SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 46
Download to read offline
Fish migration and
different types of fish
passes
PRESENTED BY- MANISH KUMAR
ID NO- 40024
Introduction
Migration - The movement of large number of
animals from one place to another for various
reasons like
1. Food Gathering
2. Breeding
3. Temperature Adjustments
Causes
I. To avoid unfavorable conditions
II. To enhance the survival of offspring's
III. To exploit the available food in feeding areas
IV. Population pressure (competition and
predation)
Types of Migration
SPAWNING MIGRATION
DIADROMOUS
ANDROMOUS CATADROMOUS
POTAMODROMOUS OCEANODROMOUS
 From sea
water to
Fresh water
 From fresh
water to
sea water
 From one
freshwater
habitat to
another fresh
water
 From sea
water to
sea water
• Diadromons fishes – migrate between sea
& fresh water
– Anadromous – major part sea but fresh water
during breeding season e.g. Salmon & Hisla
– Catadromous – major part fresh water but sea
during breeding e.g. Anguilla (eel fish)
– Amphidramons – fresh water to sea & vice
versa. Eg. Gobies
• Potamodromons – migratory, confined to
fresh water eg. Corps and trouts, Mahasees
move up stream along Himalaya rivers
• Oceanodromons – migratory, confined to
sea only eg. Tunnas, Mackerels
 Causes of migration in fishes
 Heape (1961) – 4 primary reasons of fish migration
 Gametic migration (Spawning/breeding migration)
◦ Better survival & proper development of egg/larva
◦ Stop feeding prior to migration or reduced drastically
◦ Energy requirement (fat deposit) e.g. Chum salmon spp. 25,810 Ca &
28,390 cal by male and female respectively
 Alimental of Feeding Migration
◦ Due to shortage of food (Suitable/wintering/spawing)
◦ Better food facilities, better survival & fast growth
◦ Grow fast in size & mature & produce more eggs.
 Climate or Wintering Migration
◦ Due to inactive physical condition and low BMR (Basic Metabolic rate)
◦ Depends on fish condition and environment
◦ Achieved by hormonal and physiological changes
◦ Deposit mainly as fat deposits
◦ Among freshwater species (Grass corp.) more to wintering grounds.
 Osmoregulatory or Protective Migration
◦ Spwing, feeding & wintering migration can all be regards as protection
migration as they ensure further life of fish
◦ These migration are not cyclical
Fish migration and fish passes
Anadromous Migration
Anadromous
• Fishes which migrate from the sea into fresh water to
spawn
‘OR’
• Ones which stay entirely in sea water and migrate
upstream to spawn
• An Anadromous fish, born in fresh water, spends most
of its life in the sea and returns to fresh water to spawn
• Adults usually die after spawning
• Their adaptations to conditions of different habitats are
particularly with regard to salinity of the water
• Common examples - Salmon, Trout, Hilsa, striped bass,
Sea lamprey and sturgeon
Anadromous adaptations by salmon
• Salmon hatch in small freshwater streams
• From there they migrate to the sea to mature (1
to 5 years)
• When mature, the salmon return to the same
streams where they were hatched to spawn, this
homing behaviour has been shown to depend on
olfactory memory
• Salmon are capable of going hundreds of
kilometres upriver, and humans must install fish
ladders in dams to enable the salmon to get pass
Salmon Life Cycle
Death
Egg
Alevin
Fry
Parr
Smolt
Adult
Spawner
SPAWN IN
Redd
Spawning beds in FW
Adults change
significantly once they
enter freshwater. They
change color, stop
eating, males develop a
kype (hooked jaw), and
they stop drinking
Entering fresh water
After spawning spawners die
Average number of eggs
deposited per female is
around 3,000 eggs,
Remain in the gravel for
another 1-2 months, yolk sac
2-3 months for hatching
Young free-
swimming, 1-2
inches, learn to
feed
2-5 inches, Parr marks, As
salmon mature into a smolt,
the Parr marks disappear
When salmon prepare
to migrate from
freshwater to the
ocean, they become
smolts, spend some
time in estuaries
before heading to
the ocean
Salmon spend 1-5
years in the ocean,
80% of their life cycle
Entering into Sea water
CATADROMOUS MIGRATION
CATADROMOUS
• Catadromous fishes are ones which migrate
from fresh water into the sea to spawn
‘OR’
• Ones which stay entirely in fresh water and
migrate downstream to spawn
• Best examples - eels of the genus Anguilla,
numbering 16 species, the best-known of
which are the North American eel (A. rostrata)
and the European eel (A. anguilla)
Cont’d…
• It travels several thousand km starting from rivers
reaching spawning grounds in sea
• After spawning adults die
• Larvae of eel drift from spawning grounds, takes
several months to 3 years, to reach river &
undergo metamorphosis to become adults
• Young ones are born in the ocean, mature in
freshwater or estuarine habitats, and return to
the ocean to spawn
• This makes them Catadromous fish
Eel life cycle
POTAMODROMOUS
MIGRATION
Fish migration and fish passes
POTAMODROMOUS
• Truly migratory fishes
• The movement is confine to fresh water
• Some examples- carps, trouts, catfishes etc.,
• Travels long distances in rivers to locate
suitable spawning grounds (Some migrates
Upstream and some downstream)
• After laying eggs, the parents return to the
feeding area as food is available only for the
young ones & cannot support the adults
Cont’d…
• Besides spawning needs, this type of
migration may also be due to competition
• Such as increase in population,
• Scarcity of food may also force fishes to
migrate other places, where food is abundant
OCEANODROMOUS
MIGRATION
OCEANODROMOUS
• These are truly migratory marine fishes
• Travel long distances with in sea to spawn & return to
the feeding areas
