Honors biology basic powerpoint for chapter 1

1. Chapter 1.
The Science of Biology
Honors Biology
Ms. Watson

2. Chapter 1.1 What is science?
Guide for Reading
Key Concept
 What is the goal of
science?
Vocabulary
 Science
 Observation
 Data
 Inference
 Hypothesis

3. What science is and is not
The goal of science is to investigate and
understand the natural world, to explain in the
natural world, and to use those explanations to
make useful predictions.
Science deals only with the natural world.
Collect and organize information in a careful
orderly way, looking for patterns and
connections.
Science – an organized way of using evidence
to learn about the natural world.

4. Thinking like a Scientist
Scientific thinking usually begins with
observation….
Observation – the process of gathering
information about events or processes in a
careful orderly way.
 Involves using the senses, especially sight
and hearing.
Data – the information gathered from
observations is called data.

5. Thinking like a Scientist (cont’d)
Quantitative data – expressed as numbers,
obtained by counting or measuring.
Qualitative data – descriptive and involve
characteristics that can’t usually be
counted.
Scientist may use data to make inferences.
Inference – a logical interpretation based on
prior knowledge or experience.

6. With the Data….
Scientist make inferences!
Inference – a logical interpretation based
on prior knowledge or experience.

7. Statement Observation Inference
Object A is round and orange.
Object A is a basketball.
Object C is round and black and white.
Object C is larger than Object B.
Object B is smooth.
Object B is a table-tennis ball.
Each object is used in a different sport.
Observation or inference???

8. Yosemite National Park, www.inetours.com/.../Yosemite_Falls_Mdo.jpg
Make an observation….

9. http://outhouserag.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/212.jpg
Make and observation…
Then make an inference…

10. Give an example of qualitative and quantitative data.
http://z.about.com/d/gonyc/1/0/8/R/turtles.jpg

11. Explaining and Interpreting Evidence
Scientists try to explain events in the natural world by
interpreting evidence logically and analytically.
Hypothesis – a proposed scientific explanation for a set
of observations (use prior knowledge, logical inference,
and informed, creative observation).
Must be able to be tested.
Perform controlled experiments or gathering more data.
Some hypotheses can be ruled out.
To be valid, a conclusion must be based on logical
interpretation of reliable data.

12. Science as a Way of Knowing
Science is an ongoing process – ask
questions, observing, making inferences,
and testing inferences.
Good scientists are skeptics, which means
they question both existing ideas and new
hypothesis.
Science has limits.
Focus on living systems, from invisibly
small to size of our entire planet.

13. Chapter 1.2 How Scientists Work
Guide for Reading
Key Concepts
 How do scientists test
hypotheses?
 How does a scientific
theory develop?
Vocabulary
 Spontaneous
generation
 Controlled experiment
 Manipulated variable
 Responding variable
 Theory

14. Designing an Experiment
State the Problem
Form a Hypothesis
Set Up a Controlled Experiment
Record Results
Analyze Results
Draw a Conclusion
Publish Results

15. Designing an Experiment (cont’d)
Asking a Question
 How do new living things, or organisms, come
into being?
Forming a Hypothesis
 Life could arise from nonliving matter
(spontaneous generation)
 1668, Francesco Redi formed a new
hypothesis – Flies produce maggots.

16. Designing an Experiment (cont’d)
Setting up a controlled experiment
 Factors that can change are called variables
(equipment used, type of material, amount of
material, temperature, light, and time.
 Whenever possible, a hypothesis should be tested by
an experiment in which only one variable is changed
at a time.
 Controlled experiment – an experiment in which all
variables are kept unchanged except for one.
 Manipulated variable - the variable that is deliberately
changed.
 Responding variable – the variable that is changed in
response to the manipulated variable

17. Designing an Experiment (cont’d)
Recording and Analyzing Results
 Scientists usually keep written records of their
observations, or data.
Drawing a Conclusion
 Use the data from an experiment to evaluate
the hypothesis and draw a valid conclusion
“Science can be repeated –
results should always be the same”

18. When Experiments are Not Possible
Observing animals in
the natural habitat
Determining the effect
on people of a
chemical suspected
of causing cancer
Must design
alternative
investigations.
http://chascreek.blogs.com/local_life/image
s/prairie_dog_2.jpg

