SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 11
Download to read offline
Kohei Arai
International Journal of Applied Sciences (IJAS), Volume (2): Issue (1) : 2011 52
Method for Estimation of Grow Index of Tealeaves Based on Bi-
Directional Reflectance Distribution Function: BRDF
Measurements With Ground Based Network Cameras
Kohei Arai arai@is.saga-u.ac.jp
Graduate School of Science and Engineering/Information
Science Departmen Saga University
1 Honjo Saga City,840-8502, Japan
Abstract
Methods for estimation of grow index of tealeaves based on Bi-directional Reflectance
Distribution Function: BRDF measurements with ground based network cameras is proposed.
Due to a fact that Near Infrared: NIR camera data is proportional to total nitrogen while that
shows negative correlation to fiber contents, it is possible to estimate nitrogen and fiber contents
in tealeaves with ground based NIR camera data and remote sensing satellite data. Through
regressive analysis between measured total nitrogen and fiber contents and NIR reflectance of
tealeaves in tea estates, it is found that there is a good correlation between both then regressive
equations are created. Also it is found that monitoring of a grow index of tealeaves with BRDF
measured with networks cameras is valid. Thus it is concluded that a monitoring of tea estates
with network cameras of visible and NIR is appropriate.
Keywords: Minneart, BRDF, Network Camera, Grow Index, Tealeaf.
1. INTRODUCTION
Vitality monitoring of vegetation is attempted with photographic cameras [1]. Grow rate monitoring
is also attempted with spectral reflectance measurements [2]. Total nitrogen content corresponds
to amid acid which is highly correlated to Theanine: 2-Amino-4-(ethylcarbamoyl) butyric acid so
that total nitrogen can be used for a measure of the quality of tealeaves. Also fiber content in
tealeaves is highly correlated to the grow rate of tealeaves. Both total nitrogen and fiber content
in tealeaves are highly correlated to the reflectance in the visible and near infrared wavelength
regions and vegetation index derived from visible and near infrared data so that it is possible to
determine most appropriate tealeaf harvest date using the total nitrogen and fiber content in the
tealeaves which are monitored with ground based visible and near infrared cameras and with
visible and near infrared radiometers onboard remote sensing satellites. Namely the most
appropriate time for harvesting tealeaves is whenever total nitrogen shows the maximum and
fiber content shows the minimum. It, however, is not so easy because no one knows the
minimum and maximum and because grow rate cannot be estimates with fiber content which is
monitored with just cameras and radiometers perfectly. Therefore, it is required to monitor grow
rate with the other method with a much precise manner.
BRDF is the "Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function" [3]-[12]. It gives the reflectance of a
target as a function of illumination geometry and viewing geometry. The BRDF depends on
wavelength and is determined by the structural and optical properties of the surface, such as
shadow-casting, multiple scattering, mutual shadowing, transmission, reflection, absorption and
emission by surface elements, facet orientation distribution and facet density. BRDF of tealeaves
has a good correlation to grow index of tealeaves so that it is possible to monitor an expected
harvest amount of tealeaves. It can be done with network cameras. BRDF monitoring is well
known as a method for vegetation growth [13], [14]. On the other hand, degree of polarization of
vegetation is attempted to use for vegetation monitoring [15] together with new tealeaves growth
monitoring with BRDF measurements [16].Tea estate monitoring system with network cameras
Kohei Arai
International Journal of Applied Sciences (IJAS), Volume (2): Issue (1) : 2011 53
together with remote sensing satellite data is proposed in the following section followed by
proposed estimation methods for BRDF and total nitrogen and fiber contents with network
camera data together with some experimental results. Finally, concluding remarks is followed with
some discussions.
2. PROPOSED METHOD
2.1 BRDF Measurements With Network Cameras
The proposed method for BRDF measurements is illustrated in Figure 1. Visible and NIR network
cameras are equipped on the pole in order to look down with -5-95 degrees of incident angle
which depends on the location as is shown in Figure 1. The pole is used for avoidance of frosty
damage to tealeaves using fan mounted on the pole (approximately 5 m above the ground). With
these network cameras, reflectance in the wavelength region of 550nm (red color) and 870nm
(NIR) at the several elevation angles are measured results in BRDF measurements assuming
that vegetated areas are homogeneous and flat. From the acquired image, four portions of small
pieces are extracted for elevation angles of Spectralon(almost 0 degree), 22.5, 45 and 67.5
degrees. From the first portion of image, reflected radiance from the Spectralon is estimated.
Meanwhile, almost flat tealeaf is extracted from the other second to fourth portion of images for
estimation of BRDF. There are many tealeaf angles and also tealeaf angle is changed depending
on wind direction and speed. Through visual perception, it is possible to extract such tealeaf
which looks almost flat situation. Taking a ratio between Spectralon of radiance and tealeaf
radiance, the reflectance at the tealeaves at the location which corresponds to 22.5, 45 and 67.5
degrees of elevation angles is estimated then BRDF can be calculated.
FIGURE 1: Illustrative view of the proposed vegetation monitoring system with two network
cameras, visible and NIR.
Look angle of the cameras with wide viewing angle (100 degree for both horizontal and vertical
directions) of lens are fixed at 45 degree of elevation angle so that the camera acquire the field
from -5 to 95 degree of elevation angle (Angle is measured with a digital angle meter with 0.1
degree accuracy). The geometric relation between camera and tealeaves is known so that we
can calculate BRDF. The cameras acquire the image every 30 minutes (shutter speed of 0.5 ms).
For BRDF measurement, MS-720 of spectral radiometer is used for the reference. In order to
check the measured reflectance and BRDF with visible and near infrared filter film attached
cameras, those with MS-720 is used as a reference.
Table 1 shows the specification of MS-720. Meanwhile Panasonic BB8-HCM371 of Pan-Tilt-
Zoom camera is used for monitoring BRDF in visible and near infrared wavelength (Band pass
Kohei Arai
International Journal of Applied Sciences (IJAS), Volume (2): Issue (1) : 2011 54
filters, 550nm film and 840nm film) are attached to the optics entrance of the camera). The
specification of camera is shown in Table 2.
Wavelength coverage 350~1,050nm
Number of channels/Wavelength interval 256ch/3.3nm(interpolated with 1nm)
Wavelength accuracy <0.3nm
Wavelength resolution (Half power width) 10nm
Temperature Dependency ±5% (-10~+40℃)
Unit of the measurements W/m2
・µm
Full aperture(deg.) 10
TABLE 1: Specification of spectral radiometer of MS-720 manufactured by Eiko Co.Ltd.,
Detector elements 1/4inch、0.32 million of CCD elements
Focal length Fixed(ranges 0.5m~∞)
F No. F3.5
Sensitivity 3Lux~100,000Lux
Aperture 53 deg. in horizontal direction (extensible to 173 deg.), 40 deg.
In vertical direction (extensible to 105 deg.). Aperture for both
horizontal and vertical directions is set at 100 deg.
TABLE 2: Specification of visible to near infrared camera mounted on the “Fan pole” for frost
damage avoidance
2.2. Relation between BRDF and Grow Index (GI) of new tealeaves
In order to express un-isotropic characteristics of angle dependency of reflectance of tealeaves
with one parameter, Minneart coefficient
1
is calculated with the measured BRDF characteristics
at 0, 22.5, 45 and 67.5 degrees of elevation angles through regression analysis. Minneart
coefficient is used for estimation of Grow Index (GI). Minneart coefficient is assumed to be
increased with growing new tealeaves. Old tealeaves used to be shown Lambertian surface
1
The Minneart formula is presented as follow :
I = (N dot L)k
(1 - N dot E)1-k
where :
N = normalized normal vertex
L = normalized vertex to light
E = normalized vertex to eye
k = Minneart coefficient
“dot” denotes inner product. Minneart function of k=1 is totally equal to the well known Lambertian
which is isotropic reflectance function. Un-isotropic characteristics become remarkable in
accordance with Minneart coefficient.
Kohei Arai
International Journal of Applied Sciences (IJAS), Volume (2): Issue (1) : 2011 55
(Menneart coefficient=1). From the surface of the old tealeaves, new tealeaves is grown results in
increasing of Menneart coefficient. It is obvious that reflectance of new tealeaves is greater than
that of old tealeaves, in particular, in the near infrared wavelength region. Cross section of new
tealeaves in the field of view at each viewing angle, in particular, for the large off-nadir angle is
increased so that Minneart coefficient is increased with growing of new tealeaves.
In the proposed method, visible and near infrared cameras are used for reflectance and BRDF
measurements. The cameras are mounted on the pole which is used for fan which is mainly used
for frost damage avoidance. Also cameras are connected each other with wireless LAN (Local
Area Network) and make measurements automatically. Also we put the Spectralon
2
on the
tealeaves manually once a day just before measurements for calibration purpose. In order to
avoid influences of pixel-to-pixel sensitivity difference, spectral response difference, out-of-band
response, vignetting, a limited portion of camera images are used. Also only the pixels data
situated in the center of the optics viewing angle are used for reflectance and BRDF
measurements (only a tealeaf which assumed to be directed to the normal and zenith direction is
selected). Sensitivity stability is key issue. Because Spectralon is measured only once a day so
that spectrometer sensitivity has to stable enough for one hour (reflectance and BRDF
measurements takes about one hour). It is also obvious that meteorological conditions have to be
monitored. Meteorological conditions are fundamental characteristics of the tealeaves grow.
Therefore meteorological stations are equipped at the tea estates.
These instructions are for authors of submitting the research papers to the International Journal
of Computer Science and Security (IJCSS). IJCSS is seeking research papers, technical reports,
dissertation, letter etc for these interdisciplinary areas. The goal of the IJCSS is to publish the
most recent results in the development of information technology. These instructions are for
authors of submitting the research papers to the International Journal of Computer Science and
Security (IJCSS). IJCSS is seeking research papers, technical reports, dissertation, letter etc for
these interdisciplinary areas. The goal of the IJCSS is to publish the most recent results in the
development of information technology. These instructions are for authors of submitting the
research papers to the International Journal of Computer Science and Security (IJCSS). IJCSS is
seeking research papers, technical reports, dissertation, letter etc for these interdisciplinary
areas. The goal of the IJCSS is to publish the most recent results in the development of
information technology
3. EXPERIMENTS
3.1. Experimental Conditions
The monitor systems are equipped at four test sites of tea estates of the Saga Prefectural
Institute of Tea: SPIT which is situated at 1870-5 Shimojuku Ureshino city in Saga prefecture
Japan. There are four tea estates at the institute, East, South, West and North tea fields. Species
and ages are different each other among the four tea fields. Yabukita is situated at the eastern
tea field, Ohiwase for southern tea field, Benifuki for western tea field and Yabukita and
Okumidori for northern tea field, respectively, as are shown in Figure 2.
2
Spectralon is well qualified standard plaque (Reflectance panel). I used to calibrate spectral-
radiometer or spectrometer with Spectralon (manufactured by Labsphere Co. Ltd., U.S.A.) for
reflectance measurements. I used to keep a master of Spectralon with care in a desiccate box for
many years which is NIST traceable. I used to make reflectance measurements with a working
master of Spectralon. Then working master is used to be calibrated with the master after the field
campaigns. The most important thing is stability of spectrometer (or radiometer) during the time
