Carbohydrates

CARBOHYDRATES

What is a Carbohydrate?
Carbohydrates are made of only three elements – carbon , hydrogen , and oxygen
The ratio will ALWAYS be 1C : 2H : 1O – [ C H 2 O ] (the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is 2:1)
Are often soluble in water
Usually end in “-ose” (e.g. glucOSE)
There are three main types of carbohydrates…

1. Monosaccharides
“ Simple sugars” – used by the cells for ENERGY
Mono saccharide – ‘single sugar’
5 carbon monosaccharide: ribose ( ATP/DNA )
6 carbon monosaccharides: glucose plus several other simple sugars (fructose)

Glucose subunits are the monomers for carbohydrate macromolecule polymers.

2. Disaccharides
“ double sugar” - Energy
Two monosaccharides that are put together (dehydration synthesis)
For example..sucrose (common table sugar)
Glucose (monomer) + Fructose (monomer)

So, what’s the chemical formula for sucrose?
Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) + fructose (C 6 H 12 O 6 )
= sucrose (C 12 H 24 O 12 ) – Right?
WRONG!!
A molecule of water is removed (dehydrated) every time monomers are put together – you must subtract H 2 O
Your answer should be…
Sucrose – C 12 H 22 O 11

Other disaccharide examples…
2 glucose subunits

3. Polysaccharides
“ many sugars”
All polysaccharides are macromolecules.
All polysaccharides are polymers of anywhere from several hundred to several thousand glucose monomers
(Remember dehydration synthesis?...)
What’s the chemical formula for a polysaccharide of 15 glucose molecules?

15 glucose molecules
C 6 H 12 O 6 x 15 = C 90 H 180 O 90
(14 bonds) minus H 28 O 14
C 90 H 152 O 76

There are two types of polysaccharides
Storage Polysaccharides
A. In plants – STARCH
B. In Animals – GLYCOGEN (“animal starch”)
it’s found in liver and muscle tissue….

Structural Polysaccharides
A. In plants – CELLULOSE – the most abundant organic compound on earth
Cellulose can’t be digested by most animals so it passes through our digestive tract undigested. What’s it called?...
FIBER
We lack the correct enzyme in our intestines…therefore, cellulose is NOT considered a nutrient.

What’s the difference between starch and cellulose?
We can digest starch but we can’t digest cellulose. Why?
It has to do with the structure of the polysaccharides…
Alternating pattern vs a non-alternating pattern of the glucose monomers

Cellulose is found in all plant cell walls…that’s why it’s considered a structural polysaccharide (as opposed to a storage polysaccharide)
But cellulose is not the only structural polysaccharide. There is another one found only in animals…it’s called…
B. CHITIN
Chitin is the main chemical found in the exoskeletons of lobsters, insects, etc…

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Carbohydrates

by wcadigpub2009dw

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Carbohydrates

by wcadigpub2009dw

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Carbohydrates Presentation Transcript

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