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Blood
Lymphatic and Immune System
Hematology and Immunology


          Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals
                            HSC 1531
               Florida State College of Jacksonville
                  Professor: Michael Whitchurch, MHS
Blood 2012 summer
Anatomy of
   hemat/o | hem/o | sanguin/o

               formed elements – hemat/opoiesis


   erythr/ocytes           leuk/ocytes            thromb/ocytes            plasma


       (RBC)                  (WBC)                 platelets


transport substances     fights path/ogens   clots (hem/ostasis)   carries formed elements

 Hgb Hem/oglobin            viruses                fibrin/o
  Oxygen O2                 bacteria               agglutin/o
                            diseases               coagul/o
 nutirents
                            phag/ocytes
 waste                      neut/ophil
                            bas/ophil
                            eosin/ophil
Discussion Outline - Blood
   Blood Anatomy
   Cells and Plasma
   ABO System
   Rh Factor
   Blood Pathology
   Lab Test
   Procedures
Blood [Formed elements]

  Erythrocytes
         Red Cells - RBC
  Leukocytes
         White Cells - WBC
  Platelets
Blood at a Glance: Functions
 Transports substances
  throughout body
    Substances are attached to
     red blood cells or dissolved
     in plasma

 White blood cells fight
  infection and disease

 Platelets initiate blood
  clotting process
Blood at a Glance: Functions
Blood Combining Forms     (16)

   agglutin/o
       clumping
   bas/o
       base
   chrom/o
       color
   coagul/o
       clotting
   eosin/o
       rosy red
   erythr/o
       red
   fibrin/o
       fibers, fibrous
   granul/o
       granules
Blood Combining Forms
   hem/o
       blood
   hemat/o
       blood
   leuk/o
       white
   morph/o
       shape
   neutr/o
       neutral
   phag/o
       eat, swallow
   sanguin/o
       blood
   thromb/o
       clot
Blood Suffixes
   -apheresis
       removal
   -cytosis
       more than normal number of cells
   -emia
       blood condition
   -globin
       protein
   -penia
       abnormal decrease
   -phil
       attraction for
   -poiesis
       formation
   -stasis
       standing still
Anatomy and Physiology
 Average adult has about
  five liters of blood

 Circulates through body
  within blood vessels

 Blood cells are produced
  in red bone marrow
    Process called
      hematopoiesis
Anatomy and Physiology
 Is a mixture of cells floating in a fluid
 Fluid is plasma
 Cells are called formed elements
   Erythrocytes (RBC)
   Leukocytes (WBC)
   Platelets
lymphocytes




Components of blood.
Plasma
 About 55% of whole blood

 Plasma is 90–92% water

 Remaining 8–10% is
  dissolved substances
Dissolved Substances in Plasma
 Plasma proteins
   Albumin – helps transport fatty substances
   Globulin – gamma globulins are antibodies
   Fibrinogen – blood clotting protein
 Additional important substances
   Calcium, potassium, sodium, glucose, amino
    acids, fats, urea, creatinine
leukocytes




Components of blood.
Red Blood Cells (RBC)
 Called erythrocytes
 Enucleated
    No nucleus
 Biconcave disk
 5 million per cubic
  millimeter of blood
 Adult has 35 trillion;
  more in males
Erythrocytes (RBC)
 Hemoglobin (Hgb, Hb) gives red color
    Pigment containing iron
    Responsible for oxygen transport
 Life span of 120 days
    Spleen removes worn out ones
    Iron can be reused
    Bilirubin is waste product disposed of by liver




        http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Hemoglobin.jpg
White Blood Cells (WBC)
 Also called
  leukocytes
 Spherical shape with
  large nucleus
 8,000 per cubic
  millimeter of blood
WBC - Leukocytes
 Provide protection against pathogens
   Bacteria
   Viruses
   Foreign material
 Subdivided into two categories
   Granulocytes – have granules in cytoplasm
   Agranulocytes – no granules in cytoplasm
WBC - Leukocyte Classification
 Granulocytes
   Basophils Release histamine and heparin to damaged
     tissue
   Eosinophils Destroy parasites and increase during
     allergic reaction
   Neutrophils Important for phagocytosis, engulf and
     destroy bacteria