required for reflectance measurement because reflectance can be calculated with the ratio of
measured readings with spectrometer of the surface and Spectralon.
Kohei Arai
International Journal of Applied Sciences (IJAS), Volume (2): Issue (1) : 2011 56
FIGURE 2: Test sites of four tea estates (East, South, West, and North) situated at Saga
Prefectural Institute for tea (E129°59′22.3″N33°05′50.7″) (c) Google.
Look angle of the cameras with wide viewing angle (90 degree) of lens are fixed 45 degree of
elevation angle so that the camera acquire the field from 0 to 90 degree of elevation angle. Sky
condition is monitored pyrometer (hemispherical radiometer). If the sky condition is not good
enough, then I omit such unreliable data. I used to measure spectral optical depth. Also I used to
estimate absorption due to water vapor, ozone and Rayleigh scattering and aerosol scattering. If
the atmospheric condition is varied too much, then I also omit such unreliable data.
Figure 3 shows one of the examples of the photos which show how does tea estate look like (a)
and also show Spectralon on the tealeaves (b). It also shows outlook of the meteorological station
(Vantage Pro-II manufactured by U.S.A.) equipped at the test site of tea estates (c) together with
the cameras in the box on the frost damage avoidance pole (d).
3.2. Experimental Results
Examples of the acquired camera images of off-nadir angles of 22.5, 45 and 67.5 degrees
(portion of images) are shown in Figure 4(a), (b) and (c), respectively. Through visual perception,
one piece of tealeaf which is situated in the horizontal and zenith directions is extracted from the
image as is shown in Figure 4(d), (e) and (f) for 22.5, 45 and 67.5 degrees of off-nadir angles.
Figure 4 (g), (h) and (i) also shows histogram of the piece of tealeaf of the green colored image
for Figure 4 (d), (e) and (f), respectively. Through a histogram analysis, reflectance3
can be
calculated with mean of pixels of the one piece of tealeaf and pixel value of the Spectralon.
Histogram in the Figure 4 shows green color (550nm) of wavelength channel of histogram
measured at north tea estate (Yabukita) on April 4 2010. The value in the bracket of Figure 4
shows the calculated reflectance. Thus BRDF can be calculated with the acquired camera data.
Then Minneart coefficients are estimated through regression analysis with Minneart function and
the calculated reflectance as a function of off-nadir angles.
3
Reflectance can be defined as a ratio of the mean of pixel value and pixel value of the
Spectralon.
Kohei Arai
International Journal of Applied Sciences (IJAS), Volume (2): Issue (1) : 2011 57
(a)
(b) Out look of the tea estate (North tea estate of SPIT) (b) Spectralon on the tealeaves
(c)Meteorological data collecting robot (d)Network cameras in the box mounted on the frost
damage avoidance pole
FIGURE 3: Example of the photos which show how does tea estate look like and also show
Spectralon which is set-up on the tealeaves. Meteorological station equipped at the test site of
tea estates together with network cameras attached on the frost damage avoidance pole.
Examples of the Minneart function and the calculated reflectance of east, south, west and north
tea estates which are measured on January 8 2008 are shown in Figure 5. Usually, new
tealeaves start to grow in the begging of April and grow-up rapidly. Theanine in new tealeaves
increases in accordance with grow-up. Then Theanine changes to Catechin due to sun light so
that Theanine decreases for the time being. Tea taste good if the tealeaves contain a lot of
Theanine while it tastes bad for the tealeaves containing a lot of Catechin. It used to harvest
before Theanine changes to Catechin, approximately in the late of April or the begging of May.
After the harvesting the first new tealeaves, next new tealeaves grow-up again. Then second new
tealeaves harvesting is done in the begging of July. Third harvesting is used to be scheduled in
the September usually. After the third harvest, old tealeaves are cut for maintaining vitality of tea
trees for a long winter time, during from October to March. These are annual events for tealeaves.
Taste of firstly harvested tealeaves is the best followed by the secondly and thirdly harvested
tealeaves. The difference between the firstly harvested tealeaves and the other two harvested
tealeaves is pretty large. In other word, most of tea farmers concentrate the firstly harvested
tealeaves rather than the other two harvested tealeaves. Therefore this paper focuses BRDF
monitoring results for the firstly harvested tealeaves only. Figure 6 shows the BRDF changes
Kohei Arai
International Journal of Applied Sciences (IJAS), Volume (2): Issue (1) : 2011 58
(Minneart coefficient trend) for eastern tea estate of Yabukita tealeaves during from March 29 to
April 30 2008.
May 19 2009
(a) 22.5degree (b) 45 degree (c) 67.5 degree
(d) Extracted tealeaf from 22.5 degree of image (e) That from 45 degree image (f) That from
67.5 degree image
(g) 22.5 degree (0.97) (h) 45 degree (0.8) (i) 67.5 degree (0.75)
FIGURE 4: Histogram of green color of a tealeaf extracted from the acquired image and
reflectance at the off-nadir angle of 22.5, 45 and 67.5 degrees measured at north tea estate
(Yabukita) on April 4 2010. The value in the bracket shows reflectance.
Kohei Arai
International Journal of Applied Sciences (IJAS), Volume (2): Issue (1) : 2011 59
FIGURE 5: Approximated Minneart reflectance function derived from regression analysis with the
measured reflectance at the four off-nadir angles with the acquired camera data situated in the
east, south, west and northern tea estates on January 8 2008 (tea estates are covered with just
old tealeaves).
(a) March 29 2008 (1.4) (b) April 8 2008 (1.9)
Kohei Arai
International Journal of Applied Sciences (IJAS), Volume (2): Issue (1) : 2011 60
(c)April 30 2008 (1.2)
FIGURE 6: BRDF changes for each wavelength starting from 400nm to 1050nm with 10nm steps.
Minneart coefficient (the number in the bracket shows Minneart coefficient) for the Figure 6(a) is
not small because new tealeaves appeared on that day of March 29 2008. Then Minneart
coefficient increases for the time being as is shown in Figure 6(b) of BRDF characteristics of April
8 2008. Finally, Minneart coefficient decreases after the harvest of new tealeaves as is shown in
Figure 6(c).
3.3. Verification of the Proposed Method
Truth data of firstly harvest amount of new tealeaves is shown in the Table 3 together with age of
the tea trees and area of tea estates. Firstly harvested new tealeaf amount depends on the age of
the tea trees and also on the year as is shown in Figure 7. As is aforementioned, Minneart
coefficient becomes the index for harvesting amount of new tealeaves.
Harvest amount/10a
Name Age 2008 2009 2010 Area(a)
E:Yabukita 20 474.9 430.2 335.7 7.8
S:Oiwase 8 115.9 351.8 395.5 4.7
W:Benifuki 7 121.2 400.0 326.1 3.4
N:Okumidori 25 333.1 400.0 554.7 9.7
N:Yabukita 36 549.0 553.3 606.2 10.1
TABLE 3: Age of the tea trees and area of tea estates of the tea estates and firstly harvest
amount of new tealeaves per 10 a.
FIGURE 7: Relation between tea trees age and firstly harvested amount of new tealeaves.
Kohei Arai
International Journal of Applied Sciences (IJAS), Volume (2): Issue (1) : 2011 61
FIGURE 8: Relation between harvested tealeaves and estimated Minnerart coefficient.
Figure 8 shows a relation between harvested amount of new tealeaves in unit of Kg/10a and the
measured Minneart coefficient on just before harvest. The amount of new tealeaves is measured
for firstly harvested new tealeaves for three year starting from 2008 and 2010. Figure 8 shows a
good relation between harvested amount and Minneart coefficient so that the proposed method
for estimation of possible amount of harvesting amount of new tealeaves is validated.
Furthermore, it would help to determine the date for harvest of new tealeaves together with
monitored total nitrogen contains which is highly related to the Theanine.
4. CONCLUSIONS
It is found that the proposed new tealeaf monitoring system with network cameras is useful
through field experiments of BRDF measurement with the matching BRDF derived from MCRT as
well as Minneart model. Acquired images with visible and near infrared web cameras mounted on
the pole that is used to avoid frosty damage with fan for convection of the boundary atmospheric
layer are also useful to monitor the mass and quality of new grow tealeaf because observation
angle ranges from zero (Nadir) to 75degree which is very sensitive to the size (length) of new
tealeaves in the sense on BRDF changes. Thus the most appropriate time for harvesting new
tealeaves is determined. Also it is possible to estimate mass and quality of new tealeaves based
on monitored camera imagery data and satellite imagery data derived total nitrogen and fiber
contents in the new tealeaves. It is obvious that nitrogen rich tealeaves tastes good while fiber
rich tealeaves tastes bad. Theanine: 2-Amino-4-(ethylcarbamoyl) butyric acid that is highly
correlated to nitrogen contents in new tealeaves are changed to Catechin [17],[18],[19] due to sun
light. In accordance with sun light, new tealeaves grow up so that there is a most appropriate time
for harvest in order to maximize amount and taste of new tealeaves simultaneously.
Acknowledgement
Author would like to thank to Dr.Hideo Miyazaki and Sadayuki Akashi of Saga Prefectural Institute
of Tea for their valuable comments and suggestions as well as truth data.
5. REFERENCES
[1] J.T.Compton, Red and photographic infrared linear combinations for monitoring vegetation,
Journal of Remote Sensing of Environment, 8, 127-150, 1979.
[2] C.Wiegand, M.Shibayama, and Y.Yamagata, Spectral observation for estimating the growth
and yield of rice, Journal of Crop Science, 58, 4, 673-683, 1989.
[3] Nicodemus, Fred (1965). "Directional reflectance and emissivity of an opaque surface"
(abstract). Applied Optics 4 (7): 767–775. doi:10.1364/AO.4.000767.
http://ao.osa.org/abstract.cfm?id=13818, 1965.
Kohei Arai
International Journal of Applied Sciences (IJAS), Volume (2): Issue (1) : 2011 62
[4]Rusinkiewicz, S., "A Survey of BRDF Representation for Computer Graphics".
http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~smr/cs348c-97/surveypaper.html. Retrieved 2007-09-05, 2007.
[5] Wojciech Matusik, Hanspeter Pfister, Matt Brand, and Leonard McMillan. A Data-Driven
Reflectance Model. ACM Transactions on Graphics. 22(3) 2002.
[6] B. T. Phong, Illumination for computer generated pictures, Communications of ACM 18, no. 6,
311–317, 1975.
[7] James F. Blinn (1977). "Models of light reflection for computer synthesized pictures". Proc. 4th
annual conference on computer graphics and interactive techniques: 192.
doi:10.1145/563858.563893. http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=563858.563893., 1977.
[8] K. Torrance and E. Sparrow. Theory for Off-Specular Reflection from Roughened Surfaces. J.
Optical Soc. America, vol. 57. pp. 1105–1114, 1976.
[9] Lubin, Dan; Robert Massom (2006-02-10). Polar Remote Sensing: Volume I: Atmosphere and
Oceans (1 ed.). Springer. p.756. ISBN3540430970, 2006.
[11] Matt, Pharr; Greg Humphreys (2004). Physically Based Rendering (1 ed.). Morgan
Kauffmann. p.1019. ISBN012553180X, 2004.
[12] Schaepman-Strub, G.; M.E. Schaepman, T.H. Painter, S. Dangel, J.V. Martonchik (2006-07-
15). "Reflectance quantities in optical remote sensing--definitions and case studies". Remote
Sensing of Environment 103 (1): 27–42. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2006.03.002.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V6V-4K427VX-
1/2/d8f9855bc59ae8233e2ee9b111252701. Retrieved 2007-10-18., 2006.
[13] S.Tsuchida, I.Sato, and S.Okada, BRDF measurement system for spatially unstable land
surface-The measurement using spectro-radiometer and digital camera- Journal of Remote
Sensing, 19, 4, 49-59, 1999.
[14] K.Arai, Lecture Note on Remote Sensing, Morikita-shuppan Co., Ltd., 2000.
[15] K.Arai and Y.Nishimura, Degree of polarization model for leaves and discrimination between
pea and rice types of leaves for estimation of leaf area index, Abstract, COSPAR 2008,
A3.10010-08#991, 2008.
[16] K.Arai and Long Lili, BRDF model for new tealeaves and new tealeaves monitoring through
BRDF monitoring with web cameras, Abstract, COSPAR 2008, A3.10008-08#992, 2008.
[17] Greivenkamp, John E., Field Guide to Geometrical Optics. SPIE Field Guides vol. FG01.
SPIE. ISBN 0-8194-5294-7, 2004.
[18] Seto R, H. Nakamura, F. Nanjo, Y. Hara, Bioscience, Biotechnology, and
Biochemistry,Vol.61, issue 9, 1434-1439, 1997.
[19] Sano M, Suzuki M ,Miyase T, Yoshino K, Maeda-Yamamoto, M.,J.Agric.Food Chem., 47 (5),
1906-1910 1999.

