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Introduction to Psychology,[object Object],Chapter 1: ,[object Object],Introduction to Psychology,[object Object]
Frequently Asked Questions,[object Object],What is the purpose of these handouts?,[object Object],To structure your reading and help you take notes. For most students, the handouts are very useful when studying for exams,[object Object],What do the page numbers on the lower right-hand corner of each slide indicate?,[object Object],The page numbers in the Feist and Rosenberg textbook that correspond to the notes on the handout. Students should absolutely read those pages. Other pages in the textbook are optional,[object Object]
Frequently Asked Questions(cont.),[object Object],Which pages of the textbook should I read?,[object Object],ALL pages that appear on the PowerPoint handouts. Other pages are optional,[object Object],What will be on the exams?,[object Object],All objectives are “fair game” for the exams. Exam questions also come from any videos or activities for that unit ,[object Object]
Frequently Asked Questions(cont.),[object Object],How should I use the audio lectures?,[object Object],Print the study guide for each chapter,[object Object],Read the chapter, taking notes on the study guide,[object Object],THEN, listen to the audio lecture as a review, filling in notes as needed,[object Object]
Overview,[object Object],Psychology is the scientific study of _________________ and ________________,[object Object],Psychology has many subspecialties, and psychologists work in both _______________ and ________________ settings,[object Object],The history of psychology has two parts: clinical _______________ and ___________________,[object Object],Entire chapter,[object Object]
Overview(cont.),[object Object],To understand how psychologists think, we need to examine the ________________/ ________________debate, the concept of mind/body ________________, and the processes of evolution and natural selection,[object Object]
Overview(cont.),[object Object],Your textbook authors (________________ and __________________) have emphasized connections between,[object Object],Nature and nurture,[object Object],Psychologists and scientific discoveries,[object Object],Topics across psychology,[object Object],Psychology and the “real world”,[object Object],Topics within each chapter,[object Object]
Objective 1,[object Object],Define psychology,[object Object],Psychology is the _________________ study of ________________ and ________________,[object Object],What does it mean to say that psychology is scientific?,[object Object],Another term for thought is mental processes, and includes emotion, language, consciousness, etc.,[object Object],p. 4-7,[object Object]
Objective 1(cont.),[object Object],Psychology is both a clinical practice and a science, meaning that psychologists help people improve their lives or functioning, AND conduct research in order to learn more about why we do the things we do,[object Object]
Objective 2,[object Object],Identify and describe common subdisciplines in psychology ,[object Object],The largest subfield (based on number of degrees awarded) is __________________, which focuses on…,[object Object],p. 8-11,[object Object]
Objective 2(cont.),[object Object],Other common subfields include (describe each),[object Object],Cognitive,[object Object],Developmental,[object Object],Behavioral neuroscience,[object Object],Social,[object Object],Health,[object Object],Industrial/organizational,[object Object]
Objective 3,[object Object],Describe the history of the clinical practice of psychology,[object Object],For how long have humans been suffering from, and attempting to treat, psychological disorders?,[object Object],Across human history, the pendulum has swung from considering psychological problems as being due to supernatural, or natural, causes,[object Object],Prehistoric times – trephination,[object Object],Ancient times – saw connections between mind and body,[object Object],p. 12-14,[object Object]
Objective 3(cont.),[object Object],Medieval to early modern times – attributed disorders to supernatural causes. Treatment ranged from brutal to humane,[object Object],Modern times – mental illnesses are disorders of the brain and are similar to any other illnesses,[object Object],By 1950s, we had the three main tools now used to help people with mental illness,[object Object]
Objective 4,[object Object],Describe the early history of the science of psychology (4th century BCE to late 1800s),[object Object],Originated from philosophy (asking questions such as, “What is the nature of knowledge?”) and became a science when it started to…,[object Object],The field grew in German universities, along with physiology, chemistry, and medicine,[object Object],In 1879, _____________ ____________ opened the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany,[object Object],p. 16-18,[object Object]
Objective 4(cont.),[object Object],An important early psychologist was G. _______________ ________________ ,[object Object],Opened the first psychology lab in the U.S.,[object Object],Founded the American Psychological Association,[object Object],History of psychology is mostly white and male, with a few exceptions,[object Object],First African American psychologist was _____________ ____________ ______________, who conducted research on equality and justice,[object Object],First female president of APA was _______________ ______________ ________________,[object Object]
Objective 4(cont.),[object Object],Two approaches in early psychology,[object Object],Edward Titchener believed that psychologists needed to study the elements of experience (also known as the parts or structures of the mind). This approach came to be known as __________________________,[object Object],William James and others believed that the functions of the mind, and their adaptive purpose, were more important. This approach was called ___________________________,[object Object],Eventually the focus of psychology turned to ____________________, and now, to behavior and mental processes,[object Object]
Objective 5,[object Object],Describe the major schools of psychology popular in the 20th and 21st centuries (1900s-today),[object Object],Behaviorism,[object Object],Approach is to forget about the mind and focus only on behavior, or what we can see,[object Object],Well-known advocates are John _________________ and B. F. ____________________,[object Object],p. 19-22,[object Object]
Objective 5(cont.),[object Object],Humanistic and positive psychology,[object Object],Focus on personal growth; proponents include Abraham ___________________ and Carl ___________________,[object Object],Cognitivism,[object Object],Mental processes (such as…) became interesting to psychologists again in the 1950s and 1960s, and remain so today,[object Object],Evolutionary psychology and behavioral neuroscience,[object Object],Lots of focus today on the role of natural selection and the brain in shaping/producing our thoughts and behavior,[object Object]