 Agranulocytes
   Monocytes Important for phagocytosis
   Lymphocytes Provide protection through immunity,
    destroys viruses and produces antibodies
Blood 2012 summer
Blood 2012 summer
luekoocytes




Components of blood.
Platelets
 Also called   thrombocyte

 Smallest of all blood elements

 Plate-like fragments of larger cell

 200,000-300,000 per cubic
  millimeter … that means they are
  very, very small !!
Platelets
 Critical in blood clotting
    Hemostasis
 Agglutinate into small clusters
  when blood vessel is damaged
 Leads to formation of thrombin
   (enzyme proteins catalyst)
    Which converts fibrinogen,
     (plasma protein) from the liver to
     form the fibrin protein
    Results in formation of
     mesh like blood clot
luekoocytes




Components of blood.
Blood Types
 Blood is made of the same basic elements,

 Not all blood is alike… In fact, there are ..

 8 common blood types, which are determined by the
  presence or absence of certain antigens… substances
  that can trigger an immune response if they are foreign
  to the body.

 Since some antigens can trigger a patient's immune
  system to attack the transfused blood,

 Safe blood transfusions depend on careful blood typing
  and cross-matching.
The ABO Blood Group
  System
There are four major blood groups determined by the presence or absence of
    two antigens, A and B, on the surface of red blood cells:

Group A
Has only the A antigen on red cells (and B antibody in the plasma)


Group B
Has only the B antigen on red cells (and A antibody in the plasma)


Group AB
Has both A and B antigens on red cells (but neither A nor B antibody in the plasma)


Group O
Has neither A nor B antigens on red cells (but both A and B antibody are in the plasma)
Blood Typing
 Each person’s blood is different
  from others’
      Due to presence of marker proteins on
       surface of erythrocytes
 Must do blood typing before blood
  transfusion
      Test to determine if donated blood is
       compatible with recipient’s blood
 There are many different blood
  markers
      Two most important ones for
       transfusions are ABO system and Rh
       factor
ABO System
 There are two possible RBC markers, A and B
 Person with A marker has type A blood
      Type A blood produces anti-B antibodies
      Anti-B antibodies attack type B and type AB blood
 Person with B marker has type B blood
      Type B blood produces anti-A antibodies
      Anti-A antibodies attack type A and type AB blood
ABO System
 Person with no marker has type O blood
      Type O blood produces anti-A & anti-B antibodies
      These antibodies will attack type A, type B, and type AB
       blood
 Person with both markers has type AB blood
      Type AB blood produces no antibodies
      Therefore it will not attack any other blood types
ABO Blood Typing




      http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ABO_blood_type.svg
Blood Type Exercise




  Click here to review antigens and antibodies in a labeling activity.
The ABO Blood Group
  System
There are very specific ways in which blood types must be matched for a safe transfusion:




           http://www.redcrossblood.org/learn-about-blood/blood-types
Rh Factor
:a genetically determined protein on the red blood cells
   of some people that is one of the substances used
   to classify human blood as to compatibility for
   transfusion and that when present in a fetus but
   not in the mother causes a serious immunogenic
   reaction in which the mother produces antibodies
   that cross the placenta and attack the red blood
   cells of the fetus—called also
Rh Factor
 Person with Rh factor on red blood cells is
     Rh positive (Rh+) = present
      Will not make anti Rh antibodies
 Person without Rh factor is
     Rh negative (Rh-) = absent
      Will produce anti Rh antibodies

 Rh+ person may receive either Rh+ or Rh- transfusion

 Rh- person can receive only Rh- blood
Universal Donor
 Because type O blood does not have
  either marker A or B, it will not
  react with anti-A or anti-B
  antibodies found in other blood
  types

 For this reason a person with type
  O blood is referred to as a ….
  universal donor

 In an extreme emergency, type O
  blood may be given to a person with
  any other blood type
Universal Recipient
 Because a person with type AB blood has no
  antibodies against other blood types, it will not
  react with other blood
 For this reason, type AB blood is the universal
  recipient
 In an extreme emergency, a person with type AB
  blood may receive any type of blood
Blood Typing Compatibility
Type         A+             A-            B+             B-          AB+             AB-            O+             O-
A+            +              +              -              -             -              -            +              +
 A-            -             +              -              -             -              -             -             +
B+             -              -            +              +              -              -            +              +
 B-            -              -             -             +              -              -             -             +
AB+           +              +             +              +             +              +             +              +
AB-            -             +              -             +              -             +              -             +
O+             -              -             -              -             -              -            +              +
O-             -              -             -              -             -              -             -             +