More Related Content

What's hot

Smoke detection in video for early warning using static and dynamic features
Smoke detection in video for early warning using static and dynamic featuresSmoke detection in video for early warning using static and dynamic features
Smoke detection in video for early warning using static and dynamic featureseSAT Journals
 
Smoke detection in video for early warning using
Smoke detection in video for early warning usingSmoke detection in video for early warning using
Smoke detection in video for early warning usingeSAT Publishing House
 
Application Of NIRS In Feed Industry
Application Of NIRS In Feed IndustryApplication Of NIRS In Feed Industry
Application Of NIRS In Feed Industryguest06ad101
 
Detection air pollution based on infrared image processing
Detection air pollution based on infrared image processingDetection air pollution based on infrared image processing
Detection air pollution based on infrared image processingTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
 
IRJET- Analysis of Fuel Droplet Parameter using Laser Diagnosis System
IRJET- Analysis of Fuel Droplet Parameter using Laser Diagnosis SystemIRJET- Analysis of Fuel Droplet Parameter using Laser Diagnosis System
IRJET- Analysis of Fuel Droplet Parameter using Laser Diagnosis SystemIRJET Journal
 
Spatial Laser Induced Fluorescence Imaging (SLIFIMG) Analysis to Assess Tissu...
Spatial Laser Induced Fluorescence Imaging (SLIFIMG) Analysis to Assess Tissu...Spatial Laser Induced Fluorescence Imaging (SLIFIMG) Analysis to Assess Tissu...
Spatial Laser Induced Fluorescence Imaging (SLIFIMG) Analysis to Assess Tissu...IOSR Journals
 
An investigation and reduction of electro optical noise in tunable diode laser
An investigation and reduction of electro optical noise in tunable diode laserAn investigation and reduction of electro optical noise in tunable diode laser
An investigation and reduction of electro optical noise in tunable diode laserAlexander Decker
 
Introduction to li dar technology advanced remote sensing
Introduction to li dar technology   advanced remote sensingIntroduction to li dar technology   advanced remote sensing
Introduction to li dar technology advanced remote sensingBrightTimeStudio
 
Remote sensing & Radiometers Systems
Remote sensing & Radiometers Systems Remote sensing & Radiometers Systems
Remote sensing & Radiometers Systems Jay Baria
 
Noise removal techniques for microwave remote sensing radar data and its eval...
Noise removal techniques for microwave remote sensing radar data and its eval...Noise removal techniques for microwave remote sensing radar data and its eval...
Noise removal techniques for microwave remote sensing radar data and its eval...csandit
 
NOISE REMOVAL TECHNIQUES FOR MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING RADAR DATA AND ITS EVAL...
NOISE REMOVAL TECHNIQUES FOR MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING RADAR DATA AND ITS EVAL...NOISE REMOVAL TECHNIQUES FOR MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING RADAR DATA AND ITS EVAL...
NOISE REMOVAL TECHNIQUES FOR MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING RADAR DATA AND ITS EVAL...cscpconf
 
Work place monitoring haydar
Work place monitoring haydarWork place monitoring haydar
Work place monitoring haydarmahbubul hassan
 
RCE Schottky Photo Detector
RCE Schottky Photo DetectorRCE Schottky Photo Detector
RCE Schottky Photo DetectorRajan Kumar
 

What's hot (20)

Smoke detection in video for early warning using static and dynamic features
Smoke detection in video for early warning using static and dynamic featuresSmoke detection in video for early warning using static and dynamic features
Smoke detection in video for early warning using static and dynamic features
 
Smoke detection in video for early warning using
Smoke detection in video for early warning usingSmoke detection in video for early warning using
Smoke detection in video for early warning using
 
Application Of NIRS In Feed Industry
Application Of NIRS In Feed IndustryApplication Of NIRS In Feed Industry
Application Of NIRS In Feed Industry
 
Detection air pollution based on infrared image processing
Detection air pollution based on infrared image processingDetection air pollution based on infrared image processing
Detection air pollution based on infrared image processing
 
A novel approach to record sound
A novel approach to record soundA novel approach to record sound
A novel approach to record sound
 
IRJET- Analysis of Fuel Droplet Parameter using Laser Diagnosis System
IRJET- Analysis of Fuel Droplet Parameter using Laser Diagnosis SystemIRJET- Analysis of Fuel Droplet Parameter using Laser Diagnosis System
IRJET- Analysis of Fuel Droplet Parameter using Laser Diagnosis System
 
Spatial Laser Induced Fluorescence Imaging (SLIFIMG) Analysis to Assess Tissu...
Spatial Laser Induced Fluorescence Imaging (SLIFIMG) Analysis to Assess Tissu...Spatial Laser Induced Fluorescence Imaging (SLIFIMG) Analysis to Assess Tissu...
Spatial Laser Induced Fluorescence Imaging (SLIFIMG) Analysis to Assess Tissu...
 
An investigation and reduction of electro optical noise in tunable diode laser
An investigation and reduction of electro optical noise in tunable diode laserAn investigation and reduction of electro optical noise in tunable diode laser
An investigation and reduction of electro optical noise in tunable diode laser
 
FTIR vs Dispersive IR
FTIR vs Dispersive IRFTIR vs Dispersive IR
FTIR vs Dispersive IR
 
Introduction to li dar technology advanced remote sensing
Introduction to li dar technology   advanced remote sensingIntroduction to li dar technology   advanced remote sensing
Introduction to li dar technology advanced remote sensing
 
Gritta ftir
Gritta ftirGritta ftir
Gritta ftir
 
Remote sensing & Radiometers Systems
Remote sensing & Radiometers Systems Remote sensing & Radiometers Systems
Remote sensing & Radiometers Systems
 
Noise removal techniques for microwave remote sensing radar data and its eval...
Noise removal techniques for microwave remote sensing radar data and its eval...Noise removal techniques for microwave remote sensing radar data and its eval...
Noise removal techniques for microwave remote sensing radar data and its eval...
 
NOISE REMOVAL TECHNIQUES FOR MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING RADAR DATA AND ITS EVAL...
NOISE REMOVAL TECHNIQUES FOR MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING RADAR DATA AND ITS EVAL...NOISE REMOVAL TECHNIQUES FOR MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING RADAR DATA AND ITS EVAL...
NOISE REMOVAL TECHNIQUES FOR MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING RADAR DATA AND ITS EVAL...
 
Work place monitoring haydar
Work place monitoring haydarWork place monitoring haydar
Work place monitoring haydar
 
Internal radiation dosimetry
Internal radiation dosimetryInternal radiation dosimetry
Internal radiation dosimetry
 
RCE Schottky Photo Detector
RCE Schottky Photo DetectorRCE Schottky Photo Detector
RCE Schottky Photo Detector
 
Tearhertz Sub-Nanometer Sub-Surface Imaging of 2D Materials
Tearhertz Sub-Nanometer Sub-Surface Imaging of 2D MaterialsTearhertz Sub-Nanometer Sub-Surface Imaging of 2D Materials
Tearhertz Sub-Nanometer Sub-Surface Imaging of 2D Materials
 
Laser ablation
Laser ablationLaser ablation
Laser ablation
 
Laser ablation depth
Laser ablation depthLaser ablation depth
Laser ablation depth
 

Viewers also liked

Propagation of Love Waves Through an Irregular Surface Layer in the Presence ...
Propagation of Love Waves Through an Irregular Surface Layer in the Presence ...Propagation of Love Waves Through an Irregular Surface Layer in the Presence ...
Propagation of Love Waves Through an Irregular Surface Layer in the Presence ...Waqas Tariq
 
MS 10-2011 Vergroesen Frankrijk en verpaarsing
MS 10-2011 Vergroesen Frankrijk en verpaarsingMS 10-2011 Vergroesen Frankrijk en verpaarsing
MS 10-2011 Vergroesen Frankrijk en verpaarsingToine Vergroesen
 
Shot List/Shooting Schedual
Shot List/Shooting SchedualShot List/Shooting Schedual
Shot List/Shooting Schedualkenyabell1998
 
Webinar: Unwrapping the secrets to holiday success with Nosto
Webinar: Unwrapping the secrets to holiday success with NostoWebinar: Unwrapping the secrets to holiday success with Nosto
Webinar: Unwrapping the secrets to holiday success with NostoNosto
 
2. Genetic Control
2. Genetic Control2. Genetic Control
2. Genetic Controlrossbiology
 
ENGR334_Poster_Presentation_Paper_ldorr_WK10_20110602
ENGR334_Poster_Presentation_Paper_ldorr_WK10_20110602ENGR334_Poster_Presentation_Paper_ldorr_WK10_20110602
ENGR334_Poster_Presentation_Paper_ldorr_WK10_20110602Layne Orr
 
Network Design and Management
Network Design and ManagementNetwork Design and Management
Network Design and Managementtlerell
 

Viewers also liked (12)

Propagation of Love Waves Through an Irregular Surface Layer in the Presence ...
Propagation of Love Waves Through an Irregular Surface Layer in the Presence ...Propagation of Love Waves Through an Irregular Surface Layer in the Presence ...
Propagation of Love Waves Through an Irregular Surface Layer in the Presence ...
 