Objective 6,[object Object],Summarize the three “ways of thinking” that help us to understand the approach of psychologists,[object Object],Nature-nurture debate,[object Object],“Nature” refers to ___________________; “nurture” refers to everything else, also known as _______________________,[object Object],Really not a debate any longer; both matter, all the time,[object Object],p. 23-28,[object Object]
Objective 6(cont.),[object Object],We can say that something is influenced more by genetics than by environment when it is universal (seen in all cultures) and seen in non-human species (example = attachment. Human infants all around the world bond with their main caregiver. So do non-human primates, such as chimpanzees and rhesus monkeys),[object Object]
Objective 6(cont.),[object Object],Mind-body dualism,[object Object],This idea originated with the French philosopher and mathematician _______________________, and held that mind and body are separate,[object Object],Mind-body dualism is primarily a Western idea, and is incorrect (it matters because it’s been a problem for psychology). Mind and body (including brain) are one,[object Object]
Objective 6(cont.),[object Object],Evolution of behavior,[object Object],Darwin’s “big idea” was that changes in species over time were due to ___________________ ______________________, or a process by which traits that help an organism to reproduce are passed on to offspring,[object Object]
Objective 6(cont.),[object Object],Applications of natural selection to human thought and behavior,[object Object],We like fatty foods (may have helped our ancestors survive during periods of famine),[object Object],We like babies (pushing adults to care for children until they are old enough to care for themselves and to reproduce),[object Object],Men and women tend to differ in sexual feelings and behavior (the idea is that men’s best strategy to get their genes passed on - mate widely - would be different from women’s best strategy - mate with one guy and get him to stick around),[object Object]
Objective 7,[object Object],How might psychologists in various subfields approach the growth of electronic social interactions?,[object Object],What does each of these folks study in general, and what questions might they ask about online interactions?,[object Object],Cognitive psychologist,[object Object],Developmental psychologist,[object Object],Clinical psychologist,[object Object],p. 29-31,[object Object]
Conclusion,[object Object],Psychology is a science,[object Object],Psychology has two historical paths; as a clinical practice and as a science. Which path has a shorter history/is more recent?,[object Object], Modern-day psychology emphasizes the brain and nervous system and the role of genes, environment, and natural selection in shaping  our thought and behavior,[object Object]
Useful Websites,[object Object],History of Psychology,[object Object],http://www.learner.org/discoveringpsychology/history/history_nonflash.html,[object Object],Textbook Website (free resources for students using our textbook),[object Object],http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0073531839/student_view0/,[object Object]

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Editor's Notes

  1. Thought and behaviorApplied and researchPractice and science (practice refers to helping people with psychological problems; science refers to using a particular method for answering questions about thought and behavior)
  2. Nature/nurtureDualism
  3. Show textbook, and introduce authorsFeist and RosenbergBOTH matter, all the timeAlmost everything we know about psychology was discovered by someone through researchThe topics may seem disjointed, but there are themes running through all topicsAlmost everything we learn in psychology is relevant to our everyday livesEach chapter has a theme, with underlying processes being relevant all through it
  4. Scientific study of thought and behaviorPsychologists use a particular approach (a scientific approach) to answer their questions
  5. Clinical…the treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders and the promotion of psychological health
  6. Cognitive-study of how people perceive, remember, think, speak, and solve problemsDevelopmental-study of how thought and behavior change and remain stable across the life spanBehavioral neuroscience-study of the links among brain, mind, and behaviorSocial-study of how living among others influences thought, feeling, and behaviorHealth-study of the role that psychological factors play in regard to physical health and illnessIndustrial/organizational-application of psychological concepts and questions to work settings
  7. A long time (7,000-50,000) yearsThe pendulum has swung from considering psychological problems as due to supernatural, or natural, causesWe have evidence that in prehistoric times, people attempted to treat physical and/or mental problems by drilling a small hole in a person’s skull (correct in thinking that the brain is related to our physical and mental health)The ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Chinese (2600- 400 BCE) began to replace supernatural explanations (such as demonic spirits) with natural and biological ones (e.g., connections between a person’s body and his or her emotions)Then the pendulum swung the other way, unfortunately, again placing the blame for mental illnesses on supernatural phenomena
  8. Psychotherapy (talking with a trained clinician)Drug therapyConsistent criteria for diagnosis (DSM), which we’ll talk about in the chapter on mental illness
  9. Examine and test human functions and collect data (philosophers don’t do that)Wilhelm Wundt
  10. G. Stanley HallFrancis Cecil SumnerMary Whiton Calkins (she completed coursework for PhD but Harvard wouldn’t give it to her)Now, more PhDs in psychology are awarded to women than to men
  11. StructuralismFunctionalismBehavior
  12. Watson and Skinner
  13. Maslow and RogersMental processes include thinking, language, decision making, emotion
  14. Genes; everything else, environment
  15. Descartes, a French philosopher and mathematician (many important ideas, but this was an erroneous one)Many examples of mind and body being one, such as the relationship between Type A personality and heart disease
  16. Natural selection
  17. Cognitive-study mental processes, and would ask how drivers pay attention to driving information while talking on a cell phone (i.e., can they split their attention and perform both tasks well?)Developmental-study change and continuity over the life span, and would ask at what age kids should be online by themselves, or how our personality is shaped by online interactionsClinical-study psychological disorders, and would ask how we know when online activity is disruptive to one’s life (some would use the term “internet addiction”)
  18. Science