1. Institute of Engineering & Science
Electronics & Communication Engineering
Analog & Digital Electronics
2. TEAM
Aditya Singh Kushwah
Adwait Joshi
Akansha Adlak
Aman Raj
Aman Sharma
Aniket Parashar
3. What is Electronics?
Electronics is the science of
controlling electrical energy
electrically, in which the electrons
have a fundamental role. Electronics
deals with electrical circuits that
involve active electrical components
such as vacuum tubes, transistors,
diodes, integrated circuits,
associated passive electrical
components, and interconnection
technologies.
4. Analog Electronics
Analog electronics are electronic systems with a
continuously variable signal, in contrast to digital
electronics where signals usually take only two levels.
The term "analogue" describes the proportional
relationship between a signal and a voltage or current
that represents the signal.
5. Analog electronic components
Diode:-A diode is a two terminal analog electronic components that
conduct primarily in one direction ,it has low resistance to the flow of
current in one direction and high ideally infinite resistance in other.
Classification on the basis of combinations of semiconductor
p-n junction diode:-A p-n junction diode is a two terminal ,passive and
non linear device that contains a single p-n junction .the diode is a
passive device as it doesn’t have inbuilt source of power.
6. VI characteristics of p-n junction diode
Forward characteristics
For forward characteristics the
positive terminal of V-BIAS is
connected to the anode and the
negative terminal to the cathode of
diode.
Reverse characteristics
The positive terminal of reverse BIAS
voltage is connected to the cathode and the
negative terminal of battery is connected to
the anode of the diode.
7. Application of diode
The p-n junction semiconductor diode can be used for the following different
applications:
Rectifier circuit
Clipper circuit
Clamper circuit
Voltage multiplier circuit
8. Rectifier
A rectifier is a device that converts AC to DC, and the process of converting AC to DC is
called rectification.
Half wave rectifier - An HWR consists of a rectifying element in series with the load
resistor (RL).
Full wave rectifier - An FWR conducts electricity in both the positive and negative half
cycles of the input AC power supply.
10. Types of diode
A special diode named as zener diode is made to operate in the reverse biased mode.
In this diode doping is much higher in comparison to other pn junction diode.
Zener diode applications
As a voltage regulating element.
As a voltage reference.
In protection circuits.
In clippings circuits.
Zener diode
Characteristics of Zener diode
11. Light Emitting Diode
Led is type of p-n junction diode that emits light when it is forward biased.
The working of LEDs is based on the principle of electroluminescence, which
is an optical and electrical phenomenon of a material that emits , light when
electric current passes through it.
Features of LED
Gives high range of frequency and high efficiency.
Results in longer life as compared to other lighting source.
Consume very little power .
12. Bipolar junction Transistor
Mode of operations of Transistor
A bipolar junction transistor
Is a three terminal device
consisting of alternating p
and n regions sandwiched
together to form a single
device known as BJT.
Structure of BJT
13. Application of BJT
BJT is used extensively in circuits where the current needs to be controlled .
It is used in digital logic devices such as, Emitter coupled in power amplifier, sound amplifier,
frequency amplification, and also in microwave devices.
It is major used as a switch, and amplifier.
14. Amplifier
Adding strength to the input signal or magnifying the input signal without changing its shape is
called amplification. Circuit that amplifies a small input signal is called an amplifier.
Voltage amplifier
The amplifier in which the input and output signal is voltage signal is called voltage amplifier.
Characteristics of ideal voltage amplifier
The range of input resistance of an ideal voltage amplifier is infinity.
The output resistance offered by the signal is zero.
Gain of an ideal amplifier is zero.
BW of the amplifier is infinity.
16. Logic Operators
NOT Logic Operator
The NOT logic operator converts the present logic level at the input and opposite
logic level at the output.
AND Logic Operator
Logical multiplication is represented by the AND operator
. OR Logic operator
Logical addition is represented by the OR operator.
17. Logic Gates
A logic gate is an electronic device that operates on digital signals
that binary numbers 0 and 1,and not on analog signals.
The logic gate receives and generates voltage signal , where the
input signal may be 0 or 1.
The function of each logic gate is explained with the help of truth
table, as it gives the actual output information about any gate with
respect to its, input.
18. Types of logic gates
The NOT Gate
The NOT gate is also called as inverter due to its, complementing
output features.
The NOT gate is represented by a single input and signal output.
19. Logic Gates
The AND Gate
In logic circuit ,if the logical multiplication is required ,it is
achieved by using the AND gate.
The output of the AND gate is high(1)only when all its inputs are
high. The output of AND gate is low (0) only when any u or all
its, input are low.
20. Logic gates
The OR Gate
In a logic circuit , if the
logical addition is,required,it
is achieved by using OR gate
Combinations of gate-
NAND gate: combinations
of NOT gate and AND gate.
NOR Gate: combinations of
NOT gate and OR Gate.
21. The Logic circuit
The digital circuit are classified as sequential circuits on the basis
of feedback supply in the input of the device.
A combinational circuits consists of logic gates because logic gate
are the building blocks of combinations circuits.
Application of combinational circuits as per
classification
As a comparators.
As a Multiplexers and demultiplexers.
As a Recorders.