Moorefields Eye Hospital_ Attandance Certificate
Moorefields Eye Hospital_ Attandance CertificateMoorefields Eye Hospital_ Attandance Certificate
Moorefields Eye Hospital_ Attandance Certificate
 
MS 10-2011 Vergroesen Frankrijk en verpaarsing
MS 10-2011 Vergroesen Frankrijk en verpaarsingMS 10-2011 Vergroesen Frankrijk en verpaarsing
MS 10-2011 Vergroesen Frankrijk en verpaarsing
 
Webquest
WebquestWebquest
Webquest
 
Act 7
Act 7Act 7
Act 7
 
Music video analysis
Music video analysis Music video analysis
Music video analysis
 
Shot List/Shooting Schedual
Shot List/Shooting SchedualShot List/Shooting Schedual
Shot List/Shooting Schedual
 
Webinar: Unwrapping the secrets to holiday success with Nosto
Webinar: Unwrapping the secrets to holiday success with NostoWebinar: Unwrapping the secrets to holiday success with Nosto
Webinar: Unwrapping the secrets to holiday success with Nosto
 
2. Genetic Control
2. Genetic Control2. Genetic Control
2. Genetic Control
 
ENGR334_Poster_Presentation_Paper_ldorr_WK10_20110602
ENGR334_Poster_Presentation_Paper_ldorr_WK10_20110602ENGR334_Poster_Presentation_Paper_ldorr_WK10_20110602
ENGR334_Poster_Presentation_Paper_ldorr_WK10_20110602
 
cv
cvcv
cv
 
Network Design and Management
Network Design and ManagementNetwork Design and Management
Network Design and Management
 

Similar to Method for Estimation of Grow Index of Tealeaves Based on Bi-Directional Reflectance Distribution Function: BRDF Measurements With Ground Based Network Cameras

Design a remote sensing of multi-BOTDR fiber optic sensors for fuel pipeline ...
Design a remote sensing of multi-BOTDR fiber optic sensors for fuel pipeline ...Design a remote sensing of multi-BOTDR fiber optic sensors for fuel pipeline ...
Design a remote sensing of multi-BOTDR fiber optic sensors for fuel pipeline ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
 
Jin_single_photon(4)
Jin_single_photon(4)Jin_single_photon(4)
Jin_single_photon(4)Jin Wang
 
S IGNAL A ND I MAGE P ROCESSING OF O PTICAL C OHERENCE T OMOGRAPHY AT 1310 NM...
S IGNAL A ND I MAGE P ROCESSING OF O PTICAL C OHERENCE T OMOGRAPHY AT 1310 NM...S IGNAL A ND I MAGE P ROCESSING OF O PTICAL C OHERENCE T OMOGRAPHY AT 1310 NM...
S IGNAL A ND I MAGE P ROCESSING OF O PTICAL C OHERENCE T OMOGRAPHY AT 1310 NM...sipij
 
Design of an Elliptical Planar Monopole Antenna for using in Radar-Based and ...
Design of an Elliptical Planar Monopole Antenna for using in Radar-Based and ...Design of an Elliptical Planar Monopole Antenna for using in Radar-Based and ...
Design of an Elliptical Planar Monopole Antenna for using in Radar-Based and ...IRJET Journal
 
Microwave Radiometer Analysis for Imaging and Vehicular Systems
Microwave Radiometer Analysis for Imaging and Vehicular SystemsMicrowave Radiometer Analysis for Imaging and Vehicular Systems
Microwave Radiometer Analysis for Imaging and Vehicular SystemsIRJET Journal
 
Infrared image enhancement using wavelet transform
Infrared image enhancement using wavelet transformInfrared image enhancement using wavelet transform
Infrared image enhancement using wavelet transformAlexander Decker
 
Research Progress of Phase Sensitive Optical Time Domain Vibration Sensing Te...
Research Progress of Phase Sensitive Optical Time Domain Vibration Sensing Te...Research Progress of Phase Sensitive Optical Time Domain Vibration Sensing Te...
Research Progress of Phase Sensitive Optical Time Domain Vibration Sensing Te...IJRESJOURNAL
 
A biologically inspired cmos image sensor
A biologically inspired cmos image sensorA biologically inspired cmos image sensor
A biologically inspired cmos image sensorSpringer
 
A biologically inspired cmos image sensor
A biologically inspired cmos image sensorA biologically inspired cmos image sensor
A biologically inspired cmos image sensorSpringer
 
A new technique for infrared remote sensing of solar induced fluorescence and...
A new technique for infrared remote sensing of solar induced fluorescence and...A new technique for infrared remote sensing of solar induced fluorescence and...
A new technique for infrared remote sensing of solar induced fluorescence and...Alexander Decker
 
Implementation of Breast Tumor Detection Using Near Infrared Sensor and Lsvm ...
Implementation of Breast Tumor Detection Using Near Infrared Sensor and Lsvm ...Implementation of Breast Tumor Detection Using Near Infrared Sensor and Lsvm ...
Implementation of Breast Tumor Detection Using Near Infrared Sensor and Lsvm ...IRJET Journal
 
OPtical fiber Types
OPtical fiber TypesOPtical fiber Types
OPtical fiber Typesharshaare
 
Design of Photosynthetically Active Radiation Sensor_Crimson Publishers
Design of Photosynthetically Active Radiation Sensor_Crimson PublishersDesign of Photosynthetically Active Radiation Sensor_Crimson Publishers
Design of Photosynthetically Active Radiation Sensor_Crimson PublishersCrimsonpublishers-Rehabilitation
 
Investigation of TV White Space for Maximum Spectrum Utilization in a Cellula...
Investigation of TV White Space for Maximum Spectrum Utilization in a Cellula...Investigation of TV White Space for Maximum Spectrum Utilization in a Cellula...
Investigation of TV White Space for Maximum Spectrum Utilization in a Cellula...Onyebuchi nosiri
 
Investigation of TV White Space for Maximum Spectrum Utilization in a Cellula...
Investigation of TV White Space for Maximum Spectrum Utilization in a Cellula...Investigation of TV White Space for Maximum Spectrum Utilization in a Cellula...
Investigation of TV White Space for Maximum Spectrum Utilization in a Cellula...Onyebuchi nosiri
 
Investigation of TV White Space for Maximum Spectrum Utilization in a Cellula...
Investigation of TV White Space for Maximum Spectrum Utilization in a Cellula...Investigation of TV White Space for Maximum Spectrum Utilization in a Cellula...
Investigation of TV White Space for Maximum Spectrum Utilization in a Cellula...Onyebuchi nosiri
 
Data Collection via Synthetic Aperture Radiometry towards Global System
Data Collection via Synthetic Aperture Radiometry towards Global SystemData Collection via Synthetic Aperture Radiometry towards Global System
Data Collection via Synthetic Aperture Radiometry towards Global SystemIJERA Editor
 
Study of Rotation Measurements with a Passive Resonant Gyroscope Based on Hol...
Study of Rotation Measurements with a Passive Resonant Gyroscope Based on Hol...Study of Rotation Measurements with a Passive Resonant Gyroscope Based on Hol...
Study of Rotation Measurements with a Passive Resonant Gyroscope Based on Hol...ijtsrd
 
Atmospheric Correction of Remotely Sensed Images in Spatial and Transform Domain
Atmospheric Correction of Remotely Sensed Images in Spatial and Transform DomainAtmospheric Correction of Remotely Sensed Images in Spatial and Transform Domain
Atmospheric Correction of Remotely Sensed Images in Spatial and Transform DomainCSCJournals
 

Similar to Method for Estimation of Grow Index of Tealeaves Based on Bi-Directional Reflectance Distribution Function: BRDF Measurements With Ground Based Network Cameras (20)

Design a remote sensing of multi-BOTDR fiber optic sensors for fuel pipeline ...
Design a remote sensing of multi-BOTDR fiber optic sensors for fuel pipeline ...Design a remote sensing of multi-BOTDR fiber optic sensors for fuel pipeline ...
Design a remote sensing of multi-BOTDR fiber optic sensors for fuel pipeline ...
 
Jin_single_photon(4)
Jin_single_photon(4)Jin_single_photon(4)
Jin_single_photon(4)
 
S IGNAL A ND I MAGE P ROCESSING OF O PTICAL C OHERENCE T OMOGRAPHY AT 1310 NM...
S IGNAL A ND I MAGE P ROCESSING OF O PTICAL C OHERENCE T OMOGRAPHY AT 1310 NM...S IGNAL A ND I MAGE P ROCESSING OF O PTICAL C OHERENCE T OMOGRAPHY AT 1310 NM...
S IGNAL A ND I MAGE P ROCESSING OF O PTICAL C OHERENCE T OMOGRAPHY AT 1310 NM...
 
Design of an Elliptical Planar Monopole Antenna for using in Radar-Based and ...
Design of an Elliptical Planar Monopole Antenna for using in Radar-Based and ...Design of an Elliptical Planar Monopole Antenna for using in Radar-Based and ...
Design of an Elliptical Planar Monopole Antenna for using in Radar-Based and ...
 
Microwave Radiometer Analysis for Imaging and Vehicular Systems
Microwave Radiometer Analysis for Imaging and Vehicular SystemsMicrowave Radiometer Analysis for Imaging and Vehicular Systems
Microwave Radiometer Analysis for Imaging and Vehicular Systems
 
Infrared image enhancement using wavelet transform
Infrared image enhancement using wavelet transformInfrared image enhancement using wavelet transform
Infrared image enhancement using wavelet transform
 
Research Progress of Phase Sensitive Optical Time Domain Vibration Sensing Te...
Research Progress of Phase Sensitive Optical Time Domain Vibration Sensing Te...Research Progress of Phase Sensitive Optical Time Domain Vibration Sensing Te...
Research Progress of Phase Sensitive Optical Time Domain Vibration Sensing Te...
 
A biologically inspired cmos image sensor
A biologically inspired cmos image sensorA biologically inspired cmos image sensor
A biologically inspired cmos image sensor
 
A biologically inspired cmos image sensor
A biologically inspired cmos image sensorA biologically inspired cmos image sensor
A biologically inspired cmos image sensor
 
A new technique for infrared remote sensing of solar induced fluorescence and...
A new technique for infrared remote sensing of solar induced fluorescence and...A new technique for infrared remote sensing of solar induced fluorescence and...
A new technique for infrared remote sensing of solar induced fluorescence and...
 
Implementation of Breast Tumor Detection Using Near Infrared Sensor and Lsvm ...
Implementation of Breast Tumor Detection Using Near Infrared Sensor and Lsvm ...Implementation of Breast Tumor Detection Using Near Infrared Sensor and Lsvm ...
Implementation of Breast Tumor Detection Using Near Infrared Sensor and Lsvm ...
 
OPtical fiber Types
OPtical fiber TypesOPtical fiber Types
OPtical fiber Types
 
Design of Photosynthetically Active Radiation Sensor_Crimson Publishers
Design of Photosynthetically Active Radiation Sensor_Crimson PublishersDesign of Photosynthetically Active Radiation Sensor_Crimson Publishers
Design of Photosynthetically Active Radiation Sensor_Crimson Publishers
 
Investigation of TV White Space for Maximum Spectrum Utilization in a Cellula...
Investigation of TV White Space for Maximum Spectrum Utilization in a Cellula...Investigation of TV White Space for Maximum Spectrum Utilization in a Cellula...
Investigation of TV White Space for Maximum Spectrum Utilization in a Cellula...
 
Investigation of TV White Space for Maximum Spectrum Utilization in a Cellula...
Investigation of TV White Space for Maximum Spectrum Utilization in a Cellula...Investigation of TV White Space for Maximum Spectrum Utilization in a Cellula...
Investigation of TV White Space for Maximum Spectrum Utilization in a Cellula...
 
Investigation of TV White Space for Maximum Spectrum Utilization in a Cellula...
Investigation of TV White Space for Maximum Spectrum Utilization in a Cellula...Investigation of TV White Space for Maximum Spectrum Utilization in a Cellula...
Investigation of TV White Space for Maximum Spectrum Utilization in a Cellula...
 