19. How a Theory Develops
A particular hypothesis
may become so well
supported that scientists
consider it a theory
Theory – applies to a well
tested explanation that
unifies a broad range of
observations.
Makes accurate
predictions
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20. Chapter 1.3 Studying Life
Guide for Reading
What are some
characteristics of
living things?
How can life be
studied at different
levels?
Vocabulary
 Biology
 Cell
 Sexual reproduction
 Asexual
reproduction
 Metabolism
 Stimulus
 Homeostasis
 Evolution

21. Continued
Key Concepts
 Which
measurement
system do
scientists use?
 How are light
microscopes
similar? How are
they different?
Vocabulary
 Metric system
 Microscope
 Compound light
microscope
 Electron
microscope
 Cell culture
 Cell fractionation

22. Characteristics of Living Things
Living things share the following characteristics
 Living things are made up of units called cells
 Living things reproduce
 Living things are based on a universal genetic code
 Living things grow and develop
 Living things obtain and use materials and energy
 Living things respond to their environment
 Living things maintain a stable internal environment
 Taken as a group, living things change over time

23. Made up of Cells
Cell – collection of living
matter enclosed in barrier
that separates the cell
from its surroundings
Smallest unit of an
organism that can be
considered alive.
Complex and highly
organized
Organisms can be
unicellular and
multicellular
Ex. Human body made
up of 85 different cell
types

24. Reproduction
All organisms produce
new organisms through
a process of
reproduction.
Sexual reproduction –
cells from two parents
unite to produce the
first cell of the new
organism
Asexual reproduction –
the new organism has a
single parent.

25. Based on a Genetic Code
Asexual reproduction
– offspring have the
same traits
Sexual reproduction –
offspring differ from
their parents in some
ways
Directions for
inheritance carried by
deoxyribonucleic acid,
or DNA.

26. Growth and Development
All living things grow for
at least part of their lives
Some increase in size,
others undergo
development
Development – a single
fertilized egg divides
again and again to
produce the many cells of
mature organisms
(differentiation)

27. Need for Materials and Energy
Metabolism – the
combination of chemical
reactions though which
an organism builds up or
breaks down materials as
it carries out its life
processes
Some organisms can
make their own food from
the sun – photosynthesis
Other organisms get their
food by eating other
organisms.

28. Response to the Environment
Stimulus – a signal to
which an organism
responds.
Ex. Light, temperature

29. Maintaining Internal Balance
Homeostasis –
keeping internal
conditions, such as
temperature and
water content, fairly
constant to survive
Involves internal
feedback
Ex. Shivering,
sweating, feelings of
thirst

30. Evolution
As a group any given
kind of organism can
evolve, or change
over time.
Over a few
generations, the
changes in a group
may not seem
significant

31. Test Yourself…Do you know???
Characteristic Examples
Living things are made up of units called
cells.
Living things reproduce.
Living things are based on a universal
genetic code.
Living things grow and develop.
Living things obtain and use materials and
energy.
Living things respond to their environment.
Living things maintain a stable internal
environment.
Taken as a group, living things change
over time.
Many microorganisms consist of only a single cell.
Animals and trees are multicellular.
Maple trees reproduce sexually. A hydra can
reproduce asexually by budding.
Flies produce flies. Dogs produce dogs. Seeds from
maple trees produce maple trees.
Flies begin life as eggs, then become maggots, and
then become adult flies.
Plants obtain their energy from sunlight. Animals
obtain their energy from the food they eat.
Leaves and stems of plants grow toward light.
Despite changes in the temperature of the
environment, a robin maintains a constant body
temperature.
Plants that live in the desert survive because they have
become adapted to the conditions of the desert.

32. Branches of Biology
No single biologist
could study all this
diversity, so biology is
divided into different
fields.
Ex. Zoologists
(animals), botanists
(plants),
paleontologists
(ancient life)

33. Branches of Biology
Biosphere – The part of the Earth that contains all
ecosystems
Ecosystem – Community and its nonliving
surroundings
Community – Populations that live together in a
defined area
Population – group of organisms of one type that live
in the same area
Organism – Individual living thing
Groups of Cells – tissues, organs, and organ systems
Cells – smallest functional unit of life
Molecules – Groups of atoms; smallest unit of most
chemical compounds

34. Biology in Everyday Life
Helps you understand your
pets.
Dinosaurs
The food you need and
methods for sustaining the
world’s food supply.
Condition of good health
Behaviors of the diseases that
can harm you.
Identifies environmental factors
that might threaten you.
Understand what affects the
quality of your life.
Help understand that humans
are capable of predicting and
trying to control their future and
that of the planet.

