible commodity. The business engaged rendering their skills or mechanical/technical services to his customers such as dry cleaner, Machinery repairers, accountants, advocates, auditors, doctors etc. Translation <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLIUM 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com>
  11. INTRODUCTION 5 Trading The term of business “trading” describes the business engaged in purchasing and selling of commodities usually defined two kinds of business wholesale or import & export who maintain a stock and deliver their products to shops or large end customers. . Translation <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLIUM 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com>
  12. INTRODUCTION 6 Manufacturing The term of business “manufacturing” describes the business engaged in producing merchandise most commonly applied to industrial production in which raw materials are transformed into finished goods on a large scale. Such finished goods may be used for other manufacturing concern or sold to wholesalers, wholesalers in turn sell them to retailers and retailers sell to end users. . <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLIUM 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com>
  13. INTRODUCTION 7 BUSINESS ORGANIZATION There is need of an organization for operating of different nature of business and job. A business organization may be defined as single individual or group of persons having talent of different natures in order to provide goods and services to make profit. Actually in business, the sense of organization is a business unit operated by one person, two or more persons making firm, concern, enterprise, company. The main types of business organization are; a) Sole Ownership b) Partnership c) Companies/Corporations d) Franchises Translation <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLIUM 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com>
  14. INTRODUCTION 8 SOLE OWNERSHIP This is a business owned by one person who provides capital for the business and usually directs and supervises its activities. The owner of the firm/organization is known is “sole trader” who is responsible for all losses and profits of the business. Translation <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLIUM 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com>
  15. INTRODUCTION 9 PARTNERSHIP A partnership in business occurs when two or more persons carry on business in common with a view to make profit and every investor is called “partner.” The firm itself is called “partnership. The partners usually provide the capital and direct and supervise the activities of the business or by anyone who will act for all or by an employee. The investment or working of each partner may be equal or not equal on the basis of profit and loss sharing ratio. Translation <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLIUM 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com>
  16. INTRODUCTION 10 COMPANY/CORPORATION JOINT STOCK COAMPANIES The joint stock company is an organization, whose capital is contributed by several persons who owned under Companies Act 1984. The investors are called “Share holders/Stock holders.” Translation <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLIUM 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com
  17. INTRODUCTION 11 COMPANY/CORPORATION PRIVATE LIMITED The Private Limited Company consists of not less than two persons and more than fifty persons. A private company must have the word limited (Ltd.) included in its name. The shares in this type of company cannot be offered to the public for sale. The company is usually owned and operated by family members. Translation <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLIUM 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com
  18. INTRODUCTION 12 PUBLIC LIMITED The Public Limited Company consist minimum number of persons is two. However, there is no limit as to the number of persons that can be in a public company. It must have the word Public Limited Company (PLC) at the end of its name. The company can offer shares and debentures for sale to the general public. Translation <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLIUM 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com
  19. INTRODUCTION 13 MULTINATIONAL CORPORATION A multinational firm is one which owns controls and operates enterprises in several countries in order to increase market share and improve overall profits. The parent company makes all the decisions which are carried out by the management of the subsidiary companies. Translation <SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLUME 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com>
  20. INTRODUCTION 14 STATE CORPORATION/NATIONALISED INDUSTIRES The State Corporation or nationalized industries are owned, controlled and managed by the government or state. The main of the public corporation is to provide specific goods and/or services that meet the need of the country, at a reasonable price. Translation <SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLUME 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com>
  21. INTRODUCTION 15 FRANCHISES A franchise is a right sold by one persons or firm called a franchisor. It is another form of cooperation between a big firm and a sole trader. In franchising, a well- known company allows someone to buy the right to use their trade names. The potential franchisee pays to use the name, products or services of the major company which receives a lump sum and a share of the profits of the business sometimes called royalties. The franchisee receives the majority of profits, but must also meet most of any losses. In addition to allowing use of their name, products, techniques or services, franchisors usually provide an extensive marketing back-up in return for the money they receive. Translation <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLUME 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com>