• There are no barriers within the sea and fishes have
learned to migrate in order to take advantage of
favourable conditions wherever they occur
• They differ mainly from one another by the extent of
their migration
• Examples- Mackerels, Tunas, Cod, Herrings, etc.,
• During migration these species visit spawning areas,
nursery areas, feeding areas, winter area etc.,
Fish migration and fish passes
Showing pattern of movements in
Oceanodromous fish migration
Spawning
area
Nursery
area
Feeding
area
Winter
area
Winter
area
Feeding
area
Recruitment into
Adult population
Migration of Herring
• Herrings are found in the North Atlantic and
North pacific Oceans, and exhibit seasonal
migration covering a large
• Also undertake daily vertical migration (short
distance and for food)
• Also undertakes annual spawning migration
to the spawning ground near the coast (during
this they do not exhibit vertical migration)
Cont’d…
• After spawning , the larvae drift along the
water current to wintering area near the
coast, where they feed and grow
• On becoming adult, they join the older fish in
migration cycle
• And return to spawning area when mature
• This takes 4-6 years
Factors influencing migration
Influenced by several Physical, Chemical, and
Biological factors
Physical factors
Temperature
Light intensity
Photoperiod
Water current
Turbidity
depth
Temperature is of more importance,
in sea water rise in temperature
provides stimulus to Salmon for
Migration.
In fresh water temperature rise
fishes moves upstream for
spawning
Chemical factors
Chemical factors
pH
Salinity
Odour
Taste of water
Salinity of water restricts the movement of fishes.
Freshwater species are stenohaline (intolerant to large salinity changes).
Hence they remain confined to fresh water do not undertake migration involving long
distances
But some species like Salmon, Hilsa, Anguilla etc., are euryhaline and can adjust to
large salinity variations i.e. Diadromous fishes
Biological factors
• Biological factors
Food
Memory
Stage of sexual maturity
Predators and competitors
Hormones
 Availability of food is the primary factor for the survival of juveniles
 Memory guides some species during migration e.g. Salmon returns to the same
area of river for spawning, where its own hatching & development took place
Role of Hormones
• Observed in Diadromous fishes
• The osmo - and ionic regulation in these species
is controlled by Hormones such Prolactin,
Corticotrophin, growth Hormone, etc., secreted
by the pituitary gland
• Prolactin is the most important hormone that
acts on gills, skin, kidney, urinary bladder and the
intestine and influence the water and ion
regulation
• It also reduces the loss of Na ions in the fresh
water fishes (Eel)
Fish migration and fish passes
• Fish ways commonly called fish ladders but also known as fish passes.
• Definition :
A fish ladder (or fish way , fish pass) is a structure designed to allow
fish the opportunity to migrate upstream over or through a barrier to fish
movement.
• In Australia also referred to as fish steps.
 In 1852–1854, the Ballisodare Fish Pass was built in County Sligo,
Ireland, to draw salmon into a river that had not supported a fishery.
 In 1880, the first fish ladder was built in Rhode Island on the Pawtuxet Falls
Dam.
• Natural: In this type of fish passes the approach routes of fish may be
strengthened with concrete to the natural rock with the natural rock with the
object of concentrating flows previously diffuse, reducing turbulence and
deepening pools.
• The Pool design (Fish ladder) : It consists of a series of pools arranged in a ladder-
like manner from downstream to upstream. The flow of water from pool to pool
may be over solid obstacles or through passages between obstacles or a
combination of two types. Each pool is designed in such a way that it provides
adequate resting grounds for the ascending fishes.
Pool-Weir Fish way
The oldest styles of fish ladders.
Series of small dams and pools of regular length.
 Effective for jumping fish.
Create a long, sloping channel for fish to travel around
the obstruction.
Fish must jump over from box to box in the ladder.
 Flows.
 Energy dissipation.
 Resting areas.
 Drop between pools (fish way slope).
 Attraction velocities.
 Entrance locations.
 Space in pools.
• The Deniel design: It is a narrow channel with closely spaced baffles set at
an angle with the axis of the channel. In this kind of fish way, the force of
fast flowing water is minimized and fishes can negotiate them easily.
Fish migration and fish passes
 The same principle as Denil fish ways.
 Use many baffles to simulate a rapids to a fish and present
the fish with many options with respect to water speeds.
•
 Narrower than Denil fish ways.
 Made up of any metal.
 Work best at small barriers where inexpensive passage is
needed.
Fish migration and fish passes
vertical-slot fish passage
Allows fish to swim upstream without leaping
over an obstacle.
 Tend to handle reasonably well the seasonal
fluctuation in water levels on each side of the
barrier.
 Used by all types of migrating fish.
FISH LOCK
• The Fish lock: It is an arrangement for the
regulation of flow of water with the help of
mechanical gates. The inflow and outflow can
be regulated thus providing fishes with the
passage to move either way.
Simple sluice or inclined chute
• Simple sluice or inclined chute: The chute is
an inclined channel or a sort of waterfall with
deep descent. The effective width of the
channel is actually much less than the width
of sluice and many sharp turns cause cross
currents that are very difficult to be
counteracted by large fishes.
Fish migration and fish passes
Fish migration and fish passes

