Innovative problem
solving guide
By Sunit Shrestha
& Sailendra Dev Appanah
www.ysei.org

“Imagination is more important than knowledge.
Knowledge is limited. Imagination encircles the world.”
Albert Einstein
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Case of social innovation: Green-revolution
Professor M.S. Swaminathan triggered a green revolution by
introducing higher yielding wheat that allowed India to avoid a
famine 40 years ago. In just a few decades, India has become a
net-exporter of food.
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Case of social innovation: Rural electricity
Fabio Rosa has helped millions of rural Brazilians to have access
to low-cost electricity that is 90% cheaper than the traditional
electricity transmission cost.
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Case of social innovation:
Quality volunteer matching
3 young MBA graduates founded MITRA‟s iVolunteer project acts
as an online brokerage which brings thousands of highly talented
volunteers to bridge the human capacity gap amongst non -profit
organizations in India.
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Case of social innovation:
Meal coupons against poverty.
MealExchange was conceived by a young college student to fight
hunger in Canada. He created a system where unused students‟
meal coupons could be converted into food and groceries for the
underprivileged.
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How to innovatively solve a problem?
Social entrepreneurs make the world a better place with their social innovations or their new way
of solving social problems.
There are three key components in the social enterprise process: innovating solutions, planning
and organizing.
Social enterprise process
Innovating Planning Organizing
Solution
However, innovating solutions, especially in bridging creative ideas into reality, is an irreplaceable
task of social entrepreneurs as other processes such as planning and organizing can be left partly
for managers and team members.
So, generating innovative ideas to solve the problem is your unique task; although there is no one
right way to solve any particular problem. However, there is a more systematic way to think of
how to solve the problem innovatively.
That’s why innovative problem solving is important to you!
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THE PROCESS
Innovative problem solving is a process that is part of innovating solution stage of social enterprising.
The innovative problem solving process has five sub-stages:
framing, diagnosis, generating solutions, making choices and taking action.
Social enterprise process
Innovating Planning Organizing
Solution
Innovating solution: Innovative problem solving process
Generating Making Taking
Framing Diagnosis
solutions choices action
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FRAMING
Framing or defining is all about trying our best to ask the right question in
solving the problem.
In framing, we should answer 3 questions
Can we restate the problem
Did we frame it properly?
What is the problem?
in its most useful way?
Framing help us lock our target problem well with clarity.
Remember,
Voltaire said “Judge a man by his questions
rather than his answers.”
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FRAMING
To answer what is the problem,
we should focus on the 3 generic elements of the any problem.
1 CONTEXT: Background and disruptive events leading to the problem.
3
2
Context
GOAL SITUATION:
INITIAL SITUATION: The desirable
The current condition
Initial Goal results/conditions if
you are not satisfied the problem is solved.
situation Situation
with. Where do you want to
Where you are now?
end up?
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FRAMING
A proper frame can give you a clear sense of purpose.
Problem solving is always about moving from Initial situation to
Goal situation.
Context
Initial Goal
solution
situation Situation
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FRAMING
Example: The fishing village
CONTEXT: Fishing villages of rural India in poverty. They
are using traditional fishery techniques. People die at sea
and get cheated by middle men for centuries.
Initial Goal
situation Situation
No access to accurate Villagers should be able to
information on weather, access the latest and most
sea conditions and food accurate information on
solution
prices results in death weather forecasts, sea
at sea & being cheated conditions and food prices
on sales of fish. so that they can catch
more with safety & sell at
higher price.
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FRAMING
DEVELOPING PROBLEM DEFINITION
Using the context and the difference between Initial situation
and Goal situation, we can define the problem more clearly.
Make sure your problem definition reflects your initial/goal
situation as well as the context.
Problem definition
Context
Initial Goal
solution
situation Situation
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FRAMING
DEVELOPING PROBLEM DEFINITION
Example context
Traditional fishermen in rural India don‟t know when or where to
fish as well as the right price to sell the fish they catch, so they
risk their lives and get cheated by the middlemen. Therefore,
they can‟t fish safely or sell at higher price.
INITIAL
GOAL
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FRAMING
FRAME TESTING & RESTATEMENT
Once we have our problem definition, we ask;
Did we frame it properly?
Which can break down into follow sub-questions…
Is the problem definition….
too broad?
too narrow?
assumption-driven?
solution-driven?
If YES, we ask;
Can we restate the problem in its most useful way?
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FRAMING
FRAME TESTING AND RESTATEMENT
Too broad?