Ftir principle
Ftir principleFtir principle
Ftir principle
 
Data Collection via Synthetic Aperture Radiometry towards Global System
Data Collection via Synthetic Aperture Radiometry towards Global SystemData Collection via Synthetic Aperture Radiometry towards Global System
Data Collection via Synthetic Aperture Radiometry towards Global System
 
Study of Rotation Measurements with a Passive Resonant Gyroscope Based on Hol...
Study of Rotation Measurements with a Passive Resonant Gyroscope Based on Hol...Study of Rotation Measurements with a Passive Resonant Gyroscope Based on Hol...
Study of Rotation Measurements with a Passive Resonant Gyroscope Based on Hol...
 
Atmospheric Correction of Remotely Sensed Images in Spatial and Transform Domain
Atmospheric Correction of Remotely Sensed Images in Spatial and Transform DomainAtmospheric Correction of Remotely Sensed Images in Spatial and Transform Domain
Atmospheric Correction of Remotely Sensed Images in Spatial and Transform Domain
 

More from Waqas Tariq

The Use of Java Swing’s Components to Develop a Widget
The Use of Java Swing’s Components to Develop a WidgetThe Use of Java Swing’s Components to Develop a Widget
The Use of Java Swing’s Components to Develop a WidgetWaqas Tariq
 
3D Human Hand Posture Reconstruction Using a Single 2D Image
3D Human Hand Posture Reconstruction Using a Single 2D Image3D Human Hand Posture Reconstruction Using a Single 2D Image
3D Human Hand Posture Reconstruction Using a Single 2D ImageWaqas Tariq
 
Camera as Mouse and Keyboard for Handicap Person with Troubleshooting Ability...
Camera as Mouse and Keyboard for Handicap Person with Troubleshooting Ability...Camera as Mouse and Keyboard for Handicap Person with Troubleshooting Ability...
Camera as Mouse and Keyboard for Handicap Person with Troubleshooting Ability...Waqas Tariq
 
A Proposed Web Accessibility Framework for the Arab Disabled
A Proposed Web Accessibility Framework for the Arab DisabledA Proposed Web Accessibility Framework for the Arab Disabled
A Proposed Web Accessibility Framework for the Arab DisabledWaqas Tariq
 
Real Time Blinking Detection Based on Gabor Filter
Real Time Blinking Detection Based on Gabor FilterReal Time Blinking Detection Based on Gabor Filter
Real Time Blinking Detection Based on Gabor FilterWaqas Tariq
 
Computer Input with Human Eyes-Only Using Two Purkinje Images Which Works in ...
Computer Input with Human Eyes-Only Using Two Purkinje Images Which Works in ...Computer Input with Human Eyes-Only Using Two Purkinje Images Which Works in ...
Computer Input with Human Eyes-Only Using Two Purkinje Images Which Works in ...Waqas Tariq
 
Toward a More Robust Usability concept with Perceived Enjoyment in the contex...
Toward a More Robust Usability concept with Perceived Enjoyment in the contex...Toward a More Robust Usability concept with Perceived Enjoyment in the contex...
Toward a More Robust Usability concept with Perceived Enjoyment in the contex...Waqas Tariq
 
Collaborative Learning of Organisational Knolwedge
Collaborative Learning of Organisational KnolwedgeCollaborative Learning of Organisational Knolwedge
Collaborative Learning of Organisational KnolwedgeWaqas Tariq
 
A PNML extension for the HCI design
A PNML extension for the HCI designA PNML extension for the HCI design
A PNML extension for the HCI designWaqas Tariq
 
Development of Sign Signal Translation System Based on Altera’s FPGA DE2 Board
Development of Sign Signal Translation System Based on Altera’s FPGA DE2 BoardDevelopment of Sign Signal Translation System Based on Altera’s FPGA DE2 Board
Development of Sign Signal Translation System Based on Altera’s FPGA DE2 BoardWaqas Tariq
 
An overview on Advanced Research Works on Brain-Computer Interface
An overview on Advanced Research Works on Brain-Computer InterfaceAn overview on Advanced Research Works on Brain-Computer Interface
An overview on Advanced Research Works on Brain-Computer InterfaceWaqas Tariq
 
Exploring the Relationship Between Mobile Phone and Senior Citizens: A Malays...
Exploring the Relationship Between Mobile Phone and Senior Citizens: A Malays...Exploring the Relationship Between Mobile Phone and Senior Citizens: A Malays...
Exploring the Relationship Between Mobile Phone and Senior Citizens: A Malays...Waqas Tariq
 
Principles of Good Screen Design in Websites
Principles of Good Screen Design in WebsitesPrinciples of Good Screen Design in Websites
Principles of Good Screen Design in WebsitesWaqas Tariq
 
Progress of Virtual Teams in Albania
Progress of Virtual Teams in AlbaniaProgress of Virtual Teams in Albania
Progress of Virtual Teams in AlbaniaWaqas Tariq
 
Cognitive Approach Towards the Maintenance of Web-Sites Through Quality Evalu...
Cognitive Approach Towards the Maintenance of Web-Sites Through Quality Evalu...Cognitive Approach Towards the Maintenance of Web-Sites Through Quality Evalu...
Cognitive Approach Towards the Maintenance of Web-Sites Through Quality Evalu...Waqas Tariq
 
USEFul: A Framework to Mainstream Web Site Usability through Automated Evalua...
USEFul: A Framework to Mainstream Web Site Usability through Automated Evalua...USEFul: A Framework to Mainstream Web Site Usability through Automated Evalua...
USEFul: A Framework to Mainstream Web Site Usability through Automated Evalua...Waqas Tariq
 
Robot Arm Utilized Having Meal Support System Based on Computer Input by Huma...
Robot Arm Utilized Having Meal Support System Based on Computer Input by Huma...Robot Arm Utilized Having Meal Support System Based on Computer Input by Huma...
Robot Arm Utilized Having Meal Support System Based on Computer Input by Huma...Waqas Tariq
 
Dynamic Construction of Telugu Speech Corpus for Voice Enabled Text Editor
Dynamic Construction of Telugu Speech Corpus for Voice Enabled Text EditorDynamic Construction of Telugu Speech Corpus for Voice Enabled Text Editor
Dynamic Construction of Telugu Speech Corpus for Voice Enabled Text EditorWaqas Tariq
 
An Improved Approach for Word Ambiguity Removal
An Improved Approach for Word Ambiguity RemovalAn Improved Approach for Word Ambiguity Removal
An Improved Approach for Word Ambiguity RemovalWaqas Tariq
 
Parameters Optimization for Improving ASR Performance in Adverse Real World N...
Parameters Optimization for Improving ASR Performance in Adverse Real World N...Parameters Optimization for Improving ASR Performance in Adverse Real World N...
Parameters Optimization for Improving ASR Performance in Adverse Real World N...Waqas Tariq
 

More from Waqas Tariq (20)

The Use of Java Swing’s Components to Develop a Widget
The Use of Java Swing’s Components to Develop a WidgetThe Use of Java Swing’s Components to Develop a Widget
The Use of Java Swing’s Components to Develop a Widget
 
3D Human Hand Posture Reconstruction Using a Single 2D Image
3D Human Hand Posture Reconstruction Using a Single 2D Image3D Human Hand Posture Reconstruction Using a Single 2D Image
3D Human Hand Posture Reconstruction Using a Single 2D Image
 
Camera as Mouse and Keyboard for Handicap Person with Troubleshooting Ability...
Camera as Mouse and Keyboard for Handicap Person with Troubleshooting Ability...Camera as Mouse and Keyboard for Handicap Person with Troubleshooting Ability...
Camera as Mouse and Keyboard for Handicap Person with Troubleshooting Ability...
 
A Proposed Web Accessibility Framework for the Arab Disabled
A Proposed Web Accessibility Framework for the Arab DisabledA Proposed Web Accessibility Framework for the Arab Disabled
A Proposed Web Accessibility Framework for the Arab Disabled
 
Real Time Blinking Detection Based on Gabor Filter
Real Time Blinking Detection Based on Gabor FilterReal Time Blinking Detection Based on Gabor Filter
Real Time Blinking Detection Based on Gabor Filter
 
Computer Input with Human Eyes-Only Using Two Purkinje Images Which Works in ...
Computer Input with Human Eyes-Only Using Two Purkinje Images Which Works in ...Computer Input with Human Eyes-Only Using Two Purkinje Images Which Works in ...
Computer Input with Human Eyes-Only Using Two Purkinje Images Which Works in ...
 
Toward a More Robust Usability concept with Perceived Enjoyment in the contex...
Toward a More Robust Usability concept with Perceived Enjoyment in the contex...Toward a More Robust Usability concept with Perceived Enjoyment in the contex...
Toward a More Robust Usability concept with Perceived Enjoyment in the contex...
 
Collaborative Learning of Organisational Knolwedge
Collaborative Learning of Organisational KnolwedgeCollaborative Learning of Organisational Knolwedge
Collaborative Learning of Organisational Knolwedge
 
A PNML extension for the HCI design
A PNML extension for the HCI designA PNML extension for the HCI design
A PNML extension for the HCI design
 
Development of Sign Signal Translation System Based on Altera’s FPGA DE2 Board
Development of Sign Signal Translation System Based on Altera’s FPGA DE2 BoardDevelopment of Sign Signal Translation System Based on Altera’s FPGA DE2 Board
Development of Sign Signal Translation System Based on Altera’s FPGA DE2 Board
 
An overview on Advanced Research Works on Brain-Computer Interface
An overview on Advanced Research Works on Brain-Computer InterfaceAn overview on Advanced Research Works on Brain-Computer Interface
An overview on Advanced Research Works on Brain-Computer Interface
 
Exploring the Relationship Between Mobile Phone and Senior Citizens: A Malays...
Exploring the Relationship Between Mobile Phone and Senior Citizens: A Malays...Exploring the Relationship Between Mobile Phone and Senior Citizens: A Malays...
Exploring the Relationship Between Mobile Phone and Senior Citizens: A Malays...
 
Principles of Good Screen Design in Websites
Principles of Good Screen Design in WebsitesPrinciples of Good Screen Design in Websites
Principles of Good Screen Design in Websites
 
Progress of Virtual Teams in Albania
Progress of Virtual Teams in AlbaniaProgress of Virtual Teams in Albania
Progress of Virtual Teams in Albania
 
Cognitive Approach Towards the Maintenance of Web-Sites Through Quality Evalu...
Cognitive Approach Towards the Maintenance of Web-Sites Through Quality Evalu...Cognitive Approach Towards the Maintenance of Web-Sites Through Quality Evalu...
Cognitive Approach Towards the Maintenance of Web-Sites Through Quality Evalu...
 
USEFul: A Framework to Mainstream Web Site Usability through Automated Evalua...
USEFul: A Framework to Mainstream Web Site Usability through Automated Evalua...USEFul: A Framework to Mainstream Web Site Usability through Automated Evalua...
USEFul: A Framework to Mainstream Web Site Usability through Automated Evalua...
 
Robot Arm Utilized Having Meal Support System Based on Computer Input by Huma...
Robot Arm Utilized Having Meal Support System Based on Computer Input by Huma...Robot Arm Utilized Having Meal Support System Based on Computer Input by Huma...
Robot Arm Utilized Having Meal Support System Based on Computer Input by Huma...
 