More Related Content

What's hot

Food and feeding habit of shellfishes
Food and feeding habit of shellfishesFood and feeding habit of shellfishes
Food and feeding habit of shellfishesChhotokisku
 
Adaptations in deep sea fishes
Adaptations in deep sea fishesAdaptations in deep sea fishes
Adaptations in deep sea fishesAnuSharma263
 
Cultivable shellfish
Cultivable shellfishCultivable shellfish
Cultivable shellfishAshish sahu
 
Cultivable Freshwater Finfishes Of India
Cultivable Freshwater Finfishes Of IndiaCultivable Freshwater Finfishes Of India
Cultivable Freshwater Finfishes Of Indiaketul373
 
Reproductive biology
Reproductive biologyReproductive biology
Reproductive biologysanchu yadav
 
BASICS OF AQUACULTURE.pptx
BASICS OF AQUACULTURE.pptxBASICS OF AQUACULTURE.pptx
BASICS OF AQUACULTURE.pptxDevPanda5
 
3.1. Breeding of carps in bundhs.ppt
3.1. Breeding of carps in bundhs.ppt3.1. Breeding of carps in bundhs.ppt
3.1. Breeding of carps in bundhs.pptAmitSharma3227
 
Coloration in Fishes
Coloration in FishesColoration in Fishes
Coloration in FishesRomeo Siera
 
