Getting Started with Zend Framework

Getting Started with Zend Framework Matthew Weier O'Phinney Software Architect Zend Framework

Just Another PHP Hacker
Who's this guy?

Matthew Weier O'Phinney
Contributor to Zend Framework since pre-0.1.0; used ZF internally at Zend.
Component lead on MVC since August 2006.
Full-time Zend Framework developer since December 2007.
Software Architect since April 2008.

What we'll cover
Bird's-eye view of Zend Framework
How to start integrating Zend Framework in your applications
MVC overview
Quick Start to developing applications using Zend Framework's MVC

What is Zend Framework? It's just another PHP framework

No, what is Zend Framework? It's a glue library.

No, really, what is Zend Framework?
PHP 5 library for web development productivity
Open source
New BSD license is business-friendly
Free for development and distribution
CLA process assures that the code is free of legal issues
Class library – fully OOP
Documentation – in many languages
Quality & testing – fully unit tested
>80% code coverage required; >90% encouraged

Zend Framework Philosophy
Simplicity and Extensibility
Easy solutions for the 80% most commonly-used functionality for web applications
Extensibility enables easy customization, to solve the remaining 20%
No complex XML configuration files
Good object-oriented and agile practices
Use-at-will architecture, but also:
Full stack framework
Designed for extensibility
Frequent testing
Frequent interaction with user community

Zend Framework quality process
Say what you’re going to do
Proposal process
Do it
Write object oriented components
Unit test your component
We encourage test-driven development (TDD)‏
Document how it works
Verify it matches what you said
Open-source development and community review
Frequent and thorough testing with PHPUnit
Code coverage reports with PHPUnit
Review by internal Zend team for compliance

What's in Zend Framework?

How to get started

Two approaches
Start using individual components in your existing applications
Gradual migration path
Add new functionality to your application as you need it
Replace existing functionality with well-tested components
Start using the Zend Framework MVC layer
Develop new applications
Have ZF intercept new functionality in your site
Create well-tested and testable applications in Zend Framework

MVC Overview

Model-View-Controller
Model : Business logic and abstraction
View : Presentation layer
Controller : Decide which Models and Views to utilize, based on request

Front Controller
Intercept all requests
Map requests to Action Controllers
Dispatch requested Action Controller and return response

Benefits of MVC
Separate your code into discrete realms of responsibility
Business logic
Presentation logic
Route decisioning
Predictable location of code on the server
Typically utilizes OOP => easier to test and re-use
Easier to maintain long term

Quick Start

Setup the Project Structure
First things first: create your directory structure

Get Zend Framework
From http://framework.zend.com/download/latest

Get Zend Framework
Extract the archive
tar xzf ZendFramework-1.6.1.tar.gz
Unzip ZendFramework-1.6.1.zip
Or use a GUI frontend
Copy or symlink the library/Zend directory you extracted into your library directory:

Create a Virtual Host
Simplest version:

Create your .htaccess file
php.ini directives:
date.timezone: many apps rely on this
short_open_tags: view scripts are easier to write with this on
error_reporting: default error reporting level – E_ALL|E_STRICT for development
display_errors: turn on for development

Create your .htaccess file
RewriteRules: any request to a file that does not exist should go to our Zend Framework bootstrap:

Create your bootstrap files
index.php:
Indicate we need bootstrapping for our application
Load our bootstrap file, and handle any errors
Dispatch our front controller

index.php

Create your bootstrap files
application/bootstrap.php:
Setup application constants
Web bootstrap related setup
include_path
Setup autoloading
Front controller setup
Add a controller directory
Set some application parameters

application/bootstrap.php

Create a controller
All controllers extend Zend_Controller_Action
Naming conventions
Controllers end with 'Controller': IndexController, GuestbookController
Action methods end with 'Action': signAction(), displayAction(), listAction()
Controllers should be in the application/controllers/ directory, and named after the class, with a “.php” suffix: application/controllers/IndexController.php application/controllers/GuestbookController.php
All “conventions” are configurable!

IndexController.php

But... there's no code there...
By default, a view is rendered; you don't need to do anything to enable this.
The view rendered is <controllername>/<action>.phtml
The view script path resolution is configurable!

