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hair care

Industry perspective

SYBILLE CORNELSEN, ANSGAR BEHLER, HANS-MARTIN HAAKE
BASF Personal Care and Nutrition GmbH, Rheinpromenade 1,
40789 Monheim, Germany

Sybille Cornelsen

Ansgar Behler

Hans-Martin Haake

Natural-based hair conditioning:
Closing the gap
A new way to serve the neo-green trend

Abstract

Environmental awareness influences consumers’ day-to-day purchasing decisions in an increasing
number of product categories, including personal care. As a result, the market for natural and
naturally derived personal care products has seen significant growth across all regions. Products, which are based on naturally
derived ingredients have gone from niche to mainstream. However, at the same time, consumers
still expect these products to deliver in terms of performance, functionality and efficacy. To meet
this soaring demand, manufacturers of personal care products are constantly on the lookout for
enhanced natural-based ingredients. Focusing on consumers’ desires and needs has led to the
development of a new high-performance conditioner compound that is a combination of an
emulsifier, a consistency agent and a conditioning agent, and consists solely of renewable and
biodegradable raw materials.

INTRODUCTION
Consumers’ purchasing decisions are increasingly
influenced by considerations about a product’s origin
and its ecological impact. That is why naturally derived
products have become popular and have moved
from niche products to mainstream. Demand for such
products continues to soar, reaching the personal care

market long ago: many
consumers are looking for
environmentally compatible
personal care products
which still provide the
desired performance. This
neo-green trend has led to
increased segmentation of
the personal care market, and continues
to offer significant opportunities for
growth. Global sales of natural personal
care products experienced doubledigit growth between 2005 and 2010,
to a total sales volume of 23 billion US
dollars (Figure 1). There has been growth
across all regions, with particularly high
rates in Brazil and Asia Pacific (Figure
2) and a very consistent growth in the
European market for natural personal
care products. In recent years, total
sales in Europe have risen steadily, with a
compound annual growth rate of 11.1%
between 2006 and 2011 (Figure 3) (1).

Closing the gap

Figure 1. Source: Kline, Natural Personal Care 2011

36

As the market data shows, natural
or naturally derived personal care
solutions have increased considerably
in popularity among consumers

H&PC Today - household and Personal Care today, Vol. 8(5) September/October 2013
Figure 2. Source: Kline, Natural Personal Care 2011

Figure 4. Scheme of automated anti-hair breakage test

Using its unique combination of market empathy and
science excellence, which includes outstanding expertise
in technology and formulations, BASF has developed a
new, naturally derived conditioner compound that closes
the gap in the conditioner segment. Cetearyl Alcohol
(and) Lecithin (and) Sodium Cetearyl Sulfate (and) Olus Oil
[EU] (Plantaquat® NC) offers very good hair-conditioning
properties, creates volume and protects against hair
breakage and is environmentally compatible. To fulfill the
standards set by various natural and organic cosmetic
certification bodies, e.g. EcoCert, COSMOS and NaTrue,
an unbleached GMO-free lecithin was selected for use in
Plantaquat® NC.
Figure 3. Source: Kline, Natural Personal Care 2011
Performance tests
worldwide. The growing demand for products that are
The innovative formula contains fatty alcohol as a
both environmentally compatible and highly effective
consistency giving agent, fatty alcohol sulfate as
has become one of the
main drivers of innovation in
the industry. However, this
demand proves particularly
challenging in some
segments when it comes to
the formulation of suitable
products, for example, when
trying to find a solution in
the conditioner segment
that is both effective and
environmentally compatible.
In fact, satisfying both these
demands is currently one
of the major formulation
challenges in the hair care
market. Deeply committed to
innovation, BASF’s Personal
Care business strives to
Figure 5. Comparison of hair breakage of formulations with Plantaquat® NC with market
anticipate market demands
benchmark hair conditioners. HB-DE-11-92-238: 7% Plantaquat® NC + 2% Cetiol® C5.
and aims to develop products
HB-DE-11-92-243: 7% Plantaquat® NC. HB-DE-11-92-254: 7% Plantaquat® NC + 2% Sunflower
and solutions that are of real
oil. HB-DE-11-92-258: 7% Plantaquat® NC + 2% Myritol® 312. HB-DE-11-92-255: 7% Plantaquat®
value for consumers and yield
NC + 2% Cegesoft® SB
a return to its customers.