Dynamic Construction of Telugu Speech Corpus for Voice Enabled Text Editor
Dynamic Construction of Telugu Speech Corpus for Voice Enabled Text EditorDynamic Construction of Telugu Speech Corpus for Voice Enabled Text Editor
Dynamic Construction of Telugu Speech Corpus for Voice Enabled Text Editor
 
An Improved Approach for Word Ambiguity Removal
An Improved Approach for Word Ambiguity RemovalAn Improved Approach for Word Ambiguity Removal
An Improved Approach for Word Ambiguity Removal
 
Parameters Optimization for Improving ASR Performance in Adverse Real World N...
Parameters Optimization for Improving ASR Performance in Adverse Real World N...Parameters Optimization for Improving ASR Performance in Adverse Real World N...
Parameters Optimization for Improving ASR Performance in Adverse Real World N...
 

Recently uploaded

Chemistry and formulation of para phenylenediamine based hair dye.
Chemistry and formulation of para phenylenediamine based hair dye.Chemistry and formulation of para phenylenediamine based hair dye.
Chemistry and formulation of para phenylenediamine based hair dye.ruchisuryawanshi1234
 
3.26.24 Race, the Draft, and the Vietnam War.pptx
3.26.24 Race, the Draft, and the Vietnam War.pptx3.26.24 Race, the Draft, and the Vietnam War.pptx
3.26.24 Race, the Draft, and the Vietnam War.pptxmary850239
 
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxIn - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxAditiChauhan701637
 
DR. NNC LAPAROSCOPY IN PREGNANCY IAGE VARANASI, 17TH MARCH 2024.pptx
DR. NNC LAPAROSCOPY IN PREGNANCY IAGE VARANASI, 17TH MARCH 2024.pptxDR. NNC LAPAROSCOPY IN PREGNANCY IAGE VARANASI, 17TH MARCH 2024.pptx
DR. NNC LAPAROSCOPY IN PREGNANCY IAGE VARANASI, 17TH MARCH 2024.pptxNiranjan Chavan
 
LANGUAGE AND BRAIN :Relationship Between Language and the Brain
LANGUAGE AND BRAIN :Relationship Between Language and the BrainLANGUAGE AND BRAIN :Relationship Between Language and the Brain
LANGUAGE AND BRAIN :Relationship Between Language and the BrainImran Kakar
 
Personal Brand Exploration- Valeria Alvarez
Personal Brand Exploration- Valeria AlvarezPersonal Brand Exploration- Valeria Alvarez
Personal Brand Exploration- Valeria AlvarezValeriaAlvarez967687
 
From Leadership to Communityship: The Heart, the Heat, and the Harmony of Goo...
From Leadership to Communityship: The Heart, the Heat, and the Harmony of Goo...From Leadership to Communityship: The Heart, the Heat, and the Harmony of Goo...
From Leadership to Communityship: The Heart, the Heat, and the Harmony of Goo...Sadegh Hashemi
 
burningissueissueburnburnburnburnburnburn
burningissueissueburnburnburnburnburnburnburningissueissueburnburnburnburnburnburn
burningissueissueburnburnburnburnburnburnmcueva1
 
What is Subcontract Service in Odoo 17 ERP
What is Subcontract Service in Odoo 17 ERPWhat is Subcontract Service in Odoo 17 ERP
What is Subcontract Service in Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
 
MS4 -seq3- citizenship& community lexis & conditional 1& imperative & text ...
MS4 -seq3-  citizenship& community lexis & conditional 1&  imperative & text ...MS4 -seq3-  citizenship& community lexis & conditional 1&  imperative & text ...
MS4 -seq3- citizenship& community lexis & conditional 1& imperative & text ...Mr Bounab Samir
 
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICEQuality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICESayali Powar
 
ClueX 2024 - Inter School Quiz question and Answer set
ClueX 2024 - Inter School Quiz question and Answer setClueX 2024 - Inter School Quiz question and Answer set
ClueX 2024 - Inter School Quiz question and Answer setPragya - UEM Kolkata Quiz Club
 
DUST OF SNOW_PRACTICE_BE READY FOR AISSE.pptx
DUST OF SNOW_PRACTICE_BE READY FOR AISSE.pptxDUST OF SNOW_PRACTICE_BE READY FOR AISSE.pptx
DUST OF SNOW_PRACTICE_BE READY FOR AISSE.pptxTanmoy Mishra
 
Divisibility Tests (Basic Number Systems)
Divisibility Tests (Basic Number Systems)Divisibility Tests (Basic Number Systems)
Divisibility Tests (Basic Number Systems)Pranav Sharma
 
language diversity of the world and india ppt.pptx
language diversity of the world and india ppt.pptxlanguage diversity of the world and india ppt.pptx
language diversity of the world and india ppt.pptxvasupavanibhonagiri
 
The Giver Project Summary - Michael Q Trucks
The Giver Project Summary - Michael Q TrucksThe Giver Project Summary - Michael Q Trucks
The Giver Project Summary - Michael Q TrucksMichael Trucks
 
How to Create a Toggle Button in Odoo 17
How to Create a Toggle Button in Odoo 17How to Create a Toggle Button in Odoo 17
How to Create a Toggle Button in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Natural Numbers, Whole Numbers, Integers.pdf
Natural Numbers, Whole Numbers, Integers.pdfNatural Numbers, Whole Numbers, Integers.pdf
Natural Numbers, Whole Numbers, Integers.pdfPranav Sharma
 
Nurdinova-Domestic Violence presentation
Nurdinova-Domestic Violence presentationNurdinova-Domestic Violence presentation
Nurdinova-Domestic Violence presentationTom Tresser
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Chemistry and formulation of para phenylenediamine based hair dye.
Chemistry and formulation of para phenylenediamine based hair dye.Chemistry and formulation of para phenylenediamine based hair dye.
Chemistry and formulation of para phenylenediamine based hair dye.
 
3.26.24 Race, the Draft, and the Vietnam War.pptx
3.26.24 Race, the Draft, and the Vietnam War.pptx3.26.24 Race, the Draft, and the Vietnam War.pptx
3.26.24 Race, the Draft, and the Vietnam War.pptx
 
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxIn - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
 
DR. NNC LAPAROSCOPY IN PREGNANCY IAGE VARANASI, 17TH MARCH 2024.pptx
DR. NNC LAPAROSCOPY IN PREGNANCY IAGE VARANASI, 17TH MARCH 2024.pptxDR. NNC LAPAROSCOPY IN PREGNANCY IAGE VARANASI, 17TH MARCH 2024.pptx
DR. NNC LAPAROSCOPY IN PREGNANCY IAGE VARANASI, 17TH MARCH 2024.pptx
 
LANGUAGE AND BRAIN :Relationship Between Language and the Brain
LANGUAGE AND BRAIN :Relationship Between Language and the BrainLANGUAGE AND BRAIN :Relationship Between Language and the Brain
LANGUAGE AND BRAIN :Relationship Between Language and the Brain
 
Personal Brand Exploration- Valeria Alvarez
Personal Brand Exploration- Valeria AlvarezPersonal Brand Exploration- Valeria Alvarez
Personal Brand Exploration- Valeria Alvarez
 
From Leadership to Communityship: The Heart, the Heat, and the Harmony of Goo...
From Leadership to Communityship: The Heart, the Heat, and the Harmony of Goo...From Leadership to Communityship: The Heart, the Heat, and the Harmony of Goo...
From Leadership to Communityship: The Heart, the Heat, and the Harmony of Goo...
 
burningissueissueburnburnburnburnburnburn
burningissueissueburnburnburnburnburnburnburningissueissueburnburnburnburnburnburn
burningissueissueburnburnburnburnburnburn
 
What is Subcontract Service in Odoo 17 ERP
What is Subcontract Service in Odoo 17 ERPWhat is Subcontract Service in Odoo 17 ERP
What is Subcontract Service in Odoo 17 ERP
 
MS4 -seq3- citizenship& community lexis & conditional 1& imperative & text ...
MS4 -seq3-  citizenship& community lexis & conditional 1&  imperative & text ...MS4 -seq3-  citizenship& community lexis & conditional 1&  imperative & text ...
MS4 -seq3- citizenship& community lexis & conditional 1& imperative & text ...
 
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICEQuality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
 
ClueX 2024 - Inter School Quiz question and Answer set
ClueX 2024 - Inter School Quiz question and Answer setClueX 2024 - Inter School Quiz question and Answer set
ClueX 2024 - Inter School Quiz question and Answer set
 
DUST OF SNOW_PRACTICE_BE READY FOR AISSE.pptx
DUST OF SNOW_PRACTICE_BE READY FOR AISSE.pptxDUST OF SNOW_PRACTICE_BE READY FOR AISSE.pptx
DUST OF SNOW_PRACTICE_BE READY FOR AISSE.pptx
 
Divisibility Tests (Basic Number Systems)
Divisibility Tests (Basic Number Systems)Divisibility Tests (Basic Number Systems)
Divisibility Tests (Basic Number Systems)
 
language diversity of the world and india ppt.pptx
language diversity of the world and india ppt.pptxlanguage diversity of the world and india ppt.pptx
language diversity of the world and india ppt.pptx
 
The Giver Project Summary - Michael Q Trucks
The Giver Project Summary - Michael Q TrucksThe Giver Project Summary - Michael Q Trucks
The Giver Project Summary - Michael Q Trucks
 
How to Create a Toggle Button in Odoo 17
How to Create a Toggle Button in Odoo 17How to Create a Toggle Button in Odoo 17
How to Create a Toggle Button in Odoo 17
 
Natural Numbers, Whole Numbers, Integers.pdf
Natural Numbers, Whole Numbers, Integers.pdfNatural Numbers, Whole Numbers, Integers.pdf
Natural Numbers, Whole Numbers, Integers.pdf
 
Nurdinova-Domestic Violence presentation
Nurdinova-Domestic Violence presentationNurdinova-Domestic Violence presentation
Nurdinova-Domestic Violence presentation
 
Chasing the Academic Funders Opportunities and Challenges.pdf
Chasing the Academic Funders  Opportunities and Challenges.pdfChasing the Academic Funders  Opportunities and Challenges.pdf
Chasing the Academic Funders Opportunities and Challenges.pdf
 

Method for Estimation of Grow Index of Tealeaves Based on Bi-Directional Reflectance Distribution Function: BRDF Measurements With Ground Based Network Cameras