Create a view script
View scripts go in application/views/scripts/
View script resolution looks for a view script in a subdirectory named after the controller
Controller name used is same as it appears on the url:
“GuestbookController” appears on the URL as “guestbook”
“GuestBookController” appears on the URL as “guest-book”
Basically, MixedCased becomes dash-separated
View script name is the action name as it appears on the url:
“signAction()” appears on the URL as “sign”
“myAccountAction()” appears on the URL as “my-account”
Basically, camelCased becomes dash-separated

index/index.phtml view script

But... that's just HTML!
View scripts use PHP as their templating language – PHP is a template language!
Mix HTML and PHP
Use alternate control structure annotations for readability
Use short tags (heavily debated) for brevity

Create an ErrorController
Application errors are trapped by the front controller by default
When exceptions are detected, ErrorController::errorAction() is invoked
Separate 404 (Not Found) errors from 500 (Application) errors to return proper response codes to the user
Display errors in development, log them in production
Alternately, do something else:
Perform a search based on the originally requested URL
Display a site map

ErrorController.php

Create a view script for the ErrorController
We have a controller and action, so we need a view script
Appears in error/error.phtml of the view scripts directory

error/error.phtml

But wait, these aren't complete HTML pages!
You're right – they are your application views
This leads into our next topic: layouts

Layouts – Design Patterns
Two Step View
Inject application views into a common view to return
Usually associated with a Transform View – think XSLT
Composite View
Inject rendered views into a common view, OR
Render additional views from a master view
In a nutshell: build the site view, or layout, from lots of little building blocks, or application views

Layouts – Example Use Cases
We want our application views to appear in this:

Zend_Layout
Steps:
Initialize layouts
Perform view initialization (set doctype, etc)
Create a layout script

Zend_Layout: bootstrap changes

Zend_Layout: layout script

Configuring your Application
Zend Framework is configuration-less
But your application may need configuration
Zend_Config...
allows you to write configurations in several formats
provides OOP access to your configuration
provides configuration inheritance between sections
Zend_Registry allows you to persist objects – including your configuration – for the duration of the request
Put stuff in
Take stuff out

Sample INI configuration skeleton

Configuration: bootstrap.php changes

What about the M? The Model?
Patterns :
Table Data Gateway
Abstracts SQL access to a single database table and its rows
Often used with Row Data Gateway, which abstracts access to a single table row
Table Module
Abstracts and restricts access to a table
Defines entry points to the table
Entry methods contain business logic
Domain Model
Abstracts entities and their relationships
Not necessarily a 1:1 correspondence with tables

Setting up the Database Adapter
Zend_Db::factory() will instantiate the requested adapter
Pass our configuration to it
Negates the need to modify code going from development to testing to production
Set the adapter as the default adapter for our Table Data Gateway (Zend_Db_Table)

DB Adapter – Configuration and Bootstrap

Table Data Gateway: Zend_Db_Table
Abstracts SQL for interacting with a database table
Fetch Rowsets or individual Rows
Override methods to enforce data integrity
In our application
Ensure we get a “created” timestamp on each row
Prevent updates to existing rows

Model_DbTable_Guestbook

Model: Table Module
Identify access methods:
Save entries
Fetch all entries
Fetch individual entry
Attach a data source
Often a Table Data Gateway
In our case, Model_DbTable_Guestbook

Table Module – Retrieve Table Data Gateway

Table Module – Access Methods

Using the Model in the Controller
Controller needs to retrieve Model
To start, let's fetch listings

Adding the Model to the Controller

Create a Form
Zend_Form:
Provides input filtering:
Filter chains to sanitize data prior to validation
Validation chains to ensure the data provided is valid
Allows rendering form
Follows decorator pattern
Completely configurable
Output in any format your application needs: HTML, PDF, XML, etc.

Create a form – Identify elements
Guestbook form:
Email address
Comment
Captcha to reduce spam entries
Submit button

Create a form – Guestbook form

Create a form – Guestbook form (cont.)

Using the Form in the Controller
Controller needs to fetch form object
On landing page, display the form
On POST requests, attempt to validate the form
On successful submission, redirect

Adding the form to the controller

Demonstration

Summary

What we learned
Recommended project structure
How to get and install Zend Framework
How to configure your Apache vhost
How to setup your php.ini settings and RewriteRules
What your bootstrap files are and what they should contain
How to create Action Controllers and View Scripts
How to create and initialize layouts
How to use configuration and the registry
How to create a model, including database access
How to create a form

Where to go from here
Zend Framework QuickStart Guide: http://framework.zend.com/docs/quickstart
Zend Framework Manual http://framework.zend.com/manual/manual
Zend Framework Wiki (proposals, tutorials, etc.) http://framework.zend.com/wiki
Zend Developer Zone (tutorials, articles, announcements) http://devzone.zend.com/

Thank you!

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Getting Started with Zend Framework

by Matthew Weier O'Phinney

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