H&PC Today - household and Personal Care today, Vol. 8(5) September/October 2013

37
Anti-hair breakage

Figure 6. Visual effects of hair strands treated with market benchmark
conditioner or test conditioner HB-DE-11-92-258: 7% Plantaquat® NC + 2%
Myritol® 312 after 50,000 combing strokes

The assessment of the conditioner
compound’s anti-hair breakage
properties was carried out using a tailormade device as shown in Figure 4 (2). Ten
hair strands treated with test formulation
were repeatedly combed using the
device. The broken hair fibers were
collected separately for each strand and
were then analyzed gravimetrically.
As shown in figure 5, the best hairbreakage prevention was achieved
using a formulation containing 7%
Plantaquat® NC plus 2% Caprylic/Capric
Triglyceride (Myritol® 312). It reached an
anti-breakage level comparable to the
benchmark that claims “up to 95% less hair
breakage” (benchmark 4), and contains
three classic cationics plus a high amount
of amodimethicone.
Figure 6 visualizes the excellent anti-hair
breakage performance of the conditioner
compound. Combined with Myritol® 312, it
is ideally suited for products that are to be
positioned with anti-hair breakage claims.

Half-head tests
The half-head tests, which compare
benchmark hair conditioners with test
conditioners, were performed under
standardized conditions to evaluate
essential hair parameters by a professional
hair-dresser after one application. The
tests were carried out at an external test
institute with 19 volunteers under double
blind conditions. A formulation based
on 5% Plantaquat® NC and 2% Cetiol®
C5 (Coco-Caprylate) was compared to
a benchmark hair conditioner certified
to natural cosmetic standards. The wet
hair parameters showed significant
advantages in using the test formulation
based on Plantaquat® NC and 2% Cetiol®
C5 (Figure 7).
Figure 7. Half head test of natural benchmark hair conditioner versus test
conditioner HB-DE-11-92-128: 5% Plantaquat® NC + 2% Cetiol® C5
Additional half-head tests compared
the performance of a Plantaquat® NC
test formulation to that of two classic
an emulsifier and lecithin as a conditioning agent.
hair conditioners, one of which contained silicone
Comprehensive performance evaluation, including
oil. As shown in Figures 8 and 9, neither half-head test
salon hair tests, was carried out. It showed that
revealed significant differences between the benchmark
the conditioner compound offers very good hairconditioners and a formulation based on 7% Plantaquat®
conditioning properties, creates volume and protects
NC and 2% Cetiol® C5.
against hair breakage.
Evaluation included comparing its performance with
classic conditioner benchmarks on the market in terms
Wet and dry combability
of specific claims, such as hair conditioning, anti-hair
breakage, increased hair volume, etc.
A combability test was conducted to determine
In addition to performance tests on physical properties
hair-combing force, total work and electrostatic charge
of Plantaquat® NC, half-head tests on Caucasian and
using a fully automated system (3) (Figure 10),
Asian hair were performed, which showed that the
which was developed for high throughput and
conditioner compound exhibits outstanding sensorial
reproducibility. The basic test formulations delivered
effects on wet hair.
good conditioning performance on both wet and dry

38

H&PC Today - household and Personal Care today, Vol. 8(5) September/October 2013
hair (Figures 11 and 12). However, they did
not fully reach the performance level of
a benchmark conditioner that contained
Behentrimonium Chloride as a cationic
ingredient.

Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass
Spectrometry
(ToF-SIMS)
The ToF-SIMS (4) method makes use of
the secondary ion mass spectra which
are obtained when the sample surface is
bombarded with a primary ion beam (Bi3+
ions were used). By this bombardment
characteristic secondary ions are obtained
from the surface of the sample. Positive/
negative ion mass spectra are obtained
by a time-of-flight detector (figure 13).
Figure 8. Half head test of a classic benchmark hair conditioner (without silicone)
Characteristic positive/negative ions were
versus test conditioner HB-DE-11-92-130: 7% Plantaquat® NC + 2% Cetiol® C 5
first identified in the mass spectra of the
pure lecithin, which were then used as
reference spectra to detect lecithin on hair
following treatment.
Bleached hair was treated with a
formulation containing all ingredients but
lecithin. This hair was used as a reference
to proof that identified specific ions are
generated by lecithin only and not by any
other ingredient or the hair surface.
ToF-SIMS imaging is performed by scanning
the object surface, detecting the intensity
of the emitted secondary ions and storing
the data as distribution images. Such
images (Figure 14) show the distribution
of characteristic ions und thus of lecithin.
In figure 14 different images of bleached
hair without any further treatment (second
row), bleached hair treated with the above
mentioned placebo formulation (third
row) and bleached hair treated with a
conditioner containing Plantaquat® NC (first
row) are shown. In the left column total ion
counts (all ions obtained from the surface)
Figure 9. Half head test of a classic benchmark hair conditioner (with silicone)
are shown resulting in images similar to
versus test conditioner HB-DE-11-92-130: 7% Plantaquat® NC + 2% Cetiol® C 5
scanning electron images. In columns two
and three the intensity of the characteristic
ions of lecithin C5H12N+ and C5H15PNO4+ obtained are
shown in red to yellow (low to high intensities).
Comparing these images, it can clearly be stated that
lecithin is quite homogenously distributed on hair treated
with the Plantaquat® NC conditioner. In contrast, only some
noise can be seen in images of the other two hair samples.

Preparation of test formulation
Place hot water (70-75°C) in a vessel. Add Plantaquat® NC
in solid form and keep stirring until a temperature of 55°C
is reached. Then, add the emollients while stirring, and
homogenize with a rotor/stator mixer, e.g. Ultra Turrax, until
a homogenous cream has formed. Cool down and add
preservative and thermo-sensitive actives at 30-35°C. Finally,
adjust pH. Formulations for hair conditioning rinses or hair

Figure 10. Fully automated hair combability measurement
equipment

H&PC Today - household and Personal Care today, Vol. 8(5) September/October 2013

39
Add more life to facial care
Our sensory polymers provide convenient daily facial care that
preserves young, confident looks — and not just for Chinese men.
Polymers — another Care Creations product group inspired by life.
carecreations.basf.com
Finding derived from a representative TNS market survey.
Natural based hair conditioning
Figure 11. Comparison of wet hair combability of
Plantaquat® NC and/or plus emollients with market
benchmark hair conditioner. HB-DE-11-92-328: 7%
Plantaquat® NC + 2% Myritol® 312. HB-DE-11-92-325: 7%
Plantaquat® NC + 2% Cetiol® C 5. HB-DE-11-92-323: 7%
Plantaquat® NC

Figure 12. Comparison of dry hair combability of
Plantaquat® NC and/or plus emollients with market
benchmark hair conditioner. HB-DE-11-92-328: 7%
Plantaquat® NC + 2% Myritol® 312. HB-DE-11-92-325: 7%
Plantaquat® NC + 2% Cetiol® C 5. HB-DE-11-92-323: 7%
Plantaquat® NC

Figure 13. Schematics of Time of Flight Secondary
Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS)

masks can be complemented by soothing oils, proteins
and further actives. Due to the anionic emulsifier, the
addition of cationic ingredients is limited. The final
conditioner emulsion has a beige-brownish color – for
this formulation to fulfill the requirements of natural
cosmetics, a bleaching process therefore was omitted.

Conclusions
Plantaquat® NC can help manufacturers meet the
needs of consumers looking for environmentally
compatible personal care solutions that compromise
neither on efficacy nor on performance. The
conditioner compound perfectly supports
manufacturers striving to meet the specific hair
care demands generated by the neo-green trend.
Comprehensive hair conditioning evaluation showed that
Plantaquat® NC offers excellent conditioning, volume
and protection against hair breakage on the level of
benchmark products. The deposition and distribution
of active substances, i.e. lecithin, on treated hair was
characterized by ToF-SIMS (Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion
Mass Spectrometry) imaging.

42

Figure 14. ToF-SIMS imaging of deposition of lecithin, active of
Plantaquat® NC, on hair fiber surface
References and Notes
1.	

2.	
3.	
4.	