  • 1. Kohei Arai International Journal of Applied Sciences (IJAS), Volume (2): Issue (1) : 2011 52 Method for Estimation of Grow Index of Tealeaves Based on Bi- Directional Reflectance Distribution Function: BRDF Measurements With Ground Based Network Cameras Kohei Arai arai@is.saga-u.ac.jp Graduate School of Science and Engineering/Information Science Departmen Saga University 1 Honjo Saga City,840-8502, Japan Abstract Methods for estimation of grow index of tealeaves based on Bi-directional Reflectance Distribution Function: BRDF measurements with ground based network cameras is proposed. Due to a fact that Near Infrared: NIR camera data is proportional to total nitrogen while that shows negative correlation to fiber contents, it is possible to estimate nitrogen and fiber contents in tealeaves with ground based NIR camera data and remote sensing satellite data. Through regressive analysis between measured total nitrogen and fiber contents and NIR reflectance of tealeaves in tea estates, it is found that there is a good correlation between both then regressive equations are created. Also it is found that monitoring of a grow index of tealeaves with BRDF measured with networks cameras is valid. Thus it is concluded that a monitoring of tea estates with network cameras of visible and NIR is appropriate. Keywords: Minneart, BRDF, Network Camera, Grow Index, Tealeaf. 1. INTRODUCTION Vitality monitoring of vegetation is attempted with photographic cameras [1]. Grow rate monitoring is also attempted with spectral reflectance measurements [2]. Total nitrogen content corresponds to amid acid which is highly correlated to Theanine: 2-Amino-4-(ethylcarbamoyl) butyric acid so that total nitrogen can be used for a measure of the quality of tealeaves. Also fiber content in tealeaves is highly correlated to the grow rate of tealeaves. Both total nitrogen and fiber content in tealeaves are highly correlated to the reflectance in the visible and near infrared wavelength regions and vegetation index derived from visible and near infrared data so that it is possible to determine most appropriate tealeaf harvest date using the total nitrogen and fiber content in the tealeaves which are monitored with ground based visible and near infrared cameras and with visible and near infrared radiometers onboard remote sensing satellites. Namely the most appropriate time for harvesting tealeaves is whenever total nitrogen shows the maximum and fiber content shows the minimum. It, however, is not so easy because no one knows the minimum and maximum and because grow rate cannot be estimates with fiber content which is monitored with just cameras and radiometers perfectly. Therefore, it is required to monitor grow rate with the other method with a much precise manner. BRDF is the "Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function" [3]-[12]. It gives the reflectance of a target as a function of illumination geometry and viewing geometry. The BRDF depends on wavelength and is determined by the structural and optical properties of the surface, such as shadow-casting, multiple scattering, mutual shadowing, transmission, reflection, absorption and emission by surface elements, facet orientation distribution and facet density. BRDF of tealeaves has a good correlation to grow index of tealeaves so that it is possible to monitor an expected harvest amount of tealeaves. It can be done with network cameras. BRDF monitoring is well known as a method for vegetation growth [13], [14]. On the other hand, degree of polarization of vegetation is attempted to use for vegetation monitoring [15] together with new tealeaves growth monitoring with BRDF measurements [16].Tea estate monitoring system with network cameras
  • 2. Kohei Arai International Journal of Applied Sciences (IJAS), Volume (2): Issue (1) : 2011 53 together with remote sensing satellite data is proposed in the following section followed by proposed estimation methods for BRDF and total nitrogen and fiber contents with network camera data together with some experimental results. Finally, concluding remarks is followed with some discussions. 2. PROPOSED METHOD 2.1 BRDF Measurements With Network Cameras The proposed method for BRDF measurements is illustrated in Figure 1. Visible and NIR network cameras are equipped on the pole in order to look down with -5-95 degrees of incident angle which depends on the location as is shown in Figure 1. The pole is used for avoidance of frosty damage to tealeaves using fan mounted on the pole (approximately 5 m above the ground). With these network cameras, reflectance in the wavelength region of 550nm (red color) and 870nm (NIR) at the several elevation angles are measured results in BRDF measurements assuming that vegetated areas are homogeneous and flat. From the acquired image, four portions of small pieces are extracted for elevation angles of Spectralon(almost 0 degree), 22.5, 45 and 67.5 degrees. From the first portion of image, reflected radiance from the Spectralon is estimated. Meanwhile, almost flat tealeaf is extracted from the other second to fourth portion of images for estimation of BRDF. There are many tealeaf angles and also tealeaf angle is changed depending on wind direction and speed. Through visual perception, it is possible to extract such tealeaf which looks almost flat situation. Taking a ratio between Spectralon of radiance and tealeaf radiance, the reflectance at the tealeaves at the location which corresponds to 22.5, 45 and 67.5 degrees of elevation angles is estimated then BRDF can be calculated. FIGURE 1: Illustrative view of the proposed vegetation monitoring system with two network cameras, visible and NIR. Look angle of the cameras with wide viewing angle (100 degree for both horizontal and vertical directions) of lens are fixed at 45 degree of elevation angle so that the camera acquire the field from -5 to 95 degree of elevation angle (Angle is measured with a digital angle meter with 0.1 degree accuracy). The geometric relation between camera and tealeaves is known so that we can calculate BRDF. The cameras acquire the image every 30 minutes (shutter speed of 0.5 ms). For BRDF measurement, MS-720 of spectral radiometer is used for the reference. In order to check the measured reflectance and BRDF with visible and near infrared filter film attached cameras, those with MS-720 is used as a reference. Table 1 shows the specification of MS-720. Meanwhile Panasonic BB8-HCM371 of Pan-Tilt- Zoom camera is used for monitoring BRDF in visible and near infrared wavelength (Band pass
  • 3. Kohei Arai International Journal of Applied Sciences (IJAS), Volume (2): Issue (1) : 2011 54 filters, 550nm film and 840nm film) are attached to the optics entrance of the camera). The specification of camera is shown in Table 2. Wavelength coverage 350~1,050nm Number of channels/Wavelength interval 256ch/3.3nm(interpolated with 1nm) Wavelength accuracy <0.3nm Wavelength resolution (Half power width) 10nm Temperature Dependency ±5% (-10~+40℃) Unit of the measurements W/m2 ・µm Full aperture(deg.) 10 TABLE 1: Specification of spectral radiometer of MS-720 manufactured by Eiko Co.Ltd., Detector elements 1/4inch、0.32 million of CCD elements Focal length Fixed(ranges 0.5m~∞) F No. F3.5 Sensitivity 3Lux~100,000Lux Aperture 53 deg. in horizontal direction (extensible to 173 deg.), 40 deg. In vertical direction (extensible to 105 deg.). Aperture for both horizontal and vertical directions is set at 100 deg. TABLE 2: Specification of visible to near infrared camera mounted on the “Fan pole” for frost damage avoidance 2.2. Relation between BRDF and Grow Index (GI) of new tealeaves In order to express un-isotropic characteristics of angle dependency of reflectance of tealeaves with one parameter, Minneart coefficient 1 is calculated with the measured BRDF characteristics at 0, 22.5, 45 and 67.5 degrees of elevation angles through regression analysis. Minneart coefficient is used for estimation of Grow Index (GI). Minneart coefficient is assumed to be increased with growing new tealeaves. Old tealeaves used to be shown Lambertian surface 1 The Minneart formula is presented as follow : I = (N dot L)k (1 - N dot E)1-k where : N = normalized normal vertex L = normalized vertex to light E = normalized vertex to eye k = Minneart coefficient “dot” denotes inner product. Minneart function of k=1 is totally equal to the well known Lambertian which is isotropic reflectance function. Un-isotropic characteristics become remarkable in accordance with Minneart coefficient.
  • 4. Kohei Arai International Journal of Applied Sciences (IJAS), Volume (2): Issue (1) : 2011 55 (Menneart coefficient=1). From the surface of the old tealeaves, new tealeaves is grown results in increasing of Menneart coefficient. It is obvious that reflectance of new tealeaves is greater than that of old tealeaves, in particular, in the near infrared wavelength region. Cross section of new tealeaves in the field of view at each viewing angle, in particular, for the large off-nadir angle is increased so that Minneart coefficient is increased with growing of new tealeaves. In the proposed method, visible and near infrared cameras are used for reflectance and BRDF measurements. The cameras are mounted on the pole which is used for fan which is mainly used for frost damage avoidance. Also cameras are connected each other with wireless LAN (Local Area Network) and make measurements automatically. Also we put the Spectralon 2 on the tealeaves manually once a day just before measurements for calibration purpose. In order to avoid influences of pixel-to-pixel sensitivity difference, spectral response difference, out-of-band response, vignetting, a limited portion of camera images are used. Also only the pixels data situated in the center of the optics viewing angle are used for reflectance and BRDF measurements (only a tealeaf which assumed to be directed to the normal and zenith direction is selected). Sensitivity stability is key issue. Because Spectralon is measured only once a day so that spectrometer sensitivity has to stable enough for one hour (reflectance and BRDF measurements takes about one hour). It is also obvious that meteorological conditions have to be monitored. Meteorological conditions are fundamental characteristics of the tealeaves grow. Therefore meteorological stations are equipped at the tea estates. These instructions are for authors of submitting the research papers to the International Journal of Computer Science and Security (IJCSS). IJCSS is seeking research papers, technical reports, dissertation, letter etc for these interdisciplinary areas. The goal of the IJCSS is to publish the most recent results in the development of information technology. These instructions are for authors of submitting the research papers to the International Journal of Computer Science and Security (IJCSS). IJCSS is seeking research papers, technical reports, dissertation, letter etc for these interdisciplinary areas. The goal of the IJCSS is to publish the most recent results in the development of information technology. These instructions are for authors of submitting the research papers to the International Journal of Computer Science and Security (IJCSS). IJCSS is seeking research papers, technical reports, dissertation, letter etc for these interdisciplinary areas. The goal of the IJCSS is to publish the most recent results in the development of information technology 3. EXPERIMENTS 3.1. Experimental Conditions The monitor systems are equipped at four test sites of tea estates of the Saga Prefectural Institute of Tea: SPIT which is situated at 1870-5 Shimojuku Ureshino city in Saga prefecture Japan. There are four tea estates at the institute, East, South, West and North tea fields. Species and ages are different each other among the four tea fields. Yabukita is situated at the eastern tea field, Ohiwase for southern tea field, Benifuki for western tea field and Yabukita and Okumidori for northern tea field, respectively, as are shown in Figure 2. 2 Spectralon is well qualified standard plaque (Reflectance panel). I used to calibrate spectral- radiometer or spectrometer with Spectralon (manufactured by Labsphere Co. Ltd., U.S.A.) for reflectance measurements. I used to keep a master of Spectralon with care in a desiccate box for many years which is NIST traceable. I used to make reflectance measurements with a working master of Spectralon. Then working master is used to be calibrated with the master after the field campaigns. The most important thing is stability of spectrometer (or radiometer) during the time required for reflectance measurement because reflectance can be calculated with the ratio of measured readings with spectrometer of the surface and Spectralon.