Example
Traditional fishermen in rural India don‟t know when or where to fish as
well as the right price to sell the fish they catch, so they risk their lives and
get cheated by the middlemen. Therefore, they can‟t fish safely or sell at
higher price.
Comment!
This can be a bit too broad as the word „don‟t know‟ can be very broad. For example,
we can narrow down to the problem of access of information rather than the
skills‟ needed to come up with the information by themselves. As both are different
ways to solve the same problem.
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FRAMING
FRAME TESTING AND RESTATEMENT
Restatement example Fixed!
Traditional fishermen in rural India don‟t have access to accurate
information on weather and prices to so they risk their lives and
get cheated by the middlemen. Therefore, they can‟t fish safely
or sell at higher price.
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FRAMING
“The ability to ask the right question is more
than half the battle of finding the answer.”
Thomas J. Watson, founder of IBM
KEY QUESTION MAKING
Once you have the most useful problem statement, you
transform it into key question to be answered to solve the
problem.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
KEY QUESTION
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FRAMING
Key question making.
Example,
PROBLEM STATEMENT:
Traditional fishermen in rural India don‟t have access to accurate
information on weather and prices to so they risk their lives and
get cheated by the middlemen. Therefore, they can‟t fish safely
or sell at higher price.
KEY QUESTION:
How can traditional fishermen in rural India gain access to
accurate information on weather and prices so they can fish
safely and increase their sell price ?
As framing is all about asking the right question, and now
we‟ve got ourselves something that might be the right question.
So, we’ve framed the problem!
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DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosing is about structuring the problem to know its causes
and gains deep understanding to remove them.
Diagnosis process in innovative problem solving includes:
Gathering Bridging Forming
Recognizing issue
Structuring
Relevant multi- competent patterns analysis
dimensionality team
Information
Although these components in diagnosis process need not be in linear order.
However, it is recommended to walk-through these components
consecutively as it is more logical to do so although you can jump back and
forth depending on your unique situation.
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DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis process:
Gathering Bridging Forming
Recognizing issue
Structuring
Relevant multi- competent
patterns analysis
dimensionality team
Inf ormation
GATHERING RELEVENT INFORMATION
What information do we need to solve the problem?
We should gather information related to the problem such as facts, perceptions, opinions, feelings and analysis.
Many times it is very important to know where to get specific pieces of information as different type of information are
from different sources. Analysis & news can be searched from the Internet but deep insight on particular issue might
be better sought from expert directly.
There are two things to keep in mind:
A) Don’t waste time finding information you don’t really need.
Ask “Do we have just about enough information to start solving the problem?”
B) Information alone is not enough to innovatively solve the problem.
This is very true as „innovation = new‟ and we are not looking for routine solution,
therefore, existing information and knowledge only provide ground work for us to innovate.
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DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis process:
Gathering Bridging Forming
Recognizing issue
Structuring
Relevant multi- competent
patterns analysis
dimensionality team
Inf ormation
BRIDGING MULTI-
DIMENSIONALITY
It is proven again and again that innovations, whether in science, nature, business or
social sector, are driven by multi-dimensionality which is the ability to explore different
sides of things as well as the intersection of diverse ideas, perceptions, incentives and
world-views. It is in this chaotic potential that novelty emerges.
We can start by asking three basic key questions;
What are the different sides/faces to the problem?
Who are the stakeholders involved and what are their perspectives to this
problem?
Do you need to redefine your problem based on multi -dimensionality?
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DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis process:
Gathering Bridging Forming
Recognizing issue
Structuring
Relevant multi- competent
patterns analysis
dimensionality team
Inf ormation
What are different sides to the problem?
We need to look at the different sides of the problem to extend our limited perspective on it. Multi -dimensionality helps us to
get ideas, innovations or models from diverse fields and cultures to perform a diagnosis and generate possible solutions.
There are almost infinite sides to a single problem, of which only very few are useful angles to look at.
Jay Walker, one of the most famous contemporary inventors, said “If you can’t find at least six sides to a problem, you’re
not looking hard enough.” We can look at different approaches to think about the problem,
We should be able to choose a few sides that are
Macro Other
useful to solve the problem. The key is to be able
view views
recognize and gather totally random knowledge (it
Gender
Owner‟s could be either from rock music, insect behavior, rocket
Artist view
view science or business practices) to purposefully combine
view Religious
them into innovative solutions. The intersection of
User‟s view
Management various disciplines, view-points, expertise and passion
View Marxian Scientist
view systems
view is among the root causes for innovation.
view
view
Capitalism
view Psychological
Complexity
view
view
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DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis process:
Gathering Bridging Forming
Recognizing issue
Structuring
Relevant multi- competent
patterns analysis
dimensionality team
Inf ormation
Who are the stakeholders involved and what are their perspectives to this problem?