 Copyright 2009 Dr. Bruce Forciea LLC. Visit our site at www.informationalhealing.com and www.learnanatomyphysiology.com
Word Building with
fibrin/o and hem/o
–gen      fibrinogen
–lysis    fibrinolysis
–ous      fibrinous

–globin   hemoglobin
–lysis    hemolysis
–lytic    hemolytic
–rrhage   hemorrhage
Word Building with
fibrin/o and hem/o
–gen      fibrinogen     fiber producing
–lysis    fibrinolysis   fiber destruction
–ous      fibrinous      pertaining to fibers

–globin   hemoglobin     blood protein
–lysis    hemolysis      blood destruction
–lytic    hemolytic      blood destruction
–rrhage   hemorrhage     rapid flow of blood
Word Building with
hemat/o and sanguin/o
–ologist   hematologist
–ic        hematic


–ous       sanguinous
Word Building with
hemat/o and sanguin/o
–ologist   hematologist   blood specialist
–ic        hematic        pertaining to blood


–ous       sanguinous     pertaining to blood
Word Building with –cyte
erythr/o      erythrocyte
leuk/o        leukocyte
thromb/o      thrombocyte
granul/o      granulocyte
a– granul/o   agranulocyte
Word Building with –cyte
erythr/o      erythrocyte    red cell
leuk/o        leukocyte      white cell
thromb/o      thrombocyte    clotting cell
granul/o      granulocyte    granular cell
a– granul/o   agranulocyte   not a granular cell
Word Building with
cytosis & –penia
erythr/o       erythrocytosis
leuk/o         leukocytosis
thromb/o       thrombocytosis

erythr/o       erythropenia
leuk/o         leukopenia
thromb/o       thrombopenia
pan–     cyt/o pancytopenia
Word Building with
cytosis & –penia
erythr/o       erythrocytosis   too many red cells
leuk/o         leukocytosis     too many white cells
thromb/o       thrombocytosis too many clotting cells

erythr/o       erythropenia     too few red (cells)
leuk/o         leukopenia       too few white (cells)
thromb/o       thrombopenia     too few clotting (cells)
pan–     cyt/o pancytopenia     too few all cells
Word Building with –poiesis
erythr/o   erythropoiesis
leuk/o     leukopoiesis
thromb/o   thrombopoiesis
hemat/o    hematopoiesis
Word Building with –poiesis
erythr/o   erythropoiesis   red (cell) producing
leuk/o     leukopoiesis     white (cell) producing
thromb/o   thrombopoiesis   clotting (cell) producing
hemat/o    hematopoiesis    blood producing
Blood Vocabulary           (8)

             hard collection of fibrin, blood cells, and
blood clot
             tissue debris; end result of hemostasis
             to convert a liquid to a solid; as in blood
coagulate
             clotting
dyscrasia    general term for disease affecting blood
             branch of medicine specializing in blood
hematology
             conditions; physician is a hematologist
Electronmicrograph showing a blood clot, composed of fibrin, red blood cells, and tissue debris.
Blood Vocabulary
               collection of blood under skin as a result
hematoma       of blood escaping into tissue from
               damaged blood vessels
               to stop bleeding or stagnation of blood
hemostasis
               flow through tissues
               transfusion of only blood cells without
packed cells
               plasma
               mixture of both plasma and formed
whole blood
               elements
Blood Pathology        (14)

