1. Blood
Lymphatic and Immune System
Hematology and Immunology
Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals
HSC 1531
Florida State College of Jacksonville
Professor: Michael Whitchurch, MHS
3. Anatomy of
hemat/o | hem/o | sanguin/o
formed elements – hemat/opoiesis
erythr/ocytes leuk/ocytes thromb/ocytes plasma
(RBC) (WBC) platelets
transport substances fights path/ogens clots (hem/ostasis) carries formed elements
Hgb Hem/oglobin viruses fibrin/o
Oxygen O2 bacteria agglutin/o
diseases coagul/o
nutirents
phag/ocytes
waste neut/ophil
bas/ophil
eosin/ophil
4. Discussion Outline - Blood
Blood Anatomy
Cells and Plasma
ABO System
Rh Factor
Blood Pathology
Lab Test
Procedures
5. Blood [Formed elements]
Erythrocytes
Red Cells - RBC
Leukocytes
White Cells - WBC
Platelets
6. Blood at a Glance: Functions
Transports substances
throughout body
Substances are attached to
red blood cells or dissolved
in plasma
White blood cells fight
infection and disease
Platelets initiate blood
clotting process
10. Blood Suffixes
-apheresis
removal
-cytosis
more than normal number of cells
-emia
blood condition
-globin
protein
-penia
abnormal decrease
-phil
attraction for
-poiesis
formation
-stasis
standing still
11. Anatomy and Physiology
Average adult has about
five liters of blood
Circulates through body
within blood vessels
Blood cells are produced
in red bone marrow
Process called
hematopoiesis
12. Anatomy and Physiology
Is a mixture of cells floating in a fluid
Fluid is plasma
Cells are called formed elements
Erythrocytes (RBC)
Leukocytes (WBC)
Platelets
17. Red Blood Cells (RBC)
Called erythrocytes
Enucleated
No nucleus
Biconcave disk
5 million per cubic
millimeter of blood
Adult has 35 trillion;
more in males
18. Erythrocytes (RBC)
Hemoglobin (Hgb, Hb) gives red color
Pigment containing iron
Responsible for oxygen transport
Life span of 120 days
Spleen removes worn out ones
Iron can be reused
Bilirubin is waste product disposed of by liver
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Hemoglobin.jpg
19. White Blood Cells (WBC)
Also called
leukocytes
Spherical shape with
large nucleus
8,000 per cubic
millimeter of blood
20. WBC - Leukocytes
Provide protection against pathogens
Bacteria
Viruses
Foreign material
Subdivided into two categories
Granulocytes – have granules in cytoplasm
Agranulocytes – no granules in cytoplasm
21. WBC - Leukocyte Classification
Granulocytes
Basophils Release histamine and heparin to damaged
tissue
Eosinophils Destroy parasites and increase during
allergic reaction
Neutrophils Important for phagocytosis, engulf and
destroy bacteria
Agranulocytes
Monocytes Important for phagocytosis
Lymphocytes Provide protection through immunity,
destroys viruses and produces antibodies
25. Platelets
Also called thrombocyte
Smallest of all blood elements
Plate-like fragments of larger cell
200,000-300,000 per cubic
millimeter … that means they are
very, very small !!
26. Platelets
Critical in blood clotting
Hemostasis
Agglutinate into small clusters
when blood vessel is damaged
Leads to formation of thrombin
(enzyme proteins catalyst)
Which converts fibrinogen,
(plasma protein) from the liver to
form the fibrin protein
Results in formation of
mesh like blood clot
28. Blood Types
Blood is made of the same basic elements,
Not all blood is alike… In fact, there are ..
8 common blood types, which are determined by the
presence or absence of certain antigens… substances
that can trigger an immune response if they are foreign
to the body.
Since some antigens can trigger a patient's immune
system to attack the transfused blood,
Safe blood transfusions depend on careful blood typing
and cross-matching.
29. The ABO Blood Group
System
There are four major blood groups determined by the presence or absence of
two antigens, A and B, on the surface of red blood cells:
Group A
Has only the A antigen on red cells (and B antibody in the plasma)
Group B
Has only the B antigen on red cells (and A antibody in the plasma)
Group AB
Has both A and B antigens on red cells (but neither A nor B antibody in the plasma)
Group O
Has neither A nor B antigens on red cells (but both A and B antibody are in the plasma)
30. Blood Typing
Each person’s blood is different
from others’
Due to presence of marker proteins on
surface of erythrocytes
Must do blood typing before blood
transfusion
Test to determine if donated blood is
compatible with recipient’s blood
There are many different blood
markers
Two most important ones for
transfusions are ABO system and Rh
factor
31. ABO System
There are two possible RBC markers, A and B
Person with A marker has type A blood
Type A blood produces anti-B antibodies
Anti-B antibodies attack type B and type AB blood
Person with B marker has type B blood
Type B blood produces anti-A antibodies
Anti-A antibodies attack type A and type AB blood
32. ABO System
Person with no marker has type O blood
Type O blood produces anti-A & anti-B antibodies
These antibodies will attack type A, type B, and type AB
blood
Person with both markers has type AB blood
Type AB blood produces no antibodies
Therefore it will not attack any other blood types
34. Blood Type Exercise
Click here to review antigens and antibodies in a labeling activity.