Getting to know the people involved with the problem can enhance our ability to understand the context and relationships
that cause the problem. We need to know exactly who is related to the problem, both directly and indirectly. We must know
their perspectives, incentives, profit/loss, and conflicts of interests to the problem.
For example
Pollution caused by
Criminal activity is a
automobiles is
terrible problem that
among the top
society faces, but the
contributors of global
insurance industry
warming, yet the
benefits from it.
petroleum industry
reaps huge profits.
It is impossible to solve these types of problems
without understanding the stakeholders well !
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DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis process:
Gathering Bridging Forming
Recognizing issue
Structuring
Relevant multi- competent
patterns analysis
dimensionality team
Inf ormation
Do you need to redefine your problem based on multi-dimensionality?
Based on the inclusion of dimensionality into the understanding of a problem, it might make sense to redefine the problem
and go back to ask the previous question:
Can we restate the problem in its most useful way?
For example
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DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis process:
Gathering Bridging Forming
Recognizing issue
Structuring
Relevant multi- competent
patterns analysis
dimensionality team
Inf ormation
FORMING
COMPETENT TEAM
As we mentioned before, innovation comes from the intersection
of diversity, therefore, bringing in people from different fields to
cross the traditional boundaries of the problem is very important.
Forming of competent team of passionate diverse individuals is
critical for innovatively solving the well-defined problem.
In this process we need to ask two main questions:
Who can really contribute to solving the problem
innovatively?
Who among them should become part of the core group,
mentors or advisors?
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DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis process:
Gathering Bridging Forming
Recognizing issue
Structuring
Relevant multi- competent
patterns analysis
dimensionality team
Inf ormation
Who can really contribute in solving the problem
innovatively?
In finding who can really contribute, we must try to identify the
knowledge, skills and networks required to solve the particular
problem.
We might not know exactly who, but we should know people
from which discipline, organization or group is needed. We know
this from our multi-dimensionality workout, especially in terms of
useful perspectives/dimensions.
Then we can follow-up and identify the people later.
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DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis process:
Gathering Bridging Forming
Recognizing issue
Structuring
Relevant multi- competent
patterns analysis
dimensionality team
Inf ormation
Who among them should be part of the core group,
mentor or advisor?
mentor
Core-group
Once the individuals have been identified, we should plan the
type of roles that these people could play within the group.
Should the person should be in the core group, advisory group,
become a mentor or a distant source depending on the
requirement of knowledge, skills and time availability as well as
the interest of that particular person in solving the problem.
Confusing or inappropriate roles can result in a total failure in the
problem solving process.
advisor
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DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis process:
Gathering Bridging Forming
Recognizing issue
Structuring
Relevant multi- competent
patterns analysis
dimensionality team
Inf ormation
STRUCTURING
How do you structure this problem?
Structuring is all about bringing order out of chaos. It
helps us visualize the systems that deliver the problem
situation. In order to deal with huge amounts of data,
information and knowledge, we must impose logical order
to these seemingly chaotic elements of the problem to
make some sense of them.
There is a very useful structuring technique that is widely
used, especially among consulting firms where problem
solving is a profession for them.
The technique involves developing a logical pyramid or in
simpler words: grouping your points/issues/ideas into a
pyramid-like structure.
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DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis process:
Gathering Bridging Forming
Recognizing issue
Structuring
Relevant multi- competent
patterns analysis
dimensionality team
Inf ormation
GROUPING FOR PYRAMID!
There are 3 possible ways to logically structure any system of a problems;
> Determine the causes of an effect.
> Classify similar things.
> Divide a whole into its parts.
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DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis process:
Gathering Bridging Forming
Recognizing issue
Structuring
Relevant multi- competent
patterns analysis
dimensionality team
Inf ormation
GROUPING!
Determine the causes of an effect / TIME-ORDER .
Death at sea &
Effect
Being cheated
Cause 1 Cause 2 Cause 3
Economic
No price No weather necessity of
information information fishermen
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DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis process:
Gathering Bridging Forming
Recognizing issue
Structuring
Relevant multi- competent
patterns analysis
dimensionality team
Inf ormation
GROUPING!
Classifying similar things / CATEGORY ORDER
Fishermen village‟s
All problems problems
The rest of the
Problems relates to
Problems Problems Other problems
access to accurate
category 1 category n problems (tradition,
information
capacity, etc..)