  22. INTRODUCTION 16 CLASSIFICATION OF ACCOUNT There are mainly three types of accounts. 1. Real Accounts Accounts related to assets (tangible/touchable or intangible/none touchable) come under the category of real account e.g. land, furniture, machinery, goodwill, patents etc. are real accounts. 2. Personal Accounts. Accounts related to persons or organizations are called personal account. 3. Nominal Accounts The nominal accounts represent losses, incomes, gains. Translation <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLUME 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com>
  23. INTRODUCTION 17 TRANSACTIONS Any exchange of values is called “transaction “or the process of doing business with another person, company, etc. sub divided into cash transaction and credit transaction. Translation <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLUME 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com>
  24. INTRODUCTION 18 Cash Transactions: The transaction involves exchange of cash on the spot on receipt or payment is called cash transaction as; - Purchase of Merchandise, Land, Building, Furniture etc. on cash. - Sold Merchandise, Furniture, Building, Equipment etc. on cash. - Services rendered on cash. - Received cash. Translation <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLUME 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com>
  25. INTRODUCTION 19 Credit Transactions: The transaction in which exchange valves involve but cash payment of receipt is not made immediately and to be made later is called Credit Transactions as; - Purchase of Merchandise, Land, Building, Furniture etc. on credit. - Sold Merchandise, Furniture, Building, Equipment etc. on credit. - Services rendered on credit. - Paid cash Translation <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLUME 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com>
  26. INTRODUCTION 20 ENTRY The posting of a business transaction in a book with the sequence of date and with two kinds of changes “increase or decrease” known as an entry. A written record of a commercial transaction is known as “entry.” Translation <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLUME 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com>
  27. INTRODUCTION 21 SINGLE ENTRY A single entry book keeping system is a method of one side accounting entry relating with cash receipt and payment, bank receipt and payment and the accounts receivable and payable. It does not involve accounting equation “Assets=Liabilities Owner’s equity.” This system of entry is used in small business where the business transactions are low in volume and uncomplicated. Translation <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLUME 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com>
  28. INTRODUCTION 22 DOUBEL ENTRY The double entry system in book keeping means that every business transaction involves two accounts (or more). The double entry also allows for the accounting equation “Assets=Liabilities Owner’s equity” to always be in balance Another aspect of double entry is that the amounts entered into general ledger accounts as debits must be equal to the amounts entered as credits. Translation <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLUME 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com>
  29. INTRODUCTION 23 BUSINESS ENTITY Business entity means a business, division, unit or other aspect of an organization. For example, a company with different divisions of the business might define each division as an entity. Also, each department or team within an organization might be its own entity. A product can be an entity, as well as a company's investments or assets. The owner and the business are two separate entities such as owner as capital and the accounts, maintained by an accountant is related with him and business is other. Translation <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLUME 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com>
  30. INTRODUCTION 24 NATURE OF ACCOUNT The Account is a ledger record in a summarized form of all the transactions showing debit and credit or increase or decrease in an item based on assets, liabilities, proprietorship, revenues or expenses. Each account has a separate name distinguish it from other account. Some examples of accounting element; The value of furniture purchased for the business identified by Furniture a/c. The amount is receivable from Mr. X identified by Mr. X a/c. The amount of Capital invested in the business identified by Capital a/c. The amount of expense incurred on account of salaries identified by Salaries a/c. The value of sales made in business identified by Sales A/c. The amount is available in the bank identified by Bank a/c. The list of accounts can be endless or according to transaction or event. <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLUME 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com>
  31. INTRODUCTION 25 ASSETS Actually some Resources or things such as merchandise, land, building, office equipment, cash etc. are needed to run any business called Assets. Any item of economic value convertible in cash owned by an individual or company is an asset equal Liabilities + Proprietorship under following categories. - Long-term/Non-current/tangible assets (Land, building, plant, equipment) - Prepaid and deferred assets (expenditures for future costs such as - insurance, rent, interest) - Intangible Assets (Trademarks, patents, copyrights, goodwill) Translation <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLUME 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com>