                 genetic disorder; blood fails to
hemophilia       clot due to lack of one clotting
                 factor
                 excessive level of lipids in the
hyperlipidemia   blood stream; risk factor for
                 atherosclerosis
                 having bacteria or their toxins in
septicemia       the bloodstream; also called blood
                 poisoning
Erythrocyte Pathology (10)
            group of conditions characterized by a
            reduction in number of RBCs or the
anemia
            amount of hemoglobin; results in less
            oxygen reaching tissues
            severe anemia in which red bone marrow
aplastic
            stops making sufficient blood cells; may
anemia
            require bone marrow transplant
hemolytic
            results from excessive loss of RBCs
anemia
Erythrocyte Pathology
                  destruction of RBCs when patient
hemolytic
                  receives mismatched blood
reaction
                  transfusion
                  results from insufficient amount of
hypochromic
                  hemoglobin in RBCs; unable to
anemia
                  transport sufficient oxygen
iron-deficiency   results from insufficient amount of
anemia            iron to make hemoglobin for RBCs
Erythrocyte Pathology
pernicious   insufficient absorption of vitamin B12;
anemia (PA)  unable to make enough RBCs
polycythemia condition of having too many RBCs;
vera         blood is too thick and flows sluggishly
              genetic disorder where RBCs take on
sickle cell
              abnormal sickle shape; become more
anemia
              fragile leading to hemolytic anemia
              genetic disorder where unable to
thalassemia
              produce functioning hemoglobin
Figure 6.5 – Comparison of normal-shaped erythrocytes and the abnormal sickle shape noted in
                                 patients with sickle cell anemia.
Sickle Cell Anemia




      Click here to view animation on sickle cell anemia.
Leukocyte Pathology
           cancer of white blood cell-
           forming portion of red bone
leukemia   marrow; results in large number
           of abnormal and immature WBCs
           circulating in blood stream
Leukemia Video




       Click here to view a video on leukemia.


                     Back to Directory
Clinical Laboratory Tests              (12)

blood culture & blood is incubated to identify infecting
sensitivity     bacteria and then test determines
(C&S)           best antibiotic to use
               set of blood tests: RBC count, WBC
complete blood count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, white
count (CBC)    blood cell differential, and platelet
               count
erythrocyte      determines rate at which RBCs settle
sedimentation    in a test tube; indicates presence of
rate (ESR)       inflammation in body
Clinical Laboratory Tests
hematocrit
                 measures volume of RBCs
(HCT, Hct, crit)
hemoglobin       measures amount of hemoglobin
(Hgb, hb)        present
platelet count   determines number of platelets
prothrombin
                measures how long needed for blood
time (Pro time,
                to coagulate and form a clot
PT)
Clinical Laboratory Tests
red blood cell
                   measures number of RBCs
count (RBC)
red blood cell     examines RBCs for abnormalities
morphology         in shape
sequential multiple
                    machine for doing multiple blood
analyzer computer
                    chemistry tests automatically
(SMAC)
Clinical Laboratory Tests
white blood cell
                 measures number of leukocytes
count (WBC)
white blood cell
                 determines the number of each type
differential
                 of WBC
(diff)
Blood 2012 summer
Lab Technicians




    Click here to view a video about clinical lab technicians.
Medical Procedures          (7)

              sample of bone marrow removed by
bone marrow
              aspiration and examined for diseases
aspiration
              such as leukemia and aplastic anemia
              incision into vein in order to withdraw
phlebotomy    blood for testing; also called
              venipuncture
Phlebotomist using a needle to withdraw blood.
Phlebotomy Video




       Click here to view a video on phlebotomy.
Medical Procedures         (5)

                    collection and storage of
autologous
                    patient’s own blood prior to
transfusion
                    actual need
                    artificial transfer of blood into
blood transfusion
                    the bloodstream
                    patient receives red bone
bone marrow         marrow from donor after
transplant (BMT)    patient’s own bone marrow has
                    been destroyed
Medical Procedures
homologous       replacement blood with blood from
transfusion      another person
                 removal of whole blood, separation
                 of plasma from formed elements;
plasmapheresis   formed elements returned to
                 patient with donor plasma
                 transfusion
Blood Pharmacology            (5)

                prevents blood clot      warfarin,
anticoagulant
                formation                Coumadin
                                         Amicar,
antihemorrhagic prevents bleeding
                                         Vitamin K
antiplatelet    interferes with action
                                         Plavix, Ticlid
agent           of platelets
                increases number of Procrit,
hematinic
                RBCs and hemoglobin Aranesp
                dissolves existing       Activase,
thrombolytic
                clots                    Streptase
Blood Abbreviations
ALL      acute lymphocytic leukemia
AML      acute myelogenous leukemia
basos    basophils
BMT      bone marrow transplant
CBC      complete blood count
CLL      chronic lymphocytic leukemia
CML      chronic myelogenous leukemia
Blood Abbreviations
diff                differential
eosins, eos         eosinophils
ESR, SR, sed rate   erythrocyte sedimentation rate
HCT, Hct, crit      hematocrit
Hbg, Hb, HGB        hemoglobin
lymphs              lymphocytes
monos               monocytes
Blood Abbreviations
PA           pernicious anemia
PCV          packed cell volume
PMN, polys   polymorphonuclear neutrophil
PT, pro-time prothrombin time
RBC          red blood cell
Rh+          Rh positive
Blood Abbreviations
Rh-      Rh negative
segs     segmented neutrophil
SMAC     sequential multiple analyzer computer
WBC      white blood cell