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DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis process:
Gathering Bridging Forming
Recognizing issue
Structuring
Relevant multi- competent
patterns analysis
dimensionality team
Inf ormation
GROUPING!
Systems
Divide a whole into its parts
/ STRUCTURAL ORDER
Sub-system1 Sub-system 2 Sub-system 3
Weather information
systems
Free Internet Traditional
Geographic inf ormation
National authority
system –GIS
GIS images techniques
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DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis process:
Gathering Bridging Forming
Recognizing issue
Structuring
Relevant multi- competent
patterns analysis
dimensionality team
Inf ormation
RULES IN STRUCTURING A PYRAMID
There are three basic rules in building the pyramid
• Ideas at any level must be summaries of those grouped below.
• Ideas in each grouping must be the same kind.
• Ideas in each grouping must be logically structured.
• Ideas at each level must be Mutually Exclusive and Collectively Exhaustive (MECE)
IF NOT,
you will end up with a bigger mess than you start out trying to make some
sense out of the problem!
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DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis process:
Gathering Bridging Forming
Recognizing issue
Structuring
Relevant multi- competent
patterns analysis
dimensionality team
Inf ormation
Pyramid helps bring insights
When you‟ve structured the problems in pyramid format from various dimensions. You practically have
forced yourself to think very logically about different elements of the problems using visual technique.
You always end up with better understanding on the problem, you‟ve gained insights.
EXAMPLE,
Some key insights from the fishermen village problem.
- We can try to deal with price and weather information in our attempt to solve the problem rather than
changing the traditional job of the village.
- Access to information seems to be a good category of problem‟ elements to work on compare to the
rest of element categories.
- Source on weather information that might be the most accurate and useful to the community might
be the from the Internet GIS images.
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DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis process:
Gathering Bridging Forming
Recognizing issue
Structuring
Relevant multi- competent
patterns analysis
dimensionality team
Inf ormation
RECOGNIZING PATTERNS
Once you have a fairly clear idea of how to structure the problem. It is very useful
to try to fit the problem into familiar patterns or boxes of known problems.
You see, although each problem is unique, there is a similarity to other
known problems. The advantage of recognizing patterns is that there might
already be some people who are dealing with or have dealt with a very similar
problem and its analysis or solution might be applicable to our problem.
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DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis process:
Gathering Bridging Forming
Recognizing issue
Structuring
Relevant multi- competent
patterns analysis
dimensionality team
Inf ormation
New problem
RECOGNIZING PATTERNS
(Cont.)
The recognition of patterns is the corner stone of inventiveness. It is
true that innovators think outside the box, but before they do that, they tend
to think inside the box first.
The patterns or boxes are like a stock of known analyses or solutions
which innovators can draw upon to address problems.
The trick is to spot something that already works, learn why it works
and then reapply or complete the model to our problem situation.
Pattern is all about finding the similarity of what is known that can be
applied to the unknown to solve the problem.
Universe of known problems/solutions
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DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis process:
Gathering Bridging Forming
Recognizing issue
Structuring
Relevant multi- competent
patterns analysis
dimensionality team
Inf ormation
Application of boxes to new problem.
PROBLEM BOXES
The application of known boxes to solving problems involve:
1. Complete application of a particular box to the problem; it might be
a routine problem or a problem that can be restated as a variation of other
known problems.
2. Extend the known model to solve the new problem; it is the problem
that has part of its elements that can fit a known pattern, thus, providing a
basis to solve the problem.
3. Combination of many boxes, many problems are a combination of
many known patterns. Thus one must apply many boxes to solve the
problem which either can be applied completely or require an extension.
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DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis process:
Gathering Bridging Forming
Recognizing issue
Structuring
Relevant multi- competent
patterns analysis
dimensionality team
Inf ormation
Application of boxes to new problem.
PROBLEM BOXES
Example
1. Complete application of a particular box to the problem;
MICROCREDIT – access to cheap credit f or poor f amilies by making community groups
accountable f or def ault on loans. Popularized by Grameen Bank and spread through out
the world where rural credit is a problem.
2. Extend the known model to solve the new problem;
Vera Cordeiro’s Renascer – solves chronic diseases and repeated visits to the hospital
f rom slum children by helping their mothers with f ood, medicine, counseling, housing
repair, job training and other types of assistance. Although she is using conventional
medical method but the service is extended with social dimensions so that it is more
ef f ective in solving the problem.