  32. INTRODUCTION 26 CURRENT/LIQUID/MOVEABLE ASSETS An asset such as receivable, inventory, cash, securities, prepaid expenses and other expenses that could be converted in cash in less than one year is current asset or circulation asset. Translation <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLUME 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com>
  33. INTRODUCTION 27 FIXED/NON CURRENT/IMMOVABLE ASSETS An Asset such as land, building, equipment, machinery, vehicles, and other such items enable owner to carry on its operations. In accounting, fixed asset does not necessarily mean immovable, any asset expected to last, or be in use; more than one year is considered as fixed asset. These assets are shown at their book value (purchase price less depreciation). Translation <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLUME 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com> INTRODUCTION 28
  34. TANGIBLE ASSETS Tangible Assets or touchable assets are cash, equipment, machinery, plant, property and anything that has long term physical existence or is acquired for use in the operations of the business and not for sale to customers. They can be used as collateral to raise loans, and can be more readily sold to raise cash in emergencies. Translation <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLUME 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com> INTRODUCTION 29
  35. PREPAID AND DEFFERED ASSETS Prepaid recurring expenses such as insurance, interest or rent carried forward as an asset under the associated service of benefit is received called deferred assets. Translation <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLUME 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com> INTRODUCTION 30
  36. INTANGIBLE ASSETS Intangible assets are the long term resources of an entity but have no physical existence such as trademarks, patents, copyrights, goodwill. They derive their value from intellectual or legal rights. In contrast to tangible assets, intangible assets cannot be destroyed by fire, hurricane, or other accidents or disasters and can help build back destroy tangible assets. Translation <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLUME 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com> INTRODUCTION 31
  37. LIABILITIES Liabilities mean the claims of suppliers on account of purchases for business operation under head of account “A/c Payable with individual or company names. Translation <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLUME 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com>
  38. INTRODUCTION 32 Short-term/Current Liabilities In accounting, current liabilities are often understood as all liabilities of the business that are to be settled in cash with the fiscal year. Translation <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLUME 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com> INTRODUCTION 33
  39. Long Term Liabilities Long term liabilities are liabilities with a future benefit of over one year such as notes payable that mature longer than one year. The Examples of long-term liabilities are debentures, mortgage, loans and other bank loans. Long –term liabilities are a way to show that you have to pay something off in a time period longer than one year. Translation <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLUME 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com> INTRODUCTION 34
  40. EQUITIES Equity is the ownership or investor’s interest on values of assets or resources of a business. After liabilities have been accounted for, the positive remainder is deemed the owners' interest in the business. Assets are the resources owned by business and equities are the sources from which those assets have been acquired. There are two types of equities. 1- Internal Equities 2- External Equities Translation <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLUME 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com> INTRODUCTION 35
  41. EQUITIES INTERNAL EQUITIES The claim or interest/income of owner and investor in the assets of the business to the amount invested is known as “Capital”, Proprietorship”, “Owner’s equities” or “Internal equities.” Translation <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLUME 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com>
  42. INTRODUCTION 36 EQUITIES EXTERNAL EQUITIES The claim of suppliers or loan of institutions from the business assets are external equities called liabilities, owner’s equity or external equities. Translation <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLUME 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com>
  43. INTRODUCTION 37 CAPITAL Cash or goods used in business to generate income by investment of owner or partner are known Capital. In case of public limited company, who has several investors and each investor has shares of the company called share capital. . Translation <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLUME 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com>
  44. INTRODUCTION 38 DRAWING The proprietor or partner of the business withdraws cash or commodities for his personal use are known “Drawings. In case of limited companies/corporations, no one can withdraw any value from the business. . Translation <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLUME 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com>