  • 5. Kohei Arai International Journal of Applied Sciences (IJAS), Volume (2): Issue (1) : 2011 56 FIGURE 2: Test sites of four tea estates (East, South, West, and North) situated at Saga Prefectural Institute for tea (E129°59′22.3″N33°05′50.7″) (c) Google. Look angle of the cameras with wide viewing angle (90 degree) of lens are fixed 45 degree of elevation angle so that the camera acquire the field from 0 to 90 degree of elevation angle. Sky condition is monitored pyrometer (hemispherical radiometer). If the sky condition is not good enough, then I omit such unreliable data. I used to measure spectral optical depth. Also I used to estimate absorption due to water vapor, ozone and Rayleigh scattering and aerosol scattering. If the atmospheric condition is varied too much, then I also omit such unreliable data. Figure 3 shows one of the examples of the photos which show how does tea estate look like (a) and also show Spectralon on the tealeaves (b). It also shows outlook of the meteorological station (Vantage Pro-II manufactured by U.S.A.) equipped at the test site of tea estates (c) together with the cameras in the box on the frost damage avoidance pole (d). 3.2. Experimental Results Examples of the acquired camera images of off-nadir angles of 22.5, 45 and 67.5 degrees (portion of images) are shown in Figure 4(a), (b) and (c), respectively. Through visual perception, one piece of tealeaf which is situated in the horizontal and zenith directions is extracted from the image as is shown in Figure 4(d), (e) and (f) for 22.5, 45 and 67.5 degrees of off-nadir angles. Figure 4 (g), (h) and (i) also shows histogram of the piece of tealeaf of the green colored image for Figure 4 (d), (e) and (f), respectively. Through a histogram analysis, reflectance3 can be calculated with mean of pixels of the one piece of tealeaf and pixel value of the Spectralon. Histogram in the Figure 4 shows green color (550nm) of wavelength channel of histogram measured at north tea estate (Yabukita) on April 4 2010. The value in the bracket of Figure 4 shows the calculated reflectance. Thus BRDF can be calculated with the acquired camera data. Then Minneart coefficients are estimated through regression analysis with Minneart function and the calculated reflectance as a function of off-nadir angles. 3 Reflectance can be defined as a ratio of the mean of pixel value and pixel value of the Spectralon.
  • 6. Kohei Arai International Journal of Applied Sciences (IJAS), Volume (2): Issue (1) : 2011 57 (a) (b) Out look of the tea estate (North tea estate of SPIT) (b) Spectralon on the tealeaves (c)Meteorological data collecting robot (d)Network cameras in the box mounted on the frost damage avoidance pole FIGURE 3: Example of the photos which show how does tea estate look like and also show Spectralon which is set-up on the tealeaves. Meteorological station equipped at the test site of tea estates together with network cameras attached on the frost damage avoidance pole. Examples of the Minneart function and the calculated reflectance of east, south, west and north tea estates which are measured on January 8 2008 are shown in Figure 5. Usually, new tealeaves start to grow in the begging of April and grow-up rapidly. Theanine in new tealeaves increases in accordance with grow-up. Then Theanine changes to Catechin due to sun light so that Theanine decreases for the time being. Tea taste good if the tealeaves contain a lot of Theanine while it tastes bad for the tealeaves containing a lot of Catechin. It used to harvest before Theanine changes to Catechin, approximately in the late of April or the begging of May. After the harvesting the first new tealeaves, next new tealeaves grow-up again. Then second new tealeaves harvesting is done in the begging of July. Third harvesting is used to be scheduled in the September usually. After the third harvest, old tealeaves are cut for maintaining vitality of tea trees for a long winter time, during from October to March. These are annual events for tealeaves. Taste of firstly harvested tealeaves is the best followed by the secondly and thirdly harvested tealeaves. The difference between the firstly harvested tealeaves and the other two harvested tealeaves is pretty large. In other word, most of tea farmers concentrate the firstly harvested tealeaves rather than the other two harvested tealeaves. Therefore this paper focuses BRDF monitoring results for the firstly harvested tealeaves only. Figure 6 shows the BRDF changes
  • 7. Kohei Arai International Journal of Applied Sciences (IJAS), Volume (2): Issue (1) : 2011 58 (Minneart coefficient trend) for eastern tea estate of Yabukita tealeaves during from March 29 to April 30 2008. May 19 2009 (a) 22.5degree (b) 45 degree (c) 67.5 degree (d) Extracted tealeaf from 22.5 degree of image (e) That from 45 degree image (f) That from 67.5 degree image (g) 22.5 degree (0.97) (h) 45 degree (0.8) (i) 67.5 degree (0.75) FIGURE 4: Histogram of green color of a tealeaf extracted from the acquired image and reflectance at the off-nadir angle of 22.5, 45 and 67.5 degrees measured at north tea estate (Yabukita) on April 4 2010. The value in the bracket shows reflectance.
  • 8. Kohei Arai International Journal of Applied Sciences (IJAS), Volume (2): Issue (1) : 2011 59 FIGURE 5: Approximated Minneart reflectance function derived from regression analysis with the measured reflectance at the four off-nadir angles with the acquired camera data situated in the east, south, west and northern tea estates on January 8 2008 (tea estates are covered with just old tealeaves). (a) March 29 2008 (1.4) (b) April 8 2008 (1.9)
  • 9. Kohei Arai International Journal of Applied Sciences (IJAS), Volume (2): Issue (1) : 2011 60 (c)April 30 2008 (1.2) FIGURE 6: BRDF changes for each wavelength starting from 400nm to 1050nm with 10nm steps. Minneart coefficient (the number in the bracket shows Minneart coefficient) for the Figure 6(a) is not small because new tealeaves appeared on that day of March 29 2008. Then Minneart coefficient increases for the time being as is shown in Figure 6(b) of BRDF characteristics of April 8 2008. Finally, Minneart coefficient decreases after the harvest of new tealeaves as is shown in Figure 6(c). 3.3. Verification of the Proposed Method Truth data of firstly harvest amount of new tealeaves is shown in the Table 3 together with age of the tea trees and area of tea estates. Firstly harvested new tealeaf amount depends on the age of the tea trees and also on the year as is shown in Figure 7. As is aforementioned, Minneart coefficient becomes the index for harvesting amount of new tealeaves. Harvest amount/10a Name Age 2008 2009 2010 Area(a) E:Yabukita 20 474.9 430.2 335.7 7.8 S:Oiwase 8 115.9 351.8 395.5 4.7 W:Benifuki 7 121.2 400.0 326.1 3.4 N:Okumidori 25 333.1 400.0 554.7 9.7 N:Yabukita 36 549.0 553.3 606.2 10.1 TABLE 3: Age of the tea trees and area of tea estates of the tea estates and firstly harvest amount of new tealeaves per 10 a. FIGURE 7: Relation between tea trees age and firstly harvested amount of new tealeaves.
  • 10. Kohei Arai International Journal of Applied Sciences (IJAS), Volume (2): Issue (1) : 2011 61 FIGURE 8: Relation between harvested tealeaves and estimated Minnerart coefficient. Figure 8 shows a relation between harvested amount of new tealeaves in unit of Kg/10a and the measured Minneart coefficient on just before harvest. The amount of new tealeaves is measured for firstly harvested new tealeaves for three year starting from 2008 and 2010. Figure 8 shows a good relation between harvested amount and Minneart coefficient so that the proposed method for estimation of possible amount of harvesting amount of new tealeaves is validated. Furthermore, it would help to determine the date for harvest of new tealeaves together with monitored total nitrogen contains which is highly related to the Theanine. 4. CONCLUSIONS It is found that the proposed new tealeaf monitoring system with network cameras is useful through field experiments of BRDF measurement with the matching BRDF derived from MCRT as well as Minneart model. Acquired images with visible and near infrared web cameras mounted on the pole that is used to avoid frosty damage with fan for convection of the boundary atmospheric layer are also useful to monitor the mass and quality of new grow tealeaf because observation angle ranges from zero (Nadir) to 75degree which is very sensitive to the size (length) of new tealeaves in the sense on BRDF changes. Thus the most appropriate time for harvesting new tealeaves is determined. Also it is possible to estimate mass and quality of new tealeaves based on monitored camera imagery data and satellite imagery data derived total nitrogen and fiber contents in the new tealeaves. It is obvious that nitrogen rich tealeaves tastes good while fiber rich tealeaves tastes bad. Theanine: 2-Amino-4-(ethylcarbamoyl) butyric acid that is highly correlated to nitrogen contents in new tealeaves are changed to Catechin [17],[18],[19] due to sun light. In accordance with sun light, new tealeaves grow up so that there is a most appropriate time for harvest in order to maximize amount and taste of new tealeaves simultaneously. Acknowledgement Author would like to thank to Dr.Hideo Miyazaki and Sadayuki Akashi of Saga Prefectural Institute of Tea for their valuable comments and suggestions as well as truth data. 5. REFERENCES [1] J.T.Compton, Red and photographic infrared linear combinations for monitoring vegetation, Journal of Remote Sensing of Environment, 8, 127-150, 1979. [2] C.Wiegand, M.Shibayama, and Y.Yamagata, Spectral observation for estimating the growth and yield of rice, Journal of Crop Science, 58, 4, 673-683, 1989. [3] Nicodemus, Fred (1965). "Directional reflectance and emissivity of an opaque surface" (abstract). Applied Optics 4 (7): 767–775. doi:10.1364/AO.4.000767. http://ao.osa.org/abstract.cfm?id=13818, 1965.
  • 11. Kohei Arai International Journal of Applied Sciences (IJAS), Volume (2): Issue (1) : 2011 62 [4]Rusinkiewicz, S., "A Survey of BRDF Representation for Computer Graphics". http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~smr/cs348c-97/surveypaper.html. Retrieved 2007-09-05, 2007. [5] Wojciech Matusik, Hanspeter Pfister, Matt Brand, and Leonard McMillan. A Data-Driven Reflectance Model. ACM Transactions on Graphics. 22(3) 2002. [6] B. T. Phong, Illumination for computer generated pictures, Communications of ACM 18, no. 6, 311–317, 1975. [7] James F. Blinn (1977). "Models of light reflection for computer synthesized pictures". Proc. 4th annual conference on computer graphics and interactive techniques: 192. doi:10.1145/563858.563893. http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=563858.563893., 1977. [8] K. Torrance and E. Sparrow. Theory for Off-Specular Reflection from Roughened Surfaces. J. Optical Soc. America, vol. 57. pp. 1105–1114, 1976. [9] Lubin, Dan; Robert Massom (2006-02-10). Polar Remote Sensing: Volume I: Atmosphere and Oceans (1 ed.). Springer. p.756. ISBN3540430970, 2006. [11] Matt, Pharr; Greg Humphreys (2004). Physically Based Rendering (1 ed.). Morgan Kauffmann. p.1019. ISBN012553180X, 2004. [12] Schaepman-Strub, G.; M.E. Schaepman, T.H. Painter, S. Dangel, J.V. Martonchik (2006-07- 15). "Reflectance quantities in optical remote sensing--definitions and case studies". Remote Sensing of Environment 103 (1): 27–42. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2006.03.002. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V6V-4K427VX- 1/2/d8f9855bc59ae8233e2ee9b111252701. Retrieved 2007-10-18., 2006. [13] S.Tsuchida, I.Sato, and S.Okada, BRDF measurement system for spatially unstable land surface-The measurement using spectro-radiometer and digital camera- Journal of Remote Sensing, 19, 4, 49-59, 1999. [14] K.Arai, Lecture Note on Remote Sensing, Morikita-shuppan Co., Ltd., 2000. [15] K.Arai and Y.Nishimura, Degree of polarization model for leaves and discrimination between pea and rice types of leaves for estimation of leaf area index, Abstract, COSPAR 2008, A3.10010-08#991, 2008. [16] K.Arai and Long Lili, BRDF model for new tealeaves and new tealeaves monitoring through BRDF monitoring with web cameras, Abstract, COSPAR 2008, A3.10008-08#992, 2008. [17] Greivenkamp, John E., Field Guide to Geometrical Optics. SPIE Field Guides vol. FG01. SPIE. ISBN 0-8194-5294-7, 2004. [18] Seto R, H. Nakamura, F. Nanjo, Y. Hara, Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry,Vol.61, issue 9, 1434-1439, 1997. [19] Sano M, Suzuki M ,Miyase T, Yoshino K, Maeda-Yamamoto, M.,J.Agric.Food Chem., 47 (5), 1906-1910 1999.