35. A Common Measurement System
Most scientists use the metric system
when collecting data and performing
experiments.
Metric system – a decimal system of
measurement whole units are based on
certain physical standards and are scaled
on multiples of 10.
International System of Units, or SI

36. A Common Measurement System

37. Common Metric Units – Appendix C
Length
 1 meter (m) = 100 centimeters (cm)
 1 meter = 1000 millimeters (mm)
 1000 meters = 1 kilometer (km)
Mass
 1 kilogram (kg) = 1000 grams (g)
 1 gram = 1000 milligrams (mg)
 1000 kilograms = 1 metric ton (t)
Volume
 1 liter (L) = 1000 milliliters (mL)
 1 liter = 1000 cubic centimeters (cm3)
Temperature
 0oC = freezing point of water
 100oC = boiling point of water

38. A Common Measurement System
Can you remember?????
King Kilo
Henry Hecta
Died Deca
By (Base)
Drinking Deci
Chocolate Centi
Milk Milli

39. A Common Measurement System

40. A Common Measurement System
If you convert from a larger unit to a
smaller unit the number increases by the
correct factor of 10
Ex. 10 decameters to meters
Move the decimal place one space to the
right and 10 decameters becomes 100
meters

41. A Common Measurement System
If you convert from a smaller unit to a
larger unit the number decreases by the
correct factor of 10
Ex. 100 deciliters to liters
Move the decimal place one space to the
left and 100 deciliters becomes 10 meters

42. Let’s Practice…
If meter (m) is the base unit then how
many centimeters are in one meter?
Convert 60.4 decameters to meters.
Convert 5 centimeters to hectameters.

43. 1.4 Studying Life
Analyzing Biological Data
Record data in a table and then make a graph.
Graph of data makes recognizing patterns
easier.
Scientists use computers to sort data.
Water Released and Absorbed by Tree
Time
Absorbed
by Roots
(g/h)
Released
by Leaves
(g/h)
8 AM
10 AM
12 PM
2 PM
4 PM
6 PM
8 PM
5
2
10
14
9
6
4
1
1
12
17
16
10
3
Water released by leaves
Water released by leaves
RelativeRates(g/h)
20
Time
0
15
10
5
8 AM 10 AM 12 PM 2 PM 4 PM 6 PM 8 PM

44. Microscopes
Microscope – a device that
produces magnified images of
structures that are too small to
see with the unaided eye
Light Microscopes
 Focus visible light rays
 Magnification about 1000x
 Compound Light
Microscope – allow light to
pass through the specimen
and use two lenses to form
an image
 study dead organisms and
their parts and also when
they are alive

45. Microscopes
Electron Microscopes
 Focuses a beam of
electrons, rather than light,
to produce images.
 1000x more detail than
light microscopes
 Transmission Electron
Microscopes (TEM) –
through the specimen,
detailed information inside
the specimen
 Scanning Electron
Microscope (SEM) –
across the surface of the
specimen, produces a 3-D
image
 Specimens are non-living

46. Scanning Electron Microscope Images
Blood Cells
Beetle

47. Transmission Electron Microscope Images
Plant Cell 22,500X
Muscle Cells

48. Laboratory Techniques
Cell Cultures
 Used to obtain additional
culture
 The cell is able to
reproduce so a that a
group of cells develop from
the original cell
Cell Fractionation
 Separates one part of the
cell from the others
 Separates cell parts
 Cells are broken apart,
placed in a centrifuge, and
then specific part is
selected

49. Laboratory Techniques – Cell Fractionation

50. Working Safely in Biology
Scientists must be careful
Working with flames or heating, elements,
electricity, chemicals, hot liquids, sharp
instruments, and breakable glassware.
Always follow your teacher’s instructions
and the textbook directions exactly
YOU are responsible for your own safety
as well as your teacher and classmates.
Safety rules – Appendix B (pg 1068)