Behavioural ecology of fishes
Behavioural ecology of fishesBehavioural ecology of fishes
Behavioural ecology of fishesManju Shree
 
Inland fishing craft and gears
Inland fishing craft and gearsInland fishing craft and gears
Inland fishing craft and gearsR.k. InhellFishcos
 
Fish feeding technique
Fish feeding techniqueFish feeding technique
Fish feeding techniqueericchapman81
 
Asian sea bass culture
Asian sea bass cultureAsian sea bass culture
Asian sea bass cultureB. BHASKAR
 
Breeding, cold water fishery
Breeding, cold water fisheryBreeding, cold water fishery
Breeding, cold water fisheryKartik Mondal
 
Lecture 2. aquaculture systems methods_and_types - copy
Lecture 2. aquaculture systems methods_and_types - copyLecture 2. aquaculture systems methods_and_types - copy
Lecture 2. aquaculture systems methods_and_types - copyMandeep Kaur
 
Reproductive strategies in fishes
Reproductive strategies in fishesReproductive strategies in fishes
Reproductive strategies in fishes40024
 

What's hot (20)

Food and feeding habit of shellfishes
Food and feeding habit of shellfishesFood and feeding habit of shellfishes
Food and feeding habit of shellfishes
 
Fishing crafts
Fishing crafts Fishing crafts
Fishing crafts
 
Adaptations in deep sea fishes
Adaptations in deep sea fishesAdaptations in deep sea fishes
Adaptations in deep sea fishes
 
Fish migration
Fish migrationFish migration
Fish migration
 
Cultivable shellfish
Cultivable shellfishCultivable shellfish
Cultivable shellfish
 
Cultivable Freshwater Finfishes Of India
Cultivable Freshwater Finfishes Of IndiaCultivable Freshwater Finfishes Of India
Cultivable Freshwater Finfishes Of India
 
Reproductive biology
Reproductive biologyReproductive biology
Reproductive biology
 
BASICS OF AQUACULTURE.pptx
BASICS OF AQUACULTURE.pptxBASICS OF AQUACULTURE.pptx
BASICS OF AQUACULTURE.pptx
 
3.1. Breeding of carps in bundhs.ppt
3.1. Breeding of carps in bundhs.ppt3.1. Breeding of carps in bundhs.ppt
3.1. Breeding of carps in bundhs.ppt
 
Inland fisheries
Inland fisheriesInland fisheries
Inland fisheries
 
Coloration in Fishes
Coloration in FishesColoration in Fishes
Coloration in Fishes
 
FISH FEEDING HABITS.pptx
FISH FEEDING HABITS.pptxFISH FEEDING HABITS.pptx
FISH FEEDING HABITS.pptx
 
Behavioural ecology of fishes
Behavioural ecology of fishesBehavioural ecology of fishes
Behavioural ecology of fishes
 
Sea snake (1)
Sea snake (1)Sea snake (1)
Sea snake (1)
 
Inland fishing craft and gears
Inland fishing craft and gearsInland fishing craft and gears
Inland fishing craft and gears
 
Fish feeding technique
Fish feeding techniqueFish feeding technique
Fish feeding technique
 
Asian sea bass culture
Asian sea bass cultureAsian sea bass culture
Asian sea bass culture
 
Breeding, cold water fishery
Breeding, cold water fisheryBreeding, cold water fishery
Breeding, cold water fishery
 
Lecture 2. aquaculture systems methods_and_types - copy
Lecture 2. aquaculture systems methods_and_types - copyLecture 2. aquaculture systems methods_and_types - copy
Lecture 2. aquaculture systems methods_and_types - copy
 
Reproductive strategies in fishes
Reproductive strategies in fishesReproductive strategies in fishes
Reproductive strategies in fishes
 

Similar to Fish migration and fish passes (20)

Fish Migration
Fish MigrationFish Migration
Fish Migration
 
Fish migration (Animal Behavior) Catadromous, Anadromous
Fish migration (Animal Behavior) Catadromous, AnadromousFish migration (Animal Behavior) Catadromous, Anadromous
Fish migration (Animal Behavior) Catadromous, Anadromous
 
