This document contains a table of contents for a Spanish grammar book. It lists and provides brief explanations of various grammar topics including verb tenses and moods (preterite, imperfect, future, conditional), irregular verbs, uses of ser and estar, command forms, subjunctive triggers, and demonstrative adjectives and pronouns. The document provides an outline of the key areas of Spanish grammar that will be covered in the book.

1. grammar book Shakira hale

2. Table of contents Preterite Trigger words Car/gar/zar’s Spock verbs Cucaracha Snake Snakey Imperfect Trigger words Irregulares Preterite vs. imperfect Ser vs. estar Verbs like gustar Comparatives/ superlatives Transition words Future Trigger words Irregulars Por Para Demonstrative adjectives Demonstrative pronouns

3. Table of contents.. continued Conditional irregulars Perfect tenses Present Past Present perfect irregulars Subjunctive perfect Tanto y tan Impersonal se Saber vs. conocer Los mandatos Informal/ formal affirmative Negative Irregular Dop + iop placement Nosotros commands Mono verbs Subjunctive Irregulars Trigger phrases Impersonal expressions Expressions of emotion Conjunctions of time Demonstrative adjectives Demonstrative pronouns

4. Preterite-a completed action in the past (snap shot)

5. Trigger words El dia anterior- the day before Ayer- yesterday La semanapasada- last week El fin de semanapasada- last weekend El mespasado- last month Anoche- last night Ya- already Anteayer- day before yesterday

6. Car/gar/zar’s

7. Spock verbs

8. cucaracha

9. Snake verbs Stem changers in the preterite Only change in the 3rd person - ex. dormirdurmió

10. Snakey verbs Stem changers in the preterite Change only in the 3rd person Y is added - Leer leye

11. imperfect For actions repeated habitually For actions that “set the stage” For another past action For telling time For stating age For mental states For physical states To describe characteristics of people, things, or conditions

12. Trigger words A veces- sometimes Mientras- while Cadadía- everyday A menudo- often Muchas veces- many times Todos los días- everyday Siempre- always Frecuentemente- frequently

13. irregulars

15. E-emotional

16. L-location

17. P-physical appearance

18. I

19. N -ando

21. Comparatives/superlatives Show a relationship between two things. Comparatives use que, superlatives de

22. Transition words Aunque- even though También- also Mientras- while A pesar de- inspite of Por lo tanto- therefore Sin embargo- nevertheless

23. future Used to tell what “will” happen Add endings to infinitive -ex. hablaré

24. Trigger words maÑana En el futuro En el díapróximo En el añopróximo

25. irregulars

26. por Passing through- portal General rather than specific location- portugal How long something lasts- porever The cause of something- porpose An exchange- import/export Doing something in place of someone else A means of transportation

27. para For whom something is done- surprise paraty Destination- paraguay The purpose for which something is done- parachute To express an opinion- paradon (me) To compare/contrast- comparason Idea or deadline- paramedic

28. Demonstrative adjectives Describe a noun Este- this Ese- that Aquel- that one over there

29. Demonstrative pronouns Describe a noun Esto- this matter, this thing Eso- that matter, that thing Aquello- that matter/thing over there

30. conditional Expresses probability, possibility, or conjecture. “would”

31. irregulars Same as future irregulars

32. Perfect tenses Two parts: helping verb + past participle There are three main perfect tenses: present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect. Portray an action or state as completed and not in progress, from a different point of view.

33. Present Present tense of haber w/ past participle “has” or “have” -ex. He comido- I have eaten.

34. past “had” -ex. Habíavivido- I had lived.

35. Present perfect irregulars Hemospuesto- we have put Han escrito- they have written He abierto- I have opened Ha muerto- she has died Han visto- you all have seen Ha dicho- you (formal) have said Has vuelto- you have returned Hemoshecho- we have done

36. Subjunctive perfect Compound tense of the present subjunctive of haber and the past participle of the main verb.

37. Tanto & tan

38. Impersonal se Verbs always 3rd person and followed by a direct object. Se + 3rd person singular -ex. Se hablaespaŇol.

39. Saber vs. conocer

40. Los mandatos Used to directly address someone and give them an order Can be formal or informal Can be nosotros Can be affirmative or negative

41. informal/formal

42. affirmative

43. negative

47. Mono verbs With affirmative nosotros commands, the final “s” is dropped before adding the pronouns –nos or –se -ex. Sentemos + nos = sentémonos But with negative nosotros commands, the pronoun comes before the verb -ex. No nossentemos.

48. subjunctive Used to express everything but certainty and objectivity Start w/ “yo” form of present indicative, drop the –o ending, and addthe following endings For stem-changers, formula applies but no stem change in nosotros. -ex. Piense, pienses, piense, pensemos, piensen For –ir stem changing verbs, the formular applies except nosotros changes to o:U, E:I -ex. Durmamos, sintamos, pidamos

49. irregulars Car, gar, zars Tvdishes -ex. Dar Dé Des Dé Demos den -ex. estar esté Estés esté estemos estén -ex. ir Vaya Vayas Vaya Vayamos vayan -ex. Ser Sea Seas Sea Seamos sean

51. sin que…

52. Negarque…

53. hastaque…

54. En raroque…

55. Es mejorque…

56. Es posibleque…

58. Expressions of emotions

59. Conjuctions of time

60. Demonstrative adjectives Describe a noun Este- this Ese- that Aquel- that one over there

61. Demonstrative pronouns Describe a noun Esto- this matter, this thing Eso- that matter, that thing Aquello- that matter/thing over there