3. Combination of many boxes,
Rural fishermen knowledge (ICT) center – MSSRF in India use digital satellite GIS image,
trained local interpreter and community loud-speaker to provide the villagers with accurate
weather information and forecast to reduce death at sea and increase their productivity.
Therefore, they combine known boxes of GIS systems and traditional village communication
resulting in unique social innovation.
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DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis process:
Gathering Bridging Forming
Recognizing issue
Structuring
Relevant multi- competent
patterns analysis
dimensionality team
Inf ormation
Issue analysis
Hypothesis
Once you‟ve identified some boxes of known problems/solutions
related to what your problems‟ structure and elements. You might
already have a better idea how to analyze the problem further in
order to find a way to solve your problem. Whether you‟ve
precisely or intuitively identify how to solve your problem, issue
Issue 1 Issue 2 Issue (n) analysis will be very useful.
Issue analysis is a process of identifying major issues that are the
causes of the problem. It is the ultimate version of structuring. It
helps narrow and pinpoint the real causes of the problem as well as
helping you to make a creative leap in solving it.
Sub- Sub-
The issue analysis process involves:
Issue a Issue b
• Structuring the problem and developing logical pyramid
• Hypothesizing and issue pyramid
• Hypothesis testing
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DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis process:
Gathering Bridging Forming
Recognizing issue
Structuring
Relevant multi- competent
patterns analysis
dimensionality team
Inf ormation
Issue analysis
Problem (effect)
Structuring the problem and develop logical pyramid
Structuring process is identical to that discussed previously. It
basically imposes logical order to the elements of the problems.
Cause 2
Cause 1 Cause (n) Again, there are three type of logical ordering, time-order,
category-order and structural order. We must choose the most
appropriate order to solve the problem.
Sub- Sub- In problem solving, the most useful order is the time-order
cause a cause b (causes and effect) as we are trying to understand the causes in
order to remove them. Other orders are good as tools for
thinking in arriving at the right time-order logical pyramid.
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DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis process:
Gathering Bridging Forming
Recognizing issue
Structuring
Relevant multi- competent
patterns analysis
dimensionality team
Inf ormation
Issue analysis
Example:
Rural fishing village experiences death at sea
and being cheated by the middlemen THE FISHING VILLAGE PROBLEM’S
LOGICAL PYRAMID
They need to continue their risky and worst-off day-to-day
They lack Information access to
work in order to continuously feed their poor family
relevant and accurate information
They lack price
They lack weather They follows They are too poor They can‟t easily
information which
which put them in traditional job of to take risk of
leads to getting switch to other
danger at sea. their village due having no family occupations.
cheated by the
to social value. income & food.
middlemen
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DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis process:
Gathering Bridging Forming
Recognizing issue
Structuring
Relevant multi- competent
patterns analysis
dimensionality team
Inf ormation
Issue analysis
Problem (effect)
Hypothesizing and issue pyramid
Once the basic structure of the problem is visible, we must
hypothesize the major causes of the problem based on our
earlier structure.
Cause 2 Cause (n)
Cause 1
We can even choose some particular main causes of the
problem from the logical pyramid that seems to be the most
useful in solving the problem.
Sub- Sub-
Issue a Issue b The general format of a hypothesis or argument is as follows;
The major causes of problem x ( moving from INITIAL to GOAL ) are
CAUSE1, CAUSE2 and CAUSE3, (cause_n)
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DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis process:
Gathering Bridging Forming
Recognizing issue
Structuring
Relevant multi- competent
patterns analysis
dimensionality team
Inf ormation
Issue analysis
Hypothesizing and issue pyramid (Continue)
Hypothesis Then we structure the problem into the issue pyramid based on the importance
of major causes with respect to how you plan to solve it. Where a logical
pyramid is simply a structured grouping of problem‟s elements, issue pyramid is
the series of questions or issues that must be addressed to prove or disprove a
hypothesis about the root causes of the problem.
At the top level is the hypothesis of what are the most important causes of the
Issue 1 Issue 2 Issue (n) problem that if removed, the problem is solved.
The upper level represents causes or issues that can be proven as true or f alse
once we test them against the data. (That is, we can convert these issues into
clear-cut yes or no questions.)
The statements or arguments in the lower level of the pyramid provide support
f or the upper level. Each level of the pyramid must provide strong reasoning so
Sub- Sub- that each cause is truly a major cause of the problem.
Issue a Issue b
The supportive reasoning is done either through deductive or inductive
reasoning, although inductive reasoning is recommended as it is easier to
establish a relationship.
