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GGEENNDDEERR BBAASSEEDD VVIIOOLLEENNCCEE 
AAGGAAIINNSSTT 
AADDOOLLEESSCCEENNTT GGIIRRLL--FFOOCCUUSS 
OONN SSEEXXUUAALL VVIIOOLLEENNCCEE 
B. R. SIWAL 
Deputy Director 
email: brsiwal@gmail.com 
Women Development Division 
NIPCCD, New Delhi
UN Definition 
• “Any act of gender-based 
violence that results in, or 
is likely to results in , 
physical, sexual or 
psychological harm or 
suffering to women, 
including threats of such 
acts, coercion or arbitrary 
deprivations of liberty, 
whether occurring in 
public or private life.”
FACTORS THAT PERPETUATE 
VIOLENCE 
SOCIO-CULTURAL 
• Gender – specific 
socialization 
• Cultural definitions of 
appropriate sex roles 
• Expectations of roles within 
relationships 
• Belief on the inherent 
superiority of males
• Values that give men 
proprietary rights over 
women and girls 
• Notion of the family as the 
private sphere and under 
male control 
• Customs of marriage (bride 
price / dowry) 
• Acceptability of violence as a 
means to resolve conflict
ECONOMIC 
• Women’s economic dependence on 
men 
• Limited access to cash and credit 
• Discriminatory laws regarding 
inheritance, property rights, use 
of communal lands, and 
maintenance after divorce or 
widowhood 
• Limited access to employment in 
formal and informal sector 
• Limited access to education and 
training
POLITICAL 
• Under-representation of 
women in power, politics, 
media and in legal and 
medical professions 
• Domestic violence not taken 
seriously 
• Notions of family being 
private and beyond control of 
the state 
• Risk of challenge to status 
quo / religious laws 
• Limited organisation of 
women as a political force 
• Limited participation of 
women in organised political
LEGAL 
• Laws regarding divorce, child 
custody, maintence and 
inheritance 
• Low levels of legal literacy 
among women 
• Lesser legal status of women 
either by written law and / or 
by practice 
• Insensitive treatment of 
women and girls by police 
and judiciary
PSYCHOLOGICAL 
MALTREATMENT 
Definition 
• Psychological Neglect - the 
consistent failure of a 
parent or caretaker to 
provide a child with 
appropriate support, 
attention, and affection. 
Psychological Abuse - a 
chronic pattern of behaviors 
such as belittling, 
humiliating, and ridiculing a
PHYSICAL ABUSE 
Definition 
Physical abuse is any non-accidental 
injury to a child 
under the age of 18 by a 
parent or caretaker. These 
injuries may include 
beatings, shaking, burns, 
human bites, strangulation, 
or immersion in scalding 
water, with resulting 
bruises and welts, broken 
bones, scars, burns, retinal 
hemorrhage, or internal 
injuries.
CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 
Definition 
Child sexual abuse is the 
exploitation of a child or 
adolescent for the sexual 
gratification of another person.
TYPES OF VIOLENCE 
• Violation of human rights 
– CRC 
– CEADAW 
– Other human right 
instruments 
 Gender based 
discrimination
• PHYSICAL 
–Dowry murder 
–Battering 
–Foeticide 
–Infanticide 
–Deprivation of 
Food 
Shelter 
Medicare 
–Trafficking 
–Sexual violence
• EMOTIONAL ABUSE 
− Confinement 
− Forced marriage 
− Threats of reprisals
SEXUAL VIOLENCE AND 
ABUSE 
−Rape 
−Molestation 
− Pornography 
− Incest 
− Exposure to Sexual Acts of 
others 
− Sexual Assault with object 
− Forcible Fondling 
− Trafficking 
− Juvenile Prostitution 
− Sexual Harassment / Eve 
teasing 
− Sex with minor (child 
marriage)
Indications of violence 
against Girls: 
PHYSICAL 
• Fractures, injuries of 
conjunctive tissue: 
• wounds on head or face; 
• broken teeth; 
• broken jaw; 
• black eyes; 
• perforated ear-drums.
• Contusion of abdomen, chest, 
perineum, especially during 
pregnancy. 
• Bite marks 
• Unusual burns (from cigarettes, 
stove, hot fat, acids). 
• Visits to the hospital become 
more frequent, and traumas – 
more serious. 
• Not getting enough sleep and 
malnutrition.