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Blood 2012 summer

  • 1. Blood Lymphatic and Immune System Hematology and Immunology Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals HSC 1531 Florida State College of Jacksonville Professor: Michael Whitchurch, MHS
  • 3. Anatomy of hemat/o | hem/o | sanguin/o formed elements – hemat/opoiesis erythr/ocytes leuk/ocytes thromb/ocytes plasma (RBC) (WBC) platelets transport substances fights path/ogens clots (hem/ostasis) carries formed elements Hgb Hem/oglobin viruses fibrin/o Oxygen O2 bacteria agglutin/o diseases coagul/o nutirents phag/ocytes waste neut/ophil bas/ophil eosin/ophil
  • 4. Discussion Outline - Blood  Blood Anatomy  Cells and Plasma  ABO System  Rh Factor  Blood Pathology  Lab Test  Procedures
  • 5. Blood [Formed elements]  Erythrocytes Red Cells - RBC  Leukocytes White Cells - WBC  Platelets
  • 6. Blood at a Glance: Functions  Transports substances throughout body  Substances are attached to red blood cells or dissolved in plasma  White blood cells fight infection and disease  Platelets initiate blood clotting process
  • 7. Blood at a Glance: Functions
  • 8. Blood Combining Forms (16)  agglutin/o  clumping  bas/o  base  chrom/o  color  coagul/o  clotting  eosin/o  rosy red  erythr/o  red  fibrin/o  fibers, fibrous  granul/o  granules
  • 9. Blood Combining Forms  hem/o  blood  hemat/o  blood  leuk/o  white  morph/o  shape  neutr/o  neutral  phag/o  eat, swallow  sanguin/o  blood  thromb/o  clot
  • 10. Blood Suffixes  -apheresis  removal  -cytosis  more than normal number of cells  -emia  blood condition  -globin  protein  -penia  abnormal decrease  -phil  attraction for  -poiesis  formation  -stasis  standing still
  • 11. Anatomy and Physiology  Average adult has about five liters of blood  Circulates through body within blood vessels  Blood cells are produced in red bone marrow  Process called hematopoiesis
  • 12. Anatomy and Physiology  Is a mixture of cells floating in a fluid  Fluid is plasma  Cells are called formed elements  Erythrocytes (RBC)  Leukocytes (WBC)  Platelets
  • 14. Plasma  About 55% of whole blood  Plasma is 90–92% water  Remaining 8–10% is dissolved substances
  • 15. Dissolved Substances in Plasma  Plasma proteins  Albumin – helps transport fatty substances  Globulin – gamma globulins are antibodies  Fibrinogen – blood clotting protein  Additional important substances  Calcium, potassium, sodium, glucose, amino acids, fats, urea, creatinine
  • 17. Red Blood Cells (RBC)  Called erythrocytes  Enucleated  No nucleus  Biconcave disk  5 million per cubic millimeter of blood  Adult has 35 trillion; more in males
  • 18. Erythrocytes (RBC)  Hemoglobin (Hgb, Hb) gives red color  Pigment containing iron  Responsible for oxygen transport  Life span of 120 days  Spleen removes worn out ones  Iron can be reused  Bilirubin is waste product disposed of by liver http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Hemoglobin.jpg
  • 19. White Blood Cells (WBC)  Also called leukocytes  Spherical shape with large nucleus  8,000 per cubic millimeter of blood
  • 20. WBC - Leukocytes  Provide protection against pathogens  Bacteria  Viruses  Foreign material  Subdivided into two categories  Granulocytes – have granules in cytoplasm  Agranulocytes – no granules in cytoplasm
  • 21. WBC - Leukocyte Classification  Granulocytes  Basophils Release histamine and heparin to damaged tissue  Eosinophils Destroy parasites and increase during allergic reaction  Neutrophils Important for phagocytosis, engulf and destroy bacteria  Agranulocytes  Monocytes Important for phagocytosis  Lymphocytes Provide protection through immunity, destroys viruses and produces antibodies
  • 25. Platelets  Also called thrombocyte  Smallest of all blood elements  Plate-like fragments of larger cell  200,000-300,000 per cubic millimeter … that means they are very, very small !!
  • 26. Platelets  Critical in blood clotting  Hemostasis  Agglutinate into small clusters when blood vessel is damaged  Leads to formation of thrombin (enzyme proteins catalyst)  Which converts fibrinogen, (plasma protein) from the liver to form the fibrin protein  Results in formation of mesh like blood clot