(link to more on deduction/induction)
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DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis process:
Gathering Bridging Forming
Recognizing issue
Structuring
Relevant multi- competent
patterns analysis
dimensionality team
Inf ormation
Issue analysis
Example:
Rural fishing village experiences death at sea
and being cheated by the middlemen THE FISHING VILLAGE PROBLEM’S
LOGICAL PYRAMID
They need to continue their risky and worst-off day-to-day
They lack Information access to
work in order to continuously feed their poor family
relevant and accurate information
TIPS: In choosing where to begin making the hypothesis about the
They lack price
They lack weather root causes of the problem. We can try to find some causes that if
information which
which put them in removed, are sufficient to solve the problem (i.e. find sufficient
leads to getting
danger at sea. condition that kills the problem).
cheated by the
middlemen In this case, lack of information access can be sufficient condition
that if removed, can already solve the problem. So we can only work
with this issue to solve the problem already.
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DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis process:
Gathering Bridging Forming
Recognizing issue
Structuring
Relevant multi- competent
patterns analysis
dimensionality team
Inf ormation
Issue HYPOTHESIS: Rural fishermen lack Information access to
relevant and accurate information so they die at sea and
analysis get cheated by the middlemen
Example:
ISSUE: They lack weather ISSUE: They lack price & market
THE FISHING VILLAGE information which put them information which leads to
PROBLEM’S in danger at sea. getting cheated by the middlemen
ISSUE PYRAMID
SUB-ISSUE:
SUB-ISSUE: SUB-ISSUE: SUB-ISSUE:
They lack
They can‟t find They can‟t find They lack
knowledge to
accessible, accessible, knowledge to
read and
timely and timely and communicate
communicate
accurate accurate the prices &
the weather
information information market information
forecast
source. source to their peers.
(especially GIS).
www.ysei.org

DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis process:
Gathering Bridging Forming
Recognizing issue
Structuring
Relevant multi- competent
patterns analysis
dimensionality team
Inf ormation
Issue analysis
HYPOTHESIS: Can we reduce rural fishermen‟s death at sea and
CONVERT TO QUESTION
cheating by middlemen with access to relevant and accurate information?
FORMAT OF ISSUE PYRAMID
ISSUE: Can the weather ISSUE: Can the price & market
information reduce their information reduce their chance of
yes/no questions danger at sea? getting cheated by the middlemen?
Example:
THE FISHING VILLAGE
PROBLEM’S SUB-ISSUE:
SUB-ISSUE: SUB-ISSUE: SUB-ISSUE:
ISSUE PYRAMID Is there a
Is there an Is there an Is there a
knowledge to
accessible, accessible, knowledge to
read and
timely and timely and communicate
communicate
accurate accurate the prices &
Support
the weather
information information market information
inf ormation /
forecast for them?
reasoning source for them? source for them? to their peers?
(especially GIS).
www.ysei.org

DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis process:
Gathering Bridging Forming
Recognizing issue
Structuring
Relevant multi- competent
patterns analysis
dimensionality team
Inf ormation
Issue analysis
TESTED!
Hypothesis Hypothesis testing
Once the hypothesis pyramid in setup, we can now test our
True reasoning by gathering more relevant data or information to prove
induction each of the issue and its supportive statements in that particular
level of the pyramid.
At the end of the testing, we must be able to prove our hypothesis
Issue 1 Issue 2 Issue (n) as a sound argument (i.e. with logical strength and true supportive
TRUE FALSE
TRUE statement/premises).
Once the testing is done, it might be useful to restate the
hypothesis/argument so that it fits more with reality. It is important
to note that most of the real world problems are not black or white.
Sub- Sub-
Issue a Issue b Thus, issue analysis simply provides stronger logical setup for our
problem analysis to pinpoint the major causes of the problem that
TRUE TRUE
effectively give us a better chance to come-up with proper
solutions.
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DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis process:
Gathering Bridging Forming
Recognizing issue
Structuring
Relevant multi- competent
patterns analysis
dimensionality team
Inf ormation
Issue analysis
HYPOTHESIS: Can we reduce rural fishermen‟s death at sea and
cheating by middlemen with access to relevant and accurate information?
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
YES
NOTE: In many case, especially in using
inductive reasoning, not all issues/sub-
ISSUE: Can the weather ISSUE: Can the price & market
issues have to be true to make the
information reduce their information reduce their chance of
hypothesis true as it might only need one
danger at sea? YES getting cheated by the middlemen? YES
suf f icient issue to make it true!