Adloscent girls violence
Pattern injury- Hand 
print
Defensive injuries
Pattern injuries - linear
Pattern Injury Bite Mark
SEXUALLY ABUSIVE 
BEHAVIORS 
• Fondling 
• Child prostitution 
• Child pornography 
• Intercourse
SEXUALLY ABUSIVE 
BEHAVIORS 
• Sodomy 
• Oral-genital stimulation 
• Verbal stimulation 
• Exhibitionism
SEXUAL ABUSE SHOULD BE 
CONSIDERED WHEN: 
• Pregnancy in young 
adolescent 
• Frequent unexplained sore 
throats, yeast or urinary 
infections 
• Child reports inappropriate 
sexual behavior 
• Child engaged in highly 
inappropriate sexual
Sexual Abuse 
• Early warnings 
•General statements 
• Sexualized play 
• Suspicious touching 
• Improper visualization or 
glances 
• Direct statements of a 
sexual nature
Behavioral Changes - 
Signs of Sexual Abuse 
• Sleep disturbances: 
nightmares, night terror 
• Appetite disturbances: 
anorexia, bulimia 
• Neurotic disorders 
• Phobias: avoidance 
behavior 
• Withdrawal, depression 
• Guilt
Behavioral Changes - 
Sings of Sexual Abuse 
• Medical conditions 
•Genital or urethral trauma 
•Genital infection 
• Sexually transmitted 
diseases 
• Recurrent urinary tract 
infections 
• Abdominal pain
Behavioral Changes - 
Sings of Sexual Abuse 
• Other signs: 
• Pregnancy 
• School problems 
• Promiscuity or 
prostitution 
• Substance abuse 
• Commonly admitting to 
guilt
CONSEQUENCES OF SEXUAL 
VIOLENCE: 
• Sexually transmitted diseases. 
• Vaginal or rectal injuries. 
• Miscarriages, stillborn babies, 
premature birth. 
• Low self esteem 
• Depression 
• Fear 
• Anxiety
• Sexual dysfunction 
• Obsessive – compulsive 
disorder 
• Post – traumatic stress 
disorder 
• Unwanted pregnancy 
• Induced abortion 
• STD including HIV/AIDS 
• Suicide
PSYCHOLOGICAL 
Symptoms of depression: 
• low self-esteem; 
• self-containment; 
• neglected appearance; 
• consider suicidal options or 
attempts to take her own life;
• anorexia of bulimia (i.e. 
pathological refusal to have 
a meal of pathological 
overeating); 
• taking alcohol or drugs; 
• insomnia; 
• psychosomatic diseases 
• fits of uneasiness; 
• feeling of helplessness; 
• weeps frequently;
• indecisive behavior; 
• avoids meeting eyes. 
• loss of contacts with family 
members and friends (sense 
of being isolated). 
• poverty (sometimes as a 
result of financial tricks of 
her partner). 
• obsessive fear. 
• alienation from her children 
or even hostility towards 
them.
TRAFFICKING 
• Recruitment transportation 
are receipt of women and 
girl through deception or 
coercion for the purpose of 
prostitution other sexual 
exploitation or forced 
labour.
VULNERABILITIES TO 
TRAFFICKING 
• Feminization of Poverty 
• Poverty of parent 
• Lack of employment 
opportunities 
• Lack of unequal access to 
education 
• Traditional community 
attitude 
• Debt and bondage of 
parents 
• False promises and
• Caste and tribal social 
system 
• Domestic – violence 
• Low level of confidence and 
self worth 
• Death of parents 
• Lack awareness and laws 
• Street children with no 
guardians 
• Single women – migrant 
worker 
• Sudden disaster victim – 
cyclone, earth quakes and
TRENDS IN TRAFFICKING 
• Growing scope and 
magnitude 
• New source and destination 
• Diverse and sophisticated 
mechanisms 
• Highly organised crime 
syndicates 
• Changes in the portico of 
trafficked persons. 
• Extended linkage between 
trafficking network and
ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM 
• Victims of domestic violence 
requiring assistance often 
face their problems alone 
without any support from 
their relatives or neighbors 
• Institutional and legal 
systems should be more 
efficient response to cases of 
domestic violence.
• There are few 
organizations providing 
social, housing, legal, and 
psychological assistance 
to victims of violence; 
lack of programs for self-assistance 
and self-defense 
for victims of 
domestic violence. 
• combating domestic 
violence and of providing 
assistance to victims.