  • 28. Blood Types  Blood is made of the same basic elements,  Not all blood is alike… In fact, there are ..  8 common blood types, which are determined by the presence or absence of certain antigens… substances that can trigger an immune response if they are foreign to the body.  Since some antigens can trigger a patient's immune system to attack the transfused blood,  Safe blood transfusions depend on careful blood typing and cross-matching.
  • 29. The ABO Blood Group System There are four major blood groups determined by the presence or absence of two antigens, A and B, on the surface of red blood cells: Group A Has only the A antigen on red cells (and B antibody in the plasma) Group B Has only the B antigen on red cells (and A antibody in the plasma) Group AB Has both A and B antigens on red cells (but neither A nor B antibody in the plasma) Group O Has neither A nor B antigens on red cells (but both A and B antibody are in the plasma)
  • 30. Blood Typing  Each person’s blood is different from others’  Due to presence of marker proteins on surface of erythrocytes  Must do blood typing before blood transfusion  Test to determine if donated blood is compatible with recipient’s blood  There are many different blood markers  Two most important ones for transfusions are ABO system and Rh factor
  • 31. ABO System  There are two possible RBC markers, A and B  Person with A marker has type A blood  Type A blood produces anti-B antibodies  Anti-B antibodies attack type B and type AB blood  Person with B marker has type B blood  Type B blood produces anti-A antibodies  Anti-A antibodies attack type A and type AB blood
  • 32. ABO System  Person with no marker has type O blood  Type O blood produces anti-A & anti-B antibodies  These antibodies will attack type A, type B, and type AB blood  Person with both markers has type AB blood  Type AB blood produces no antibodies  Therefore it will not attack any other blood types
  • 33. ABO Blood Typing http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ABO_blood_type.svg
  • 34. Blood Type Exercise Click here to review antigens and antibodies in a labeling activity.
  • 35. The ABO Blood Group System There are very specific ways in which blood types must be matched for a safe transfusion: http://www.redcrossblood.org/learn-about-blood/blood-types
  • 36. Rh Factor :a genetically determined protein on the red blood cells of some people that is one of the substances used to classify human blood as to compatibility for transfusion and that when present in a fetus but not in the mother causes a serious immunogenic reaction in which the mother produces antibodies that cross the placenta and attack the red blood cells of the fetus—called also
  • 37. Rh Factor  Person with Rh factor on red blood cells is Rh positive (Rh+) = present  Will not make anti Rh antibodies  Person without Rh factor is Rh negative (Rh-) = absent  Will produce anti Rh antibodies  Rh+ person may receive either Rh+ or Rh- transfusion  Rh- person can receive only Rh- blood
  • 38. Universal Donor  Because type O blood does not have either marker A or B, it will not react with anti-A or anti-B antibodies found in other blood types  For this reason a person with type O blood is referred to as a …. universal donor  In an extreme emergency, type O blood may be given to a person with any other blood type
  • 39. Universal Recipient  Because a person with type AB blood has no antibodies against other blood types, it will not react with other blood  For this reason, type AB blood is the universal recipient  In an extreme emergency, a person with type AB blood may receive any type of blood
  • 40. Blood Typing Compatibility Type A+ A- B+ B- AB+ AB- O+ O- A+ + + - - - - + + A- - + - - - - - + B+ - - + + - - + + B- - - - + - - - + AB+ + + + + + + + + AB- - + - + - + - + O+ - - - - - - + + O- - - - - - - - + Copyright 2009 Dr. Bruce Forciea LLC. Visit our site at www.informationalhealing.com and www.learnanatomyphysiology.com
  • 41. Word Building with fibrin/o and hem/o –gen fibrinogen –lysis fibrinolysis –ous fibrinous –globin hemoglobin –lysis hemolysis –lytic hemolytic –rrhage hemorrhage