Migration in fishes
Migration in fishesMigration in fishes
Migration in fishes
 
Fish Migration
Fish MigrationFish Migration
Fish Migration
 
fish-migration.pptx
fish-migration.pptxfish-migration.pptx
fish-migration.pptx
 
Migration of Fishes.pdf
Migration of Fishes.pdfMigration of Fishes.pdf
Migration of Fishes.pdf
 
Migration in fishes
Migration in fishesMigration in fishes
Migration in fishes
 
Migration in Fish
Migration in FishMigration in Fish
Migration in Fish
 
Fish migration and different types of fish passes
Fish migration and different types of fish passesFish migration and different types of fish passes
Fish migration and different types of fish passes
 
Fish migration
Fish migrationFish migration
Fish migration
 
Mamun
MamunMamun
Mamun
 
Migration in fishes
Migration in fishesMigration in fishes
Migration in fishes
 
5 estuarine organisms
5 estuarine organisms5 estuarine organisms
5 estuarine organisms
 
Migration in fishes
Migration in fishesMigration in fishes
Migration in fishes
 
MIGRATION OF FISHES
MIGRATION OF FISHESMIGRATION OF FISHES
MIGRATION OF FISHES
 
fish migration.pptx
fish migration.pptxfish migration.pptx
fish migration.pptx
 
migration of Fishes
migration of Fishesmigration of Fishes
migration of Fishes
 
Aquatic mammals and their distributions
Aquatic mammals and their distributionsAquatic mammals and their distributions
Aquatic mammals and their distributions
 
Estuarine systems
Estuarine systemsEstuarine systems
Estuarine systems
 
Estuaries1.ppt
Estuaries1.pptEstuaries1.ppt
Estuaries1.ppt
 

Recently uploaded

Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxPractical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxKatherine Villaluna
 
A Cartoonist's Guide to Holy Week in the Four Gospels
A Cartoonist's Guide to Holy Week in the Four GospelsA Cartoonist's Guide to Holy Week in the Four Gospels
A Cartoonist's Guide to Holy Week in the Four GospelsSteve Thomason
 
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxPISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxEduSkills OECD
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxDr. Asif Anas
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptxSandy Millin
 
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfMaximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfTechSoup
 
ACR-FIRE DRILL-MARCH 2024 Accomplishment Report
ACR-FIRE DRILL-MARCH 2024 Accomplishment ReportACR-FIRE DRILL-MARCH 2024 Accomplishment Report
ACR-FIRE DRILL-MARCH 2024 Accomplishment ReportArielPunzalan1
 
NOTES OF DRUGS ACTING ON NERVOUS SYSTEM .pdf
NOTES OF DRUGS ACTING ON NERVOUS SYSTEM .pdfNOTES OF DRUGS ACTING ON NERVOUS SYSTEM .pdf
NOTES OF DRUGS ACTING ON NERVOUS SYSTEM .pdfSumit Tiwari
 
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentXsasf Sfdfasd
 
3.19.24 Urban Uprisings and the Chicago Freedom Movement.pptx
3.19.24 Urban Uprisings and the Chicago Freedom Movement.pptx3.19.24 Urban Uprisings and the Chicago Freedom Movement.pptx
3.19.24 Urban Uprisings and the Chicago Freedom Movement.pptxmary850239
 
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxPractical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxKatherine Villaluna
 
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education  and Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy of Education  and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education and Educational PhilosophyShuvankar Madhu
 
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024UKCGE
 
How to Print Employee Resume in the Odoo 17
How to Print Employee Resume in the Odoo 17How to Print Employee Resume in the Odoo 17
How to Print Employee Resume in the Odoo 17Celine George
 
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxPrescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxraviapr7
 
How to Filter Blank Lines in Odoo 17 Accounting
How to Filter Blank Lines in Odoo 17 AccountingHow to Filter Blank Lines in Odoo 17 Accounting
How to Filter Blank Lines in Odoo 17 AccountingCeline George
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphNetziValdelomar1
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17Celine George
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxPractical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
 