• Lack of modern empirical 
diagnostics and practical 
knowledge essential for 
better 
• understanding and 
combating the phenomenon 
of domestic violence. 
• The level of public 
stereotypes concerning 
domestic violence 
complicates preventing this 
violence and solving related 
problems.
ROLE OF NGOs 
• Collect and analyze information on 
domestic violence. 
• Hold public awareness campaigns, 
publish informational materials. 
• Conduct different educational 
activities, e.g. trainings for women. 
• Undertake training of governmental 
officials; provide them with 
information. 
• Accompany police on domestic violence 
calls.
• Provide “public defenders” to 
victims. 
• Participate in the work of 
“advisors”. 
• Create shelters, crises 
centers, self-defense groups 
and hotlines for abused 
women. 
• Conduct psychological 
rehabilitation of abusers, 
children and other members 
of the family.
THANK YOU
•THANK YOU

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Adloscent girls violence

  • 1. GGEENNDDEERR BBAASSEEDD VVIIOOLLEENNCCEE AAGGAAIINNSSTT AADDOOLLEESSCCEENNTT GGIIRRLL--FFOOCCUUSS OONN SSEEXXUUAALL VVIIOOLLEENNCCEE B. R. SIWAL Deputy Director email: brsiwal@gmail.com Women Development Division NIPCCD, New Delhi
  • 2. UN Definition • “Any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to results in , physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivations of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life.”
  • 3. FACTORS THAT PERPETUATE VIOLENCE SOCIO-CULTURAL • Gender – specific socialization • Cultural definitions of appropriate sex roles • Expectations of roles within relationships • Belief on the inherent superiority of males
  • 4. • Values that give men proprietary rights over women and girls • Notion of the family as the private sphere and under male control • Customs of marriage (bride price / dowry) • Acceptability of violence as a means to resolve conflict
  • 5. ECONOMIC • Women’s economic dependence on men • Limited access to cash and credit • Discriminatory laws regarding inheritance, property rights, use of communal lands, and maintenance after divorce or widowhood • Limited access to employment in formal and informal sector • Limited access to education and training
  • 6. POLITICAL • Under-representation of women in power, politics, media and in legal and medical professions • Domestic violence not taken seriously • Notions of family being private and beyond control of the state • Risk of challenge to status quo / religious laws • Limited organisation of women as a political force • Limited participation of women in organised political
  • 7. LEGAL • Laws regarding divorce, child custody, maintence and inheritance • Low levels of legal literacy among women • Lesser legal status of women either by written law and / or by practice • Insensitive treatment of women and girls by police and judiciary
  • 8. PSYCHOLOGICAL MALTREATMENT Definition • Psychological Neglect - the consistent failure of a parent or caretaker to provide a child with appropriate support, attention, and affection. Psychological Abuse - a chronic pattern of behaviors such as belittling, humiliating, and ridiculing a
  • 9. PHYSICAL ABUSE Definition Physical abuse is any non-accidental injury to a child under the age of 18 by a parent or caretaker. These injuries may include beatings, shaking, burns, human bites, strangulation, or immersion in scalding water, with resulting bruises and welts, broken bones, scars, burns, retinal hemorrhage, or internal injuries.
  • 10. CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE Definition Child sexual abuse is the exploitation of a child or adolescent for the sexual gratification of another person.
  • 11. TYPES OF VIOLENCE • Violation of human rights – CRC – CEADAW – Other human right instruments  Gender based discrimination
  • 12. • PHYSICAL –Dowry murder –Battering –Foeticide –Infanticide –Deprivation of Food Shelter Medicare –Trafficking –Sexual violence
  • 13. • EMOTIONAL ABUSE − Confinement − Forced marriage − Threats of reprisals
  • 14. SEXUAL VIOLENCE AND ABUSE −Rape −Molestation − Pornography − Incest − Exposure to Sexual Acts of others − Sexual Assault with object − Forcible Fondling − Trafficking − Juvenile Prostitution − Sexual Harassment / Eve teasing − Sex with minor (child marriage)
  • 15. Indications of violence against Girls: PHYSICAL • Fractures, injuries of conjunctive tissue: • wounds on head or face; • broken teeth; • broken jaw; • black eyes; • perforated ear-drums.
  • 16. • Contusion of abdomen, chest, perineum, especially during pregnancy. • Bite marks • Unusual burns (from cigarettes, stove, hot fat, acids). • Visits to the hospital become more frequent, and traumas – more serious. • Not getting enough sleep and malnutrition.