  • 42. Word Building with fibrin/o and hem/o –gen fibrinogen fiber producing –lysis fibrinolysis fiber destruction –ous fibrinous pertaining to fibers –globin hemoglobin blood protein –lysis hemolysis blood destruction –lytic hemolytic blood destruction –rrhage hemorrhage rapid flow of blood
  • 43. Word Building with hemat/o and sanguin/o –ologist hematologist –ic hematic –ous sanguinous
  • 44. Word Building with hemat/o and sanguin/o –ologist hematologist blood specialist –ic hematic pertaining to blood –ous sanguinous pertaining to blood
  • 45. Word Building with –cyte erythr/o erythrocyte leuk/o leukocyte thromb/o thrombocyte granul/o granulocyte a– granul/o agranulocyte
  • 46. Word Building with –cyte erythr/o erythrocyte red cell leuk/o leukocyte white cell thromb/o thrombocyte clotting cell granul/o granulocyte granular cell a– granul/o agranulocyte not a granular cell
  • 47. Word Building with cytosis & –penia erythr/o erythrocytosis leuk/o leukocytosis thromb/o thrombocytosis erythr/o erythropenia leuk/o leukopenia thromb/o thrombopenia pan– cyt/o pancytopenia
  • 48. Word Building with cytosis & –penia erythr/o erythrocytosis too many red cells leuk/o leukocytosis too many white cells thromb/o thrombocytosis too many clotting cells erythr/o erythropenia too few red (cells) leuk/o leukopenia too few white (cells) thromb/o thrombopenia too few clotting (cells) pan– cyt/o pancytopenia too few all cells
  • 49. Word Building with –poiesis erythr/o erythropoiesis leuk/o leukopoiesis thromb/o thrombopoiesis hemat/o hematopoiesis
  • 50. Word Building with –poiesis erythr/o erythropoiesis red (cell) producing leuk/o leukopoiesis white (cell) producing thromb/o thrombopoiesis clotting (cell) producing hemat/o hematopoiesis blood producing
  • 51. Blood Vocabulary (8) hard collection of fibrin, blood cells, and blood clot tissue debris; end result of hemostasis to convert a liquid to a solid; as in blood coagulate clotting dyscrasia general term for disease affecting blood branch of medicine specializing in blood hematology conditions; physician is a hematologist
  • 52. Electronmicrograph showing a blood clot, composed of fibrin, red blood cells, and tissue debris.
  • 53. Blood Vocabulary collection of blood under skin as a result hematoma of blood escaping into tissue from damaged blood vessels to stop bleeding or stagnation of blood hemostasis flow through tissues transfusion of only blood cells without packed cells plasma mixture of both plasma and formed whole blood elements
  • 54. Blood Pathology (14) genetic disorder; blood fails to hemophilia clot due to lack of one clotting factor excessive level of lipids in the hyperlipidemia blood stream; risk factor for atherosclerosis having bacteria or their toxins in septicemia the bloodstream; also called blood poisoning
  • 55. Erythrocyte Pathology (10) group of conditions characterized by a reduction in number of RBCs or the anemia amount of hemoglobin; results in less oxygen reaching tissues severe anemia in which red bone marrow aplastic stops making sufficient blood cells; may anemia require bone marrow transplant hemolytic results from excessive loss of RBCs anemia
  • 56. Erythrocyte Pathology destruction of RBCs when patient hemolytic receives mismatched blood reaction transfusion results from insufficient amount of hypochromic hemoglobin in RBCs; unable to anemia transport sufficient oxygen iron-deficiency results from insufficient amount of anemia iron to make hemoglobin for RBCs
  • 57. Erythrocyte Pathology pernicious insufficient absorption of vitamin B12; anemia (PA) unable to make enough RBCs polycythemia condition of having too many RBCs; vera blood is too thick and flows sluggishly genetic disorder where RBCs take on sickle cell abnormal sickle shape; become more anemia fragile leading to hemolytic anemia genetic disorder where unable to thalassemia produce functioning hemoglobin
  • 58. Figure 6.5 – Comparison of normal-shaped erythrocytes and the abnormal sickle shape noted in patients with sickle cell anemia.
  • 59. Sickle Cell Anemia Click here to view animation on sickle cell anemia.
  • 60. Leukocyte Pathology cancer of white blood cell- forming portion of red bone leukemia marrow; results in large number of abnormal and immature WBCs circulating in blood stream