A Cartoonist's Guide to Holy Week in the Four Gospels
A Cartoonist's Guide to Holy Week in the Four GospelsA Cartoonist's Guide to Holy Week in the Four Gospels
A Cartoonist's Guide to Holy Week in the Four Gospels
 
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptxPISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
PISA-VET launch_El Iza Mohamedou_19 March 2024.pptx
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
 
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfMaximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
 
ACR-FIRE DRILL-MARCH 2024 Accomplishment Report
ACR-FIRE DRILL-MARCH 2024 Accomplishment ReportACR-FIRE DRILL-MARCH 2024 Accomplishment Report
ACR-FIRE DRILL-MARCH 2024 Accomplishment Report
 
NOTES OF DRUGS ACTING ON NERVOUS SYSTEM .pdf
NOTES OF DRUGS ACTING ON NERVOUS SYSTEM .pdfNOTES OF DRUGS ACTING ON NERVOUS SYSTEM .pdf
NOTES OF DRUGS ACTING ON NERVOUS SYSTEM .pdf
 
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
 
3.19.24 Urban Uprisings and the Chicago Freedom Movement.pptx
3.19.24 Urban Uprisings and the Chicago Freedom Movement.pptx3.19.24 Urban Uprisings and the Chicago Freedom Movement.pptx
3.19.24 Urban Uprisings and the Chicago Freedom Movement.pptx
 
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxPractical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
 
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education  and Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy of Education  and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
 
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
UKCGE Parental Leave Discussion March 2024
 
How to Print Employee Resume in the Odoo 17
How to Print Employee Resume in the Odoo 17How to Print Employee Resume in the Odoo 17
How to Print Employee Resume in the Odoo 17
 
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxPrescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
 
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdfPersonal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
 
How to Filter Blank Lines in Odoo 17 Accounting
How to Filter Blank Lines in Odoo 17 AccountingHow to Filter Blank Lines in Odoo 17 Accounting
How to Filter Blank Lines in Odoo 17 Accounting
 
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quizFinals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
 

