Developig itercultural sensitivity修改

Becoming Global Competent —— Methods of Developing Intercultural Sensitivity Hangzhou, Dec 29th, 2010 Prof. Dr. Hora Tjitra &zhoujia

Agenda 15 New Approach to Intercultural Training for The Global Manager 4 8 Cross-cultural & Intercultural Training 10 Intercultural Exposure 13 E-learning 4 Introduction 1 2 The Development Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS) 6 3 How to Develop Intercultural Sensitivity ? 7 5 Reference 20

Introduction

Introduction Intercultural Sensitivity (IS) is proved to be a valid predictive factor for intercultural effectiveness (Cui& Van den Berg, 1991) Employees with high intercultural sensitivity scored significantly higher than employees with low intercultural sensitivity in terms of service attentiveness, revenue contribution, interpersonal skills, job satisfaction, and social satisfaction as they relate to cross-cultural encounters (Sizoo, etc, 2005) How to develop intercultural sensitivity of employees working in international environment is valued by more and more organizations .

The Development Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS)

Development Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS)
The Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS) was created as a framework to explain the observed and reported experiences of people in intercultural situations.
The underlying assumption of the model is that: as one’s experience of intercultural difference becomes more sophisticated, one’s competence in intercultural relations increase.
Ethnocentric Stages Ethnorelative Stages

How to Develop Intercultural Sensitivity?

Cross-Cultural & Intercultural Training
Cross-cultural training has been defined as an educative process focused on promoting intercultural learning through the acquisition of behavioral, cognitive, and effective competencies required for effective interactions across diverse cultures (Landis & Brislin, 1996; Morris & Robie, 2001).
The importance of training:
Cross-cultural training is one of the critical steps in the process of promoting assignee success and to avert failure (Bennett, etc, 2000)
Cross-cultural training has had a positive impact in interpersonal relationships, enhancement in job performance, self-development, perception by others, intercultural sensitivity, attribution making, cognitive categories (Altshuler, etc, 2003)
Training Approach:
In usual training, role playing, lectures, case study, cultural assimilator, situation game, critical incident are sued often.
The training program last from one day to twelve weeks, most companies opt to opt for two- to three-day programs prior to departure (Bennett, 2000)
Cross-cultural training has been defined as an educative process focused on promoting intercultural learning through the acquisition of behavioral, cognitive, and effective competencies required for effective interactions across diverse cultures (Landis & Brislin, 1996; Morris & Robie, 2001)

Not all Cross-Cultural Competencies Can Be Taught
Not all cross-cultural competencies can be taught, and not everyone is equally trainable, Sharon Leiba-O'Sullivan (1999)distinguished the stable traits and dynamic traits of cross-cultural competence. stable competencies are essential for the acquisition of dynamic competencies.
If the stable competencies constrain acquisition of the dynamic Cross-cultural skills, then organizations should make it a priority to seek individuals who possess some basic level of stable competencies.
Organizations may then opt to seek out those who possess at least some of the dynamic Cross-cultural competencies as well, in order to minimize training expenditures
Cultural knowledge
General (awareness and knowledge of cultural differences)
Specific (knowledge about another culture)
Factual (country's history, politics, etc)
Conceptual (country’s value)
Attribution (awareness of contextually appropriate behavior.)
dynamic
Personal skills
Stress-management Skills
Conflict-resolution Skills
Foreign language competence, etc
dynamic
Personal attribute
Values
Beliefs, norms
Personality traits
Flexibility, Perseverance, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Openness to experience, Conscientiousness etc
Emotional stability
stable

The Effectiveness of Cross-cultural Training:
Summery:
Training can help trainees develop their intercultural competence within short time
Not all competencies can be gained through training. It is effective in enhancing trainees’ knowledge, occasionally effective in changing trainees’ behavior, mixed record in facilitating changes in trainee attitudes.
Focus heavily on cognitive or knowledge-based information and awareness of the target culture. it does not provide the metacognitive skills needed to learn in new situations and cultures

Intercultural Exposure
international experience will have positive effect on intercultural sensitivity, as well as global perspective, community, social and public health awareness, and communication skills, awareness of self and culture, and ability to facilitate communication (Zhai, 2000; Goodkin & Savageau, 2001; Martin, 2005; Shaftel, 2007)
Changes occurred in areas such as self-confidence, adaptability, flexibility, confidence in gathering information in new and unfamiliar settings (Gmelch, 1997).
Study abroad as a process of learning intercultural competence consisted of three ethno-categories: transition from one culture to another, adjustment to the difference and gaining intercultural sensitivity (Koskinen, Tossavainen ,2004)
Engle and Engle (2004) state that students in the semester-long program demonstrated gains in intercultural sensitivity and that students in the year-long program showed even greater gains, with their rate of progress increasing in the second term
Short-term, non-language-based study abroad programs can have a positive impact on intercultural sensitivity. (Andersona, etc, 2004)
Different time duration has different impacts: Encountering culture differences is beneficial to intercultural sensitivity:

Weakness & Suggestions
Compared to training and other methods, it is time and money consuming;
Students or employees may face psychology stress, and cultural shock;
When back to home country, especially after long times living in abroad, expatriates may face conflict between their new values and old values.
Prepared to face the difference of the host culture by exploring their own cultural values, beliefs and practices in the orientation phase.
Offer intercultural tutoring and mentoring to venture into encounters with local people, during their study or working abroad.
Afford support or training when the expatriates back to home country .
Weakness Suggestions

E-learning
Teaching culture reveals that with its adaptability and advancement, computer software, computer networks, corpora and corpora-based tools, via different ways, can all play a role in assisting the development of learners’ intercultural competence.
Blog: blogs are well suited to promote students’ awareness and reflections on the target culture, since study abroad per se might not be enough for students to develop cross- cultural understanding (Kramsch, 1991 )
Email: the e-mail exchanges between the English-Spanish pairs of students helped them develop different components of intercultural communicative competence (O’Dowd, 2006),How ever Belz (2003) found that e-mail conversations between American and German students did not always produce a positive outcome.
E-forum: students’ e-forum entries demonstrated four types of intercultural competences: (A) interest in knowing other people’s way of life and introducing one’s own culture to others, (B) ability to change perspective, (C) knowledge about one’s own and others’ culture for intercultural communication, and (D) knowledge about intercultural communication processes.

Strength & Weakness With the help of computer-mediated communication, the students took a journey of discovery and reflection where their understanding of the behaviors, beliefs, concepts, ways of interacting in their own and the other culture was exchanged, discussed, negotiated, and even refined
Technical problems remain an issue to be overcome and finding better matches between computer-assisted learning tools and pedagogical objectives is a topic that demands further investigation and exploration.
E-learning environment is conducive to the development of knowledge and attitudes of intercultural competence, but not necessarily to the development of empathy and intercultural skill
Strength Weakness

New Approach to Intercultural Training for The Global Manager

Apply Culture Intelligence to Cross-Cultural Training role-plays, narrative plays and theater training able to adapt behavior to be appropriate to any given cultural context Behavior expose an uninitiated person through a series of short, simple, and controlled intercultural interactions in a classroom setting Culture empathy and strong sense of efficacy engage in a problem-solving and strategic approach to overcoming obstacle Motivation general cultural assimilator or culture based assimilator strategy of learning how to learn, or meta learning, Including planning, monitoring, and evaluating Meta cognition documentary and experiential methods total knowledge and experience concerning cultural adaptation of an individual stored in memory Cognitive Training methods Features The facet of CQ

Designing an Intercultural Training

Strength & Weakness
Strength:
It is uniquely tailored to the strengths and deficits of an individual.
It provides an integrated approach to training dealing with knowledge and learning, motivational, and behavioral features.
It is built upon a unifying psychological model of cultural adaptation rather than the piecemeal and country-specific approach to training typically employed.
Weakness:
The effectiveness remains a question, and how to implement is not so clear. Besides, the whole process may last longer than usual training approach. .

Reference

Reference
DeJaeghere, J&Zhan, Y (2008).Developing U.S. teachers’ intercultural competence: Does professional development matter? International Journal of Intercultural Relations , Vol. 19,255–268
Altshuler,L;Sussmanb, N; Kachu, E(2003). Assessing changes in intercultural sensitivity
among physician trainees using the intercultural development inventory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations : 27, 387–401
Liaw(2006)E-learning and the development of intercultural competence. Language Learning & Technology .10, 49-64
Korhonen, K(2004). Developing Intercultural Competence as Part of Professional Qualifications. A Training Experiment. Journal of Intercultural Communication
Koskinen L&Tossavainen K(2004).Study abroad as a process of learning intercultural competence in nursing International Journal of Nursing Practice , 10, 111–120
Sharon Leiba-O'Sullivan(1999).The Distinction between Stable and Dynamic Cross-Cultural Competencies: Implications forExpatriate Trainability. Journal of International Business Studies , 30, 709-725
Sizoo,S; Plank, R; Iskat, W; Serrie, H(2005)The effect of intercultural sensitivity on employee performance in cross-cultural service encounters. The Journal of Services Marketing , 19
Elola, I; Oskoz, A(2008).Blogging: Fostering Intercultural ,Competence Development in Foreign Language and Study Abroad Contexts. Foreign language annals, 41, 454-477
Earley, P&Peterson, R(2004).The elusive cultural chameleon Cultural intelligence as a new approach to intercultural training for the global manager. Academy of Management Learning and Education , 2004, 3, 100–115.
Martin, J(2005).The relationship between student sojourner perceptions of intercultural competencies and previous sojourn experience.
Bennett, R; Aston, A; Colquhoun, T(2000).Cross-cultural training: a critical step in ensuring the success of international assignments. Human Resource Management , 39, 239–250
Landis, D; Bennett, J; Bennett, M(2004), Handbook of intercultural training.

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