2. Different languages from different places
must have a common ancestor
3. During the 19th century, PHILOLOGY came
out with a term to describe this
4. Proto: Original form
Indo: Modern languages in the Indian
subcontinent
European: Modern languages in Europe
Proto-Indo-European is only one of the “great-grandmothers” of
languages , but there are about 30, with the result of over 4.000
languages. Between these, Chinese has the most native speakers
(around 1 billion), while English is more widely spoken around the world
5. Most Spoken Languages in the world (In millions)
170
170 Chinese
Spanish
182 885
English
Arabic
189
Bengali
Hindi
235
Portuguese
332 Russian
322
6.
7. Too see how modern languages are related, we
must take a look at older languages
8. Cognates: Within groups of related languages
we found similarities in particular sets of
terms
Comparative reconstruction: The process of
comparation between modern languages to
get to the original (proto) form.
9. Comparative
Reconstruction
Most natural
Majority
development
Principle
Principle
10. Majority Principle: In a set of cognates, the majority
of them have retained the original sound
Most natural development principle: Some types of
sound changes are common, and some are very
unlikely
Reconstruction is used to determine how a language
was, before written records began
11. Old English Period: 7th Century – 11th
Century
Middle English Period: 1100 – 1500
Modern English Period: 1500 – present
12. Englisc
(Anglosaxons)
Germanic Fused with
Latin
Languages (Christianity)
Old Norse
(Vikings)
13. Nobility, Gobernment, law, civilized
who became
Begins with the arrival of Normans
people Who were French Speakers
14. Change of vowel sounds
Methatesis: Change in the position of joining
sounds
Epenthesis: Addition of sounds in the middle
of words
Prothesis: Addition of a sound to the
beginning of a word
15. Syntactic changes: Word order, such as
subject after the verb, object before the verb
or at the beginning of a sentence
Lexcial changes: Differences Modern English
from Old English in the number of borrowed
words, and also many of them have ceased to
be used
16. Processes
Broadenning Narrowing
(Generalization of (especification of
words) words)
Processes, of course, were gradual. Most of them as a
result of cultural transmition