Fish migration and fish passes

  • 1. Fish migration and different types of fish passes PRESENTED BY- MANISH KUMAR ID NO- 40024
  • 2. Introduction Migration - The movement of large number of animals from one place to another for various reasons like 1. Food Gathering 2. Breeding 3. Temperature Adjustments
  • 3. Causes I. To avoid unfavorable conditions II. To enhance the survival of offspring's III. To exploit the available food in feeding areas IV. Population pressure (competition and predation)
  • 4. Types of Migration SPAWNING MIGRATION DIADROMOUS ANDROMOUS CATADROMOUS POTAMODROMOUS OCEANODROMOUS  From sea water to Fresh water  From fresh water to sea water  From one freshwater habitat to another fresh water  From sea water to sea water
  • 5. • Diadromons fishes – migrate between sea & fresh water – Anadromous – major part sea but fresh water during breeding season e.g. Salmon & Hisla – Catadromous – major part fresh water but sea during breeding e.g. Anguilla (eel fish) – Amphidramons – fresh water to sea & vice versa. Eg. Gobies • Potamodromons – migratory, confined to fresh water eg. Corps and trouts, Mahasees move up stream along Himalaya rivers • Oceanodromons – migratory, confined to sea only eg. Tunnas, Mackerels
  • 6.  Causes of migration in fishes  Heape (1961) – 4 primary reasons of fish migration  Gametic migration (Spawning/breeding migration) ◦ Better survival & proper development of egg/larva ◦ Stop feeding prior to migration or reduced drastically ◦ Energy requirement (fat deposit) e.g. Chum salmon spp. 25,810 Ca & 28,390 cal by male and female respectively  Alimental of Feeding Migration ◦ Due to shortage of food (Suitable/wintering/spawing) ◦ Better food facilities, better survival & fast growth ◦ Grow fast in size & mature & produce more eggs.  Climate or Wintering Migration ◦ Due to inactive physical condition and low BMR (Basic Metabolic rate) ◦ Depends on fish condition and environment ◦ Achieved by hormonal and physiological changes ◦ Deposit mainly as fat deposits ◦ Among freshwater species (Grass corp.) more to wintering grounds.  Osmoregulatory or Protective Migration ◦ Spwing, feeding & wintering migration can all be regards as protection migration as they ensure further life of fish ◦ These migration are not cyclical
  • 9. Anadromous • Fishes which migrate from the sea into fresh water to spawn ‘OR’ • Ones which stay entirely in sea water and migrate upstream to spawn • An Anadromous fish, born in fresh water, spends most of its life in the sea and returns to fresh water to spawn • Adults usually die after spawning • Their adaptations to conditions of different habitats are particularly with regard to salinity of the water • Common examples - Salmon, Trout, Hilsa, striped bass, Sea lamprey and sturgeon
  • 10. Anadromous adaptations by salmon • Salmon hatch in small freshwater streams • From there they migrate to the sea to mature (1 to 5 years) • When mature, the salmon return to the same streams where they were hatched to spawn, this homing behaviour has been shown to depend on olfactory memory • Salmon are capable of going hundreds of kilometres upriver, and humans must install fish ladders in dams to enable the salmon to get pass
  • 12. Death Egg Alevin Fry Parr Smolt Adult Spawner SPAWN IN Redd Spawning beds in FW Adults change significantly once they enter freshwater. They change color, stop eating, males develop a kype (hooked jaw), and they stop drinking Entering fresh water After spawning spawners die Average number of eggs deposited per female is around 3,000 eggs, Remain in the gravel for another 1-2 months, yolk sac 2-3 months for hatching Young free- swimming, 1-2 inches, learn to feed 2-5 inches, Parr marks, As salmon mature into a smolt, the Parr marks disappear When salmon prepare to migrate from freshwater to the ocean, they become smolts, spend some time in estuaries before heading to the ocean Salmon spend 1-5 years in the ocean, 80% of their life cycle Entering into Sea water
  • 14. CATADROMOUS • Catadromous fishes are ones which migrate from fresh water into the sea to spawn ‘OR’ • Ones which stay entirely in fresh water and migrate downstream to spawn • Best examples - eels of the genus Anguilla, numbering 16 species, the best-known of which are the North American eel (A. rostrata) and the European eel (A. anguilla)
  • 15. Cont’d… • It travels several thousand km starting from rivers reaching spawning grounds in sea • After spawning adults die • Larvae of eel drift from spawning grounds, takes several months to 3 years, to reach river & undergo metamorphosis to become adults • Young ones are born in the ocean, mature in freshwater or estuarine habitats, and return to the ocean to spawn • This makes them Catadromous fish
  • 19. POTAMODROMOUS • Truly migratory fishes • The movement is confine to fresh water • Some examples- carps, trouts, catfishes etc., • Travels long distances in rivers to locate suitable spawning grounds (Some migrates Upstream and some downstream) • After laying eggs, the parents return to the feeding area as food is available only for the young ones & cannot support the adults
  • 20. Cont’d… • Besides spawning needs, this type of migration may also be due to competition • Such as increase in population, • Scarcity of food may also force fishes to migrate other places, where food is abundant