  • 61. Leukemia Video Click here to view a video on leukemia. Back to Directory
  • 62. Clinical Laboratory Tests (12) blood culture & blood is incubated to identify infecting sensitivity bacteria and then test determines (C&S) best antibiotic to use set of blood tests: RBC count, WBC complete blood count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, white count (CBC) blood cell differential, and platelet count erythrocyte determines rate at which RBCs settle sedimentation in a test tube; indicates presence of rate (ESR) inflammation in body
  • 63. Clinical Laboratory Tests hematocrit measures volume of RBCs (HCT, Hct, crit) hemoglobin measures amount of hemoglobin (Hgb, hb) present platelet count determines number of platelets prothrombin measures how long needed for blood time (Pro time, to coagulate and form a clot PT)
  • 64. Clinical Laboratory Tests red blood cell measures number of RBCs count (RBC) red blood cell examines RBCs for abnormalities morphology in shape sequential multiple machine for doing multiple blood analyzer computer chemistry tests automatically (SMAC)
  • 65. Clinical Laboratory Tests white blood cell measures number of leukocytes count (WBC) white blood cell determines the number of each type differential of WBC (diff)
  • 67. Lab Technicians Click here to view a video about clinical lab technicians.
  • 68. Medical Procedures (7) sample of bone marrow removed by bone marrow aspiration and examined for diseases aspiration such as leukemia and aplastic anemia incision into vein in order to withdraw phlebotomy blood for testing; also called venipuncture
  • 69. Phlebotomist using a needle to withdraw blood.
  • 70. Phlebotomy Video Click here to view a video on phlebotomy.
  • 71. Medical Procedures (5) collection and storage of autologous patient’s own blood prior to transfusion actual need artificial transfer of blood into blood transfusion the bloodstream patient receives red bone bone marrow marrow from donor after transplant (BMT) patient’s own bone marrow has been destroyed
  • 72. Medical Procedures homologous replacement blood with blood from transfusion another person removal of whole blood, separation of plasma from formed elements; plasmapheresis formed elements returned to patient with donor plasma transfusion
  • 73. Blood Pharmacology (5) prevents blood clot warfarin, anticoagulant formation Coumadin Amicar, antihemorrhagic prevents bleeding Vitamin K antiplatelet interferes with action Plavix, Ticlid agent of platelets increases number of Procrit, hematinic RBCs and hemoglobin Aranesp dissolves existing Activase, thrombolytic clots Streptase
  • 74. Blood Abbreviations ALL acute lymphocytic leukemia AML acute myelogenous leukemia basos basophils BMT bone marrow transplant CBC complete blood count CLL chronic lymphocytic leukemia CML chronic myelogenous leukemia
  • 75. Blood Abbreviations diff differential eosins, eos eosinophils ESR, SR, sed rate erythrocyte sedimentation rate HCT, Hct, crit hematocrit Hbg, Hb, HGB hemoglobin lymphs lymphocytes monos monocytes
  • 76. Blood Abbreviations PA pernicious anemia PCV packed cell volume PMN, polys polymorphonuclear neutrophil PT, pro-time prothrombin time RBC red blood cell Rh+ Rh positive
  • 77. Blood Abbreviations Rh- Rh negative segs segmented neutrophil SMAC sequential multiple analyzer computer WBC white blood cell

Editor's Notes

  1. Why are we combining these systems into a single unit ? Blood and Lymph are both fluids have functions within the immune system. We will begin with a discussion of the different elements found in blood and the function of each as part of the immune response…. Next slide
  2. Blood is a very important and dynamic tissue… it carries nutrients, ions, gases and a number of chemical as well as specialized cells. It is capable of producing important reactions in stopping bleeding and fighting infection. Blood is considered a connective tissue. Its primary constituents include specialize cells such as … Red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC, cell fragments know as platelets, and straw colored liquid called plasma. The cells are know as formed elements of blood and each has specialized functions.