35. The ABO Blood Group
System
There are very specific ways in which blood types must be matched for a safe transfusion:
http://www.redcrossblood.org/learn-about-blood/blood-types
36. Rh Factor
:a genetically determined protein on the red blood cells
of some people that is one of the substances used
to classify human blood as to compatibility for
transfusion and that when present in a fetus but
not in the mother causes a serious immunogenic
reaction in which the mother produces antibodies
that cross the placenta and attack the red blood
cells of the fetus—called also
37. Rh Factor
Person with Rh factor on red blood cells is
Rh positive (Rh+) = present
Will not make anti Rh antibodies
Person without Rh factor is
Rh negative (Rh-) = absent
Will produce anti Rh antibodies
Rh+ person may receive either Rh+ or Rh- transfusion
Rh- person can receive only Rh- blood
38. Universal Donor
Because type O blood does not have
either marker A or B, it will not
react with anti-A or anti-B
antibodies found in other blood
types
For this reason a person with type
O blood is referred to as a ….
universal donor
In an extreme emergency, type O
blood may be given to a person with
any other blood type
39. Universal Recipient
Because a person with type AB blood has no
antibodies against other blood types, it will not
react with other blood
For this reason, type AB blood is the universal
recipient
In an extreme emergency, a person with type AB
blood may receive any type of blood
44. Word Building with
hemat/o and sanguin/o
–ologist hematologist blood specialist
–ic hematic pertaining to blood
–ous sanguinous pertaining to blood
45. Word Building with –cyte
erythr/o erythrocyte
leuk/o leukocyte
thromb/o thrombocyte
granul/o granulocyte
a– granul/o agranulocyte
46. Word Building with –cyte
erythr/o erythrocyte red cell
leuk/o leukocyte white cell
thromb/o thrombocyte clotting cell
granul/o granulocyte granular cell
a– granul/o agranulocyte not a granular cell
47. Word Building with
cytosis & –penia
erythr/o erythrocytosis
leuk/o leukocytosis
thromb/o thrombocytosis
erythr/o erythropenia
leuk/o leukopenia
thromb/o thrombopenia
pan– cyt/o pancytopenia
48. Word Building with
cytosis & –penia
erythr/o erythrocytosis too many red cells
leuk/o leukocytosis too many white cells
thromb/o thrombocytosis too many clotting cells
erythr/o erythropenia too few red (cells)
leuk/o leukopenia too few white (cells)
thromb/o thrombopenia too few clotting (cells)
pan– cyt/o pancytopenia too few all cells
49. Word Building with –poiesis
erythr/o erythropoiesis
leuk/o leukopoiesis
thromb/o thrombopoiesis
hemat/o hematopoiesis
50. Word Building with –poiesis
erythr/o erythropoiesis red (cell) producing
leuk/o leukopoiesis white (cell) producing
thromb/o thrombopoiesis clotting (cell) producing
hemat/o hematopoiesis blood producing
51. Blood Vocabulary (8)
hard collection of fibrin, blood cells, and
blood clot
tissue debris; end result of hemostasis
to convert a liquid to a solid; as in blood
coagulate
clotting
dyscrasia general term for disease affecting blood
branch of medicine specializing in blood
hematology
conditions; physician is a hematologist
53. Blood Vocabulary
collection of blood under skin as a result
hematoma of blood escaping into tissue from
damaged blood vessels
to stop bleeding or stagnation of blood
hemostasis
flow through tissues
transfusion of only blood cells without
packed cells
plasma
mixture of both plasma and formed
whole blood
elements
54. Blood Pathology (14)
genetic disorder; blood fails to
hemophilia clot due to lack of one clotting
factor
excessive level of lipids in the
hyperlipidemia blood stream; risk factor for
atherosclerosis
having bacteria or their toxins in
septicemia the bloodstream; also called blood
poisoning
55. Erythrocyte Pathology (10)
group of conditions characterized by a
reduction in number of RBCs or the
anemia
amount of hemoglobin; results in less
oxygen reaching tissues
severe anemia in which red bone marrow
aplastic
stops making sufficient blood cells; may
anemia
require bone marrow transplant
hemolytic
results from excessive loss of RBCs
anemia
56. Erythrocyte Pathology
destruction of RBCs when patient
hemolytic
receives mismatched blood
reaction
transfusion
results from insufficient amount of
hypochromic
hemoglobin in RBCs; unable to
anemia
transport sufficient oxygen
iron-deficiency results from insufficient amount of
anemia iron to make hemoglobin for RBCs
57. Erythrocyte Pathology
pernicious insufficient absorption of vitamin B12;
anemia (PA) unable to make enough RBCs
polycythemia condition of having too many RBCs;
vera blood is too thick and flows sluggishly
genetic disorder where RBCs take on
sickle cell
abnormal sickle shape; become more
anemia
fragile leading to hemolytic anemia
genetic disorder where unable to
thalassemia
produce functioning hemoglobin
58. Figure 6.5 – Comparison of normal-shaped erythrocytes and the abnormal sickle shape noted in
patients with sickle cell anemia.