  45. INTRODUCTION 39 REVENUE Revenue is the amount of money that is brought into a company by its business activities during a specific period, including discounts and deductions of return merchandise. It is “top line” or “gross income” from which costs are subtracted to determine net income. In general, a transaction between two parties where the buyer received goods, service and/or assets in exchange of money is sale. In other words Revenue is also known as sales. Translation <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLUME 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com>
  46. INTRODUCTION 40 REVENUE ACCRUAL OR CASH REVENUE Accrual basis is a method of recording accounting transactions when revenue earned and expenses incurred. The accrual basis Revenue requires the use of allowances for sales returns, bad debts, and inventory obsolescence, which are in advance of such items actually occurring. The Alternative method of recording revenue transactions is cash basis. Translation <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLUME 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com>
  47. INTRODUCTION 41 SALE A sale is the exchange of a commodity for money or service in return for money or the action of selling something. If sale is made on cash basis known as “cash sales” and sales under a certain understanding, on credit, known “credit sales.” Sales Return & Allowance When a consumer is not satisfied with a product and expects to receive the full amount paid for the product known as Sales return or if the seller gets the claim from the consumer about the defect, damage etc., the seller allows some rebate in price of such goods it is known as Sales Allowance. Sales Discount Sales discount is a reduction in the price of a product or service that is offered by the seller, in exchange for early payment by the buyer or to increase sales. Translation <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLUME 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com>
  48. INTRODUCTION 42 PURCHASES The activity of acquiring goods or services for business is purchases. The purchases may be made on cash basis, if payment made immediately, “called cash” purchases and later on called “credit purchases.” If the any item of purchased returns due to certain reasons known as Purchase Return. If the item is not according to sample or other reasons, the supplier or seller cut short the price of such item known as Purchase Allowance. Purchase Discount is the rebate amount allowed on purchase by the seller. Translation <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLUME 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com>
  49. INTRODUCTION 43 EXPENSES An expense in accounting is the money spent or cost incurred in any entity’s efforts to generate revenue. Expenses represent the cost of doing business in the sum total of the activities directed towards making a profit. Expenses associated with the main activity of the business are referred to as operating expenses. Expenses associated with a peripheral activity are non-operating or other expenses. Operating expenses are often subdivided into categories such as fixed and variable expenses or into selling, general and administrative expenses. Funds used to acquire or upgrade physical assets such as building and machinery also called capital expenses. Profit = revenue – expenses Expenses are mainly divided into two categories:- 1- Direct Expenses 2- Indirect expenses Translation <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLUME 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com>
  50. INTRODUCTION 44 DIRECT EXPENSES Direct expenses are expenses that are directly related to the creation of a product or service or purchase of goods such as Purchase price of goods, carriage on goods purchased, wages on goods, insurance of goods in transit, custom duty, freight etc. Translation <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLUME 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com>
  51. INTRODUCTION 45 INDIRECT EXPENSES Indirect expenses are expenses that have no relationship with purchase of goods. Examples of indirect expenses include rent of building, salaries to employees, legal charges, insurance of building, depreciation, printing charges and so on. Translation <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLUME 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com>
  52. INTRODUCTION 46 ABBREVIATION USED IN ACCOUNTING A/c Account B/d Brought down B/F Brought forward C/D carried down C/F carry forward Dr. Debit Cr. Credit <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLUME 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com>
  53. INTRODUCTION 47 ABBREVIATION USED IN ACCOUNTING ALPRE Assets, liabilities, proprietorship, revenue, expenses JV Journal Voucher Fol. Folio/page Inv. Invoice Memo Memorandum N.L. Nominal Ledger P.C.B. Petty Cash Book C.B. Cash Book P.D.B. Purchase Day Book S.D.B. Sales Day Book P&L Profit & Loss S.L. Sales Ledger <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLUME 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com>
  54. INTRODUCTION 48 RULES FOR TRANSACTIONS 1 ASSETS A INCREASES DEBIT DECREASES CREDIT 2 LIABILITIES L DECREASES DEBIT INCREASES CREDIT 3 PROPRIETORSHIP P DECREASES DEBIT INCREASES CREDIT 4 REVENUE R DECREASES DEBIT INCREASES CREDIT 5 EXPENSES E INCREASES DEBIT DECREASES CREDIT = ALPRE ASSETS= LIABILITIES + PROPRIETORSHIP ASSETS = EQUIUTIES RESOURCES = SOURCES <THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING < VOLUME 1< SYED AQEEL RAZA<aqeelraza@live.com>
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