Example:
THE FISHING VILLAGE
PROBLEM’S
SUB-ISSUE: SUB-ISSUE:
ISSUE PYRAMID TEST SUB-ISSUE:
SUB-ISSUE: Is there an Is there a
Is there a
Is there an accessible, knowledge to
knowledge to
accessible, timely and communicate
TESTING PROCESS:
read and
timely and accurate the prices &
You always have to begin testing f rom
accurate communicate
down to up, your task is to f ind the information market information
the weather
information
answer all these key issues/sub-issues source for them? to their peers?
whether they‟re true or credible. forecast for them?
source for them? YES YES
YES (especially GIS).
YES
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DIAGNOSIS
Summarizing diagnosis process
In summary, the DIAGNOSIS process consists of ……………..
gathering related information,
understanding the multi-dimensionality
(different sides) of the problem,
forming a competent team of individuals from
diverse areas/disciplines to contribute to the
innovative problem solving process,
structuring the problem through imposing a logical order to elements of the problem,
recognizing patterns or boxes of known
problems/analyses/solutions
to reapply to our particular problem.
Performing issue analysis allows innovative solutions to remove
the pinpointed root causes of the problem.
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GENERATING SOLUTIONS
Generating solutions process is all about finding various
ways to remove the causes of the problem, thus,
effectively solving it.
The earlier processes of innovative problem solving, whether
framing or diagnosis, are just preparations for the stage of
generating solutions to the original problem.
It is at this process where the intuition is the most crucial. We
might have creative leap in seeing solution without going
through all the earlier processes.
The process consists of answering the following questions;
• Is the problem a routine/standard, unique or the combination of
both?
• Can we solve it intuitively right away? (top -down)
• Can we solve parts of the problem and aggregate them?
(bottom-up)
• What are the solutions?
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GENERATING SOLUTIONS
Is the problem a routine/standard, unique or combination of both?
By answer whether the problem is a routine/standard, unique or the combination of both, it is very usef ul in f inding where th e
solutions would come f rom.
If the problem is a routine/standard type, we can identify the boxes of known problems and apply its solutions to
our problem directly. The generation of solutions f or this type would concentrate on f inding existing knowledge-base
on how to solve a problem. It is more important to know where to f ind the relevant knowledge-base than to come up
with your original solution which might very well run the risk of reinvent the wheel.
If the problem is indeed a unique type , it is more important to focus on how to creatively solve the problem in an
original way. The f ocus would shif t to creative techniques such as brain-storming, visualization, backward induction,
lateral thinking. The preparation works such as f raming, problems structure, issue analysis are important ingredients
to make creative leap in solving problem. It is crucial that one must not kill the possible solutions f rom birth, i.e. in
throwing ideas to the table on how to solve the problem, one must delay the evaluation of particular idea until each
idea is develop into a well-thought-of solution or its element.
If the problem is a combination of both, it is important to identif y which part of the problem is routine/standard
and which is not. Those that are routine can be solved using a boxes technique and those that are unique elements
must be solved creativelyใ
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GENERATING SOLUTIONS
Can we solve it intuitively right away? (top-down)
Once you identif y the problem type, you can now use various outputs f rom your f raming
and diagnosis process to assist you in arriving at the solution. If some case, especially
when the problem is not complex or your intuition perf orm miracle, you can solve it right
away once you know the real causes to the problem.
If you answer yes to the top-down question. That would mean you intuitively grasp the
solution to the problem as a whole. Most of the time, it‟s because you could see the
pattern that the problem is a generic one that can apply other known generic solutions to
it. You might also f ind proper analogy that transf orm solution f rom one area to your target
problem‟s area. You could easily search the boxes f or solutions.
On a rare occasion, your intuition work out magic. You might very well develop original
solution to the problem intuitively. The remaining work is to provide details in solving
various parts of the problem. Theref ore, it is called top -down approach.
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GENERATING SOLUTIONS
macroSOLUTION
Can we solve parts of the problem and aggregate them?
(bottom-up)
Most of the cases, especially in complex problems, it is dif ficult to solve the
overall problem right away. The advantage of painf ul problem structuring and
issue pyramid is that they provide a very clear pyramid structure to the problem.
Theref ore, as we break the problem down to sub-issues/problems, it is
easier for us to solve smaller problems and slowly aggregate them into the
original problem. We use the same technique in solving smaller problems, i.e.
see which is routine and which is unique and solve them accordingly.