Kline & Company, Natural Personal Care - An Overview of the
US Market, The Holistic Cosmetic Scientific Symposium, St. Paul,
MN, March 15, 2011.
Haake, H.-M., Eisfeld, W.; Marten, S.; Seipel, W. J Cosmet Sci.
2009, 60 (2), 143-51.
Hloucha, M., Haake, H.M., Pellón, G., Cosm & Toil 124(5) 58-69
(2009).
Sodhi, R. N. S. Analyst. 2004,129, 483-487.

H&PC Today - household and Personal Care today, Vol. 8(5) September/October 2013
Natural based hair conditioning

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Natural based hair conditioning

  • 1. hair care Industry perspective SYBILLE CORNELSEN, ANSGAR BEHLER, HANS-MARTIN HAAKE BASF Personal Care and Nutrition GmbH, Rheinpromenade 1, 40789 Monheim, Germany Sybille Cornelsen Ansgar Behler Hans-Martin Haake Natural-based hair conditioning: Closing the gap A new way to serve the neo-green trend Abstract Environmental awareness influences consumers’ day-to-day purchasing decisions in an increasing number of product categories, including personal care. As a result, the market for natural and naturally derived personal care products has seen significant growth across all regions. Products, which are based on naturally derived ingredients have gone from niche to mainstream. However, at the same time, consumers still expect these products to deliver in terms of performance, functionality and efficacy. To meet this soaring demand, manufacturers of personal care products are constantly on the lookout for enhanced natural-based ingredients. Focusing on consumers’ desires and needs has led to the development of a new high-performance conditioner compound that is a combination of an emulsifier, a consistency agent and a conditioning agent, and consists solely of renewable and biodegradable raw materials. INTRODUCTION Consumers’ purchasing decisions are increasingly influenced by considerations about a product’s origin and its ecological impact. That is why naturally derived products have become popular and have moved from niche products to mainstream. Demand for such products continues to soar, reaching the personal care market long ago: many consumers are looking for environmentally compatible personal care products which still provide the desired performance. This neo-green trend has led to increased segmentation of the personal care market, and continues to offer significant opportunities for growth. Global sales of natural personal care products experienced doubledigit growth between 2005 and 2010, to a total sales volume of 23 billion US dollars (Figure 1). There has been growth across all regions, with particularly high rates in Brazil and Asia Pacific (Figure 2) and a very consistent growth in the European market for natural personal care products. In recent years, total sales in Europe have risen steadily, with a compound annual growth rate of 11.1% between 2006 and 2011 (Figure 3) (1). Closing the gap Figure 1. Source: Kline, Natural Personal Care 2011 36 As the market data shows, natural or naturally derived personal care solutions have increased considerably in popularity among consumers H&PC Today - household and Personal Care today, Vol. 8(5) September/October 2013
  • 2. Figure 2. Source: Kline, Natural Personal Care 2011 Figure 4. Scheme of automated anti-hair breakage test Using its unique combination of market empathy and science excellence, which includes outstanding expertise in technology and formulations, BASF has developed a new, naturally derived conditioner compound that closes the gap in the conditioner segment. Cetearyl Alcohol (and) Lecithin (and) Sodium Cetearyl Sulfate (and) Olus Oil [EU] (Plantaquat® NC) offers very good hair-conditioning properties, creates volume and protects against hair breakage and is environmentally compatible. To fulfill the standards set by various natural and organic cosmetic certification bodies, e.g. EcoCert, COSMOS and NaTrue, an unbleached GMO-free lecithin was selected for use in Plantaquat® NC. Figure 3. Source: Kline, Natural Personal Care 2011 Performance tests worldwide. The growing demand for products that are The innovative formula contains fatty alcohol as a both environmentally compatible and highly effective consistency giving agent, fatty alcohol sulfate as has become one of the main drivers of innovation in the industry. However, this demand proves particularly challenging in some segments when it comes to the formulation of suitable products, for example, when trying to find a solution in the conditioner segment that is both effective and environmentally compatible. In fact, satisfying both these demands is currently one of the major formulation challenges in the hair care market. Deeply committed to innovation, BASF’s Personal Care business strives to Figure 5. Comparison of hair breakage of formulations with Plantaquat® NC with market anticipate market demands benchmark hair conditioners. HB-DE-11-92-238: 7% Plantaquat® NC + 2% Cetiol® C5. and aims to develop products HB-DE-11-92-243: 7% Plantaquat® NC. HB-DE-11-92-254: 7% Plantaquat® NC + 2% Sunflower and solutions that are of real oil. HB-DE-11-92-258: 7% Plantaquat® NC + 2% Myritol® 312. HB-DE-11-92-255: 7% Plantaquat® value for consumers and yield NC + 2% Cegesoft® SB a return to its customers. H&PC Today - household and Personal Care today, Vol. 8(5) September/October 2013 37