60. Leukocyte Pathology
cancer of white blood cell-
forming portion of red bone
leukemia marrow; results in large number
of abnormal and immature WBCs
circulating in blood stream
61. Leukemia Video
Click here to view a video on leukemia.
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62. Clinical Laboratory Tests (12)
blood culture & blood is incubated to identify infecting
sensitivity bacteria and then test determines
(C&S) best antibiotic to use
set of blood tests: RBC count, WBC
complete blood count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, white
count (CBC) blood cell differential, and platelet
count
erythrocyte determines rate at which RBCs settle
sedimentation in a test tube; indicates presence of
rate (ESR) inflammation in body
63. Clinical Laboratory Tests
hematocrit
measures volume of RBCs
(HCT, Hct, crit)
hemoglobin measures amount of hemoglobin
(Hgb, hb) present
platelet count determines number of platelets
prothrombin
measures how long needed for blood
time (Pro time,
to coagulate and form a clot
PT)
64. Clinical Laboratory Tests
red blood cell
measures number of RBCs
count (RBC)
red blood cell examines RBCs for abnormalities
morphology in shape
sequential multiple
machine for doing multiple blood
analyzer computer
chemistry tests automatically
(SMAC)
65. Clinical Laboratory Tests
white blood cell
measures number of leukocytes
count (WBC)
white blood cell
determines the number of each type
differential
of WBC
(diff)
67. Lab Technicians
Click here to view a video about clinical lab technicians.
68. Medical Procedures (7)
sample of bone marrow removed by
bone marrow
aspiration and examined for diseases
aspiration
such as leukemia and aplastic anemia
incision into vein in order to withdraw
phlebotomy blood for testing; also called
venipuncture
71. Medical Procedures (5)
collection and storage of
autologous
patient’s own blood prior to
transfusion
actual need
artificial transfer of blood into
blood transfusion
the bloodstream
patient receives red bone
bone marrow marrow from donor after
transplant (BMT) patient’s own bone marrow has
been destroyed
72. Medical Procedures
homologous replacement blood with blood from
transfusion another person
removal of whole blood, separation
of plasma from formed elements;
plasmapheresis formed elements returned to
patient with donor plasma
transfusion
73. Blood Pharmacology (5)
prevents blood clot warfarin,
anticoagulant
formation Coumadin
Amicar,
antihemorrhagic prevents bleeding
Vitamin K
antiplatelet interferes with action
Plavix, Ticlid
agent of platelets
increases number of Procrit,
hematinic
RBCs and hemoglobin Aranesp
dissolves existing Activase,
thrombolytic
clots Streptase
74. Blood Abbreviations
ALL acute lymphocytic leukemia
AML acute myelogenous leukemia
basos basophils
BMT bone marrow transplant
CBC complete blood count
CLL chronic lymphocytic leukemia
CML chronic myelogenous leukemia
Why are we combining these systems into a single unit ? Blood and Lymph are both fluids have functions within the immune system. We will begin with a discussion of the different elements found in blood and the function of each as part of the immune response…. Next slide
Blood is a very important and dynamic tissue… it carries nutrients, ions, gases and a number of chemical as well as specialized cells. It is capable of producing important reactions in stopping bleeding and fighting infection. Blood is considered a connective tissue. Its primary constituents include specialize cells such as … Red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC, cell fragments know as platelets, and straw colored liquid called plasma. The cells are know as formed elements of blood and each has specialized functions.