  • 22. OCEANODROMOUS • These are truly migratory marine fishes • Travel long distances with in sea to spawn & return to the feeding areas • There are no barriers within the sea and fishes have learned to migrate in order to take advantage of favourable conditions wherever they occur • They differ mainly from one another by the extent of their migration • Examples- Mackerels, Tunas, Cod, Herrings, etc., • During migration these species visit spawning areas, nursery areas, feeding areas, winter area etc.,
  • 24. Showing pattern of movements in Oceanodromous fish migration Spawning area Nursery area Feeding area Winter area Winter area Feeding area Recruitment into Adult population
  • 25. Migration of Herring • Herrings are found in the North Atlantic and North pacific Oceans, and exhibit seasonal migration covering a large • Also undertake daily vertical migration (short distance and for food) • Also undertakes annual spawning migration to the spawning ground near the coast (during this they do not exhibit vertical migration)
  • 26. Cont’d… • After spawning , the larvae drift along the water current to wintering area near the coast, where they feed and grow • On becoming adult, they join the older fish in migration cycle • And return to spawning area when mature • This takes 4-6 years
  • 27. Factors influencing migration Influenced by several Physical, Chemical, and Biological factors Physical factors Temperature Light intensity Photoperiod Water current Turbidity depth Temperature is of more importance, in sea water rise in temperature provides stimulus to Salmon for Migration. In fresh water temperature rise fishes moves upstream for spawning
  • 28. Chemical factors Chemical factors pH Salinity Odour Taste of water Salinity of water restricts the movement of fishes. Freshwater species are stenohaline (intolerant to large salinity changes). Hence they remain confined to fresh water do not undertake migration involving long distances But some species like Salmon, Hilsa, Anguilla etc., are euryhaline and can adjust to large salinity variations i.e. Diadromous fishes
  • 29. Biological factors • Biological factors Food Memory Stage of sexual maturity Predators and competitors Hormones  Availability of food is the primary factor for the survival of juveniles  Memory guides some species during migration e.g. Salmon returns to the same area of river for spawning, where its own hatching & development took place
  • 30. Role of Hormones • Observed in Diadromous fishes • The osmo - and ionic regulation in these species is controlled by Hormones such Prolactin, Corticotrophin, growth Hormone, etc., secreted by the pituitary gland • Prolactin is the most important hormone that acts on gills, skin, kidney, urinary bladder and the intestine and influence the water and ion regulation • It also reduces the loss of Na ions in the fresh water fishes (Eel)
  • 32. • Fish ways commonly called fish ladders but also known as fish passes. • Definition : A fish ladder (or fish way , fish pass) is a structure designed to allow fish the opportunity to migrate upstream over or through a barrier to fish movement. • In Australia also referred to as fish steps.
  • 33.  In 1852–1854, the Ballisodare Fish Pass was built in County Sligo, Ireland, to draw salmon into a river that had not supported a fishery.  In 1880, the first fish ladder was built in Rhode Island on the Pawtuxet Falls Dam.
  • 34. • Natural: In this type of fish passes the approach routes of fish may be strengthened with concrete to the natural rock with the natural rock with the object of concentrating flows previously diffuse, reducing turbulence and deepening pools.
  • 35. • The Pool design (Fish ladder) : It consists of a series of pools arranged in a ladder- like manner from downstream to upstream. The flow of water from pool to pool may be over solid obstacles or through passages between obstacles or a combination of two types. Each pool is designed in such a way that it provides adequate resting grounds for the ascending fishes.
  • 36. Pool-Weir Fish way The oldest styles of fish ladders. Series of small dams and pools of regular length.  Effective for jumping fish. Create a long, sloping channel for fish to travel around the obstruction. Fish must jump over from box to box in the ladder.
  • 37.  Flows.  Energy dissipation.  Resting areas.  Drop between pools (fish way slope).  Attraction velocities.  Entrance locations.  Space in pools.
  • 38. • The Deniel design: It is a narrow channel with closely spaced baffles set at an angle with the axis of the channel. In this kind of fish way, the force of fast flowing water is minimized and fishes can negotiate them easily.
  • 40.  The same principle as Denil fish ways.  Use many baffles to simulate a rapids to a fish and present the fish with many options with respect to water speeds. •  Narrower than Denil fish ways.  Made up of any metal.  Work best at small barriers where inexpensive passage is needed.
  • 42. vertical-slot fish passage Allows fish to swim upstream without leaping over an obstacle.  Tend to handle reasonably well the seasonal fluctuation in water levels on each side of the barrier.  Used by all types of migrating fish.
  • 43. FISH LOCK • The Fish lock: It is an arrangement for the regulation of flow of water with the help of mechanical gates. The inflow and outflow can be regulated thus providing fishes with the passage to move either way.
  • 44. Simple sluice or inclined chute • Simple sluice or inclined chute: The chute is an inclined channel or a sort of waterfall with deep descent. The effective width of the channel is actually much less than the width of sluice and many sharp turns cause cross currents that are very difficult to be counteracted by large fishes.