It is very crucial to check whether the smaller solutions integrate back to
ef f ectively solve the original problem as many times it doesn‟t quite sum up or
there can be unnecessary repetition in the set of solutions.
microSOLUTIONS
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GENERATING SOLUTIONS
c
d
A set of solutions
What are the solutions?
b
Once we have some ideas of alternative solutions to the
problem. We must develop them in such a way that they
become clearer both in term of concept and the
A process.
Each solution should contain a clear process or steps in
solving the problem, the resources required, assumptions
and the output/outcome of the solution as well as other
unique aspects of the solutions such as the degree of
acceptability by the stakeholders and the practicality of the
Developed
solutions.
“Solution A”
process resources assumptions
output/outcome acceptability
other aspects…
practicality
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MAKING CHOICES
Learning how to make the right choices is all about selecting the proper solution
to solve the problem. It consists of f inding the best-fitting solution f or solving the
problem. In doing so, we must compare each solution against the other. Then, we can
select the one that yields the best combination of benef its and risks.
Former CIA analyst, Morgan D. Jones has developed a choice-making technique that has
been proven to be very usef ul in making the best choices between various alternatives.
The technique is called “Pros-Cons-Fixes (PCF)”.
PCF‟s advantage over other Pros-Cons analysis is that it f ocuses on eliminating
unnecessary & biased negativity in human reasoning.
The PCF process consists of the f ollowing steps:
• List all the Pros.
• List all the Cons.
• Review and consolidate the Cons f or merging and elimination.
• Neutralize as many Cons as possible.
• Compare the Pros and unalterable Cons against all options, pick one option at
a time.
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MAKING CHOICES
1 2
1. List all the Pros
First, we try to list the Pros of a particular solution in
as many varied dimensions as possible: benefits,
PROs Cons advantages, merit, strength, practicality, acceptability,
cost-effectiveness, innovativeness, scalability,
sustainability, etc.
2. List all the Cons
pros1
We then list all the Cons in as many varied
cons1
dimensions as possible, especially in terms of risk,
pros2 danger, disadvantage, weakness, threat,
cons2
unacceptability, cost, etc.
pros3
cons3 3. Review and consolidate the Cons for merging
3
and elimination
Consolidate We try to rethink about the Cons; try to group and
cons4
the cons
consolidate them, find their common attributes and
eliminate those that are not relevant.
cons5
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MAKING CHOICES
PROs Cons 4. Neutralize as many Cons as possible
Frequently, the reason many Cons arise is because the solutions
remain simply too new and have never really been thought-through
bef ore. Theref ore, spotting the Cons in each solution can actually
help modif y and improve that particular solution.
Fixable by doing “X”
pros1
cons1 By neutralizing as many Cons as possible, we are able to think of
what can be done or what measure can be taken, to either convert
pros2 each Con into a Pro or to neutralize the various Cons.
cons2
Next to the Cons that are f ixable, we should write down the types of
Fixable by
pros3
preventing “Y” ways we would like f ix them. The Cons that can be f ixed do not truly
cons3
represent Cons f or a new solution as they can already be prevented.
We would be lef t with the Cons that are unf ixable or unalterable,
Cons4,5 which truly represent the Cons of that particular solution.
consolidated
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MAKING CHOICES
Solution C
PROs Cons
High risk priority!
pros1 Compare the Pros and unalterable Cons against all
cons1
options; pick one option at a time
pros2
cons2
Solution B
pros3
Beneficial Once the Pros and unalterable Cons f or all options are visible, we
priority should compare them against one another and pick the one that best
Cons4,5 f its our pref erence the most. Even with the clearest outline for all the
PROs Cons solutions in terms of Pros and Cons in various dimensions, it is not
going to be easy to compare them.
pros1 We should instead prioritize which Pros or Cons by attaching
higher or lower weights depending on their importance in our
pros2 decision making process. Generally, benefits and risks are key
cons2
determinants.
pros3
PROs Cons However, if we are looking f or new ways of solving problems, we
might have to give innovativeness a higher priority over other pros.
Key beneficial priority
If we are looking f or unique solutions, we might instead be willing to
pros1 take on unacceptability so that the solution that we are lef t with is so
pros2 new that it might break status quo.
cons2
pros3
BEST CHOICE!
Solution A:
Cons3
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TAKING ACTION
Taking action is all about transforming your innovation solution
into reality. It is about realising your creative solution. For young
social entrepreneurs, this would mean turning the solution into a
clear plan and organizing f or lasting change.
It is this process where real changes are made and the world could
be transf ormed by the solution/social innovation. This concludes our
process of innovative problem solving or innovating solutions.
We are now ready to continue to the next process of …
• Planning
• Organizing
Continue to “Social Enterprise Plan” guide
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