  • 3. Anti-hair breakage Figure 6. Visual effects of hair strands treated with market benchmark conditioner or test conditioner HB-DE-11-92-258: 7% Plantaquat® NC + 2% Myritol® 312 after 50,000 combing strokes The assessment of the conditioner compound’s anti-hair breakage properties was carried out using a tailormade device as shown in Figure 4 (2). Ten hair strands treated with test formulation were repeatedly combed using the device. The broken hair fibers were collected separately for each strand and were then analyzed gravimetrically. As shown in figure 5, the best hairbreakage prevention was achieved using a formulation containing 7% Plantaquat® NC plus 2% Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (Myritol® 312). It reached an anti-breakage level comparable to the benchmark that claims “up to 95% less hair breakage” (benchmark 4), and contains three classic cationics plus a high amount of amodimethicone. Figure 6 visualizes the excellent anti-hair breakage performance of the conditioner compound. Combined with Myritol® 312, it is ideally suited for products that are to be positioned with anti-hair breakage claims. Half-head tests The half-head tests, which compare benchmark hair conditioners with test conditioners, were performed under standardized conditions to evaluate essential hair parameters by a professional hair-dresser after one application. The tests were carried out at an external test institute with 19 volunteers under double blind conditions. A formulation based on 5% Plantaquat® NC and 2% Cetiol® C5 (Coco-Caprylate) was compared to a benchmark hair conditioner certified to natural cosmetic standards. The wet hair parameters showed significant advantages in using the test formulation based on Plantaquat® NC and 2% Cetiol® C5 (Figure 7). Figure 7. Half head test of natural benchmark hair conditioner versus test conditioner HB-DE-11-92-128: 5% Plantaquat® NC + 2% Cetiol® C5 Additional half-head tests compared the performance of a Plantaquat® NC test formulation to that of two classic an emulsifier and lecithin as a conditioning agent. hair conditioners, one of which contained silicone Comprehensive performance evaluation, including oil. As shown in Figures 8 and 9, neither half-head test salon hair tests, was carried out. It showed that revealed significant differences between the benchmark the conditioner compound offers very good hairconditioners and a formulation based on 7% Plantaquat® conditioning properties, creates volume and protects NC and 2% Cetiol® C5. against hair breakage. Evaluation included comparing its performance with classic conditioner benchmarks on the market in terms Wet and dry combability of specific claims, such as hair conditioning, anti-hair breakage, increased hair volume, etc. A combability test was conducted to determine In addition to performance tests on physical properties hair-combing force, total work and electrostatic charge of Plantaquat® NC, half-head tests on Caucasian and using a fully automated system (3) (Figure 10), Asian hair were performed, which showed that the which was developed for high throughput and conditioner compound exhibits outstanding sensorial reproducibility. The basic test formulations delivered effects on wet hair. good conditioning performance on both wet and dry 38 H&PC Today - household and Personal Care today, Vol. 8(5) September/October 2013
  • 4. hair (Figures 11 and 12). However, they did not fully reach the performance level of a benchmark conditioner that contained Behentrimonium Chloride as a cationic ingredient. Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) The ToF-SIMS (4) method makes use of the secondary ion mass spectra which are obtained when the sample surface is bombarded with a primary ion beam (Bi3+ ions were used). By this bombardment characteristic secondary ions are obtained from the surface of the sample. Positive/ negative ion mass spectra are obtained by a time-of-flight detector (figure 13). Figure 8. Half head test of a classic benchmark hair conditioner (without silicone) Characteristic positive/negative ions were versus test conditioner HB-DE-11-92-130: 7% Plantaquat® NC + 2% Cetiol® C 5 first identified in the mass spectra of the pure lecithin, which were then used as reference spectra to detect lecithin on hair following treatment. Bleached hair was treated with a formulation containing all ingredients but lecithin. This hair was used as a reference to proof that identified specific ions are generated by lecithin only and not by any other ingredient or the hair surface. ToF-SIMS imaging is performed by scanning the object surface, detecting the intensity of the emitted secondary ions and storing the data as distribution images. Such images (Figure 14) show the distribution of characteristic ions und thus of lecithin. In figure 14 different images of bleached hair without any further treatment (second row), bleached hair treated with the above mentioned placebo formulation (third row) and bleached hair treated with a conditioner containing Plantaquat® NC (first row) are shown. In the left column total ion counts (all ions obtained from the surface) Figure 9. Half head test of a classic benchmark hair conditioner (with silicone) are shown resulting in images similar to versus test conditioner HB-DE-11-92-130: 7% Plantaquat® NC + 2% Cetiol® C 5 scanning electron images. In columns two and three the intensity of the characteristic ions of lecithin C5H12N+ and C5H15PNO4+ obtained are shown in red to yellow (low to high intensities). Comparing these images, it can clearly be stated that lecithin is quite homogenously distributed on hair treated with the Plantaquat® NC conditioner. In contrast, only some noise can be seen in images of the other two hair samples. Preparation of test formulation Place hot water (70-75°C) in a vessel. Add Plantaquat® NC in solid form and keep stirring until a temperature of 55°C is reached. Then, add the emollients while stirring, and homogenize with a rotor/stator mixer, e.g. Ultra Turrax, until a homogenous cream has formed. Cool down and add preservative and thermo-sensitive actives at 30-35°C. Finally, adjust pH. Formulations for hair conditioning rinses or hair Figure 10. Fully automated hair combability measurement equipment H&PC Today - household and Personal Care today, Vol. 8(5) September/October 2013 39
  • 5. Add more life to facial care Our sensory polymers provide convenient daily facial care that preserves young, confident looks — and not just for Chinese men. Polymers — another Care Creations product group inspired by life. carecreations.basf.com Finding derived from a representative TNS market survey.
  • 7. Figure 11. Comparison of wet hair combability of Plantaquat® NC and/or plus emollients with market benchmark hair conditioner. HB-DE-11-92-328: 7% Plantaquat® NC + 2% Myritol® 312. HB-DE-11-92-325: 7% Plantaquat® NC + 2% Cetiol® C 5. HB-DE-11-92-323: 7% Plantaquat® NC Figure 12. Comparison of dry hair combability of Plantaquat® NC and/or plus emollients with market benchmark hair conditioner. HB-DE-11-92-328: 7% Plantaquat® NC + 2% Myritol® 312. HB-DE-11-92-325: 7% Plantaquat® NC + 2% Cetiol® C 5. HB-DE-11-92-323: 7% Plantaquat® NC Figure 13. Schematics of Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) masks can be complemented by soothing oils, proteins and further actives. Due to the anionic emulsifier, the addition of cationic ingredients is limited. The final conditioner emulsion has a beige-brownish color – for this formulation to fulfill the requirements of natural cosmetics, a bleaching process therefore was omitted. Conclusions Plantaquat® NC can help manufacturers meet the needs of consumers looking for environmentally compatible personal care solutions that compromise neither on efficacy nor on performance. The conditioner compound perfectly supports manufacturers striving to meet the specific hair care demands generated by the neo-green trend. Comprehensive hair conditioning evaluation showed that Plantaquat® NC offers excellent conditioning, volume and protection against hair breakage on the level of benchmark products. The deposition and distribution of active substances, i.e. lecithin, on treated hair was characterized by ToF-SIMS (Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry) imaging. 42 Figure 14. ToF-SIMS imaging of deposition of lecithin, active of Plantaquat® NC, on hair fiber surface References and Notes 1. 2. 3. 4. Kline & Company, Natural Personal Care - An Overview of the US Market, The Holistic Cosmetic Scientific Symposium, St. Paul, MN, March 15, 2011. Haake, H.-M., Eisfeld, W.; Marten, S.; Seipel, W. J Cosmet Sci. 2009, 60 (2), 143-51. Hloucha, M., Haake, H.M., Pellón, G., Cosm & Toil 124(5) 58-69 (2009). Sodhi, R. N. S. Analyst. 2004,129, 483-487. H&PC Today - household and Personal Care today, Vol. 8(5) September/October 2013