  • 22. SEXUALLY ABUSIVE BEHAVIORS • Fondling • Child prostitution • Child pornography • Intercourse
  • 23. SEXUALLY ABUSIVE BEHAVIORS • Sodomy • Oral-genital stimulation • Verbal stimulation • Exhibitionism
  • 24. SEXUAL ABUSE SHOULD BE CONSIDERED WHEN: • Pregnancy in young adolescent • Frequent unexplained sore throats, yeast or urinary infections • Child reports inappropriate sexual behavior • Child engaged in highly inappropriate sexual
  • 25. Sexual Abuse • Early warnings •General statements • Sexualized play • Suspicious touching • Improper visualization or glances • Direct statements of a sexual nature
  • 26. Behavioral Changes - Signs of Sexual Abuse • Sleep disturbances: nightmares, night terror • Appetite disturbances: anorexia, bulimia • Neurotic disorders • Phobias: avoidance behavior • Withdrawal, depression • Guilt
  • 27. Behavioral Changes - Sings of Sexual Abuse • Medical conditions •Genital or urethral trauma •Genital infection • Sexually transmitted diseases • Recurrent urinary tract infections • Abdominal pain
  • 28. Behavioral Changes - Sings of Sexual Abuse • Other signs: • Pregnancy • School problems • Promiscuity or prostitution • Substance abuse • Commonly admitting to guilt
  • 29. CONSEQUENCES OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE: • Sexually transmitted diseases. • Vaginal or rectal injuries. • Miscarriages, stillborn babies, premature birth. • Low self esteem • Depression • Fear • Anxiety
  • 30. • Sexual dysfunction • Obsessive – compulsive disorder • Post – traumatic stress disorder • Unwanted pregnancy • Induced abortion • STD including HIV/AIDS • Suicide
  • 31. PSYCHOLOGICAL Symptoms of depression: • low self-esteem; • self-containment; • neglected appearance; • consider suicidal options or attempts to take her own life;
  • 32. • anorexia of bulimia (i.e. pathological refusal to have a meal of pathological overeating); • taking alcohol or drugs; • insomnia; • psychosomatic diseases • fits of uneasiness; • feeling of helplessness; • weeps frequently;
  • 33. • indecisive behavior; • avoids meeting eyes. • loss of contacts with family members and friends (sense of being isolated). • poverty (sometimes as a result of financial tricks of her partner). • obsessive fear. • alienation from her children or even hostility towards them.
  • 34. TRAFFICKING • Recruitment transportation are receipt of women and girl through deception or coercion for the purpose of prostitution other sexual exploitation or forced labour.
  • 35. VULNERABILITIES TO TRAFFICKING • Feminization of Poverty • Poverty of parent • Lack of employment opportunities • Lack of unequal access to education • Traditional community attitude • Debt and bondage of parents • False promises and
  • 36. • Caste and tribal social system • Domestic – violence • Low level of confidence and self worth • Death of parents • Lack awareness and laws • Street children with no guardians • Single women – migrant worker • Sudden disaster victim – cyclone, earth quakes and
  • 37. TRENDS IN TRAFFICKING • Growing scope and magnitude • New source and destination • Diverse and sophisticated mechanisms • Highly organised crime syndicates • Changes in the portico of trafficked persons. • Extended linkage between trafficking network and
  • 38. ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM • Victims of domestic violence requiring assistance often face their problems alone without any support from their relatives or neighbors • Institutional and legal systems should be more efficient response to cases of domestic violence.
  • 39. • There are few organizations providing social, housing, legal, and psychological assistance to victims of violence; lack of programs for self-assistance and self-defense for victims of domestic violence. • combating domestic violence and of providing assistance to victims.
  • 40. • Lack of modern empirical diagnostics and practical knowledge essential for better • understanding and combating the phenomenon of domestic violence. • The level of public stereotypes concerning domestic violence complicates preventing this violence and solving related problems.
  • 41. ROLE OF NGOs • Collect and analyze information on domestic violence. • Hold public awareness campaigns, publish informational materials. • Conduct different educational activities, e.g. trainings for women. • Undertake training of governmental officials; provide them with information. • Accompany police on domestic violence calls.
  • 42. • Provide “public defenders” to victims. • Participate in the work of “advisors”. • Create shelters, crises centers, self-defense groups and hotlines for abused women. • Conduct psychological rehabilitation of abusers, children and other members of the family.