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“ Seek, and ye shall find:” Using Controlled Vocabularies to Enhance Access to Cultural Information SLA Seattle June 16, 2008
Controlled Vocabularies: an Overview Murtha Baca Head, Vocabulary Program Getty Research Institute SLA Seattle June 2008
TYPOLOGY of DATA STANDARDS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What are vocabularies? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
“ Knowledge bases” -- bodies of knowledge represented by language (glossaries, dictionaries, thesauri, word lists) What are vocabularies?
Types of terms in vocabularies ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What is a controlled vocabulary? ,[object Object]
What is a controlled vocabulary? ,[object Object],[object Object]
Types of  Controlled Vocabularies
Controlled Lists ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Controlled Lists cont. ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],manuscripts miscellaneous paintings photographs sculpture site Installation texts vessels Example of a controlled pick list for Classification Patricia Harpring, 2008  © J. Paul Getty Trust
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Felis domesticus Synonym ring list Jean-Baptiste Perroneau, Portrait of Magdaleine Pinceloup, © J. Paul Getty Museum; Chat Noir, Theophile-Alexandre Steinlen, © Sta. Barbara Museum of Art.  Egyptian Cat, © Metropolitan Museum. Cat and Kittens, © National Gallery of Art. Maneki Neko, Japanese, ©  private collection. © J. Paul Getty Trust; Patricia Harpring 2008 domestic cat cat Felis catus house cat
Compilations, usually in alphabetical order, that combine separate concepts into a “string,” as in the Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) Commercial fishing -- Japanese competition Salmon fisheries -- law and legislation -- California Subject Headings
Pre-coordination  of terminology is a characteristic of subject headings; subject headings typically combine several unique concepts together. Subject Headings  cont. Subject headings--Pictures. Pictures--Computer network resources. World Wide Web--Subject access.
Taxonomies/Classifications Vocabularies that organize a body of knowledge for a defined domain into conceptual categories, e.g.  Nomenclature for Museum Cataloging , ICONCLASS. The Greek heroic legends Story of Hercules (Heracles) Labors of Hercules Hercules chokes the Nemean lion Hercules kills the Hydra of Lerna Hercules captures the Ceryneian hind Hercules captures the Cretan bull http://www.iconclass.nl/
Compilations of terms representing  single concepts .  Thesauri  explicitly express relationships  among terms via a semantic structure. <visual works by form> dioramas diptychs medals medallions (medals) polyptychs triptychs Thesauri
Authority Files ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
More on Thesauri
Thesauri ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Thesaural Relationships ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Equivalence Relationship :   Terms/names denote the same thing—a preferred name is used for displays ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],example from ULAN
Equivalence Relationship ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Whole/Part Relationship : “children” or narrower terms are part of the parent or broader term ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Genus/Species Relationship :  “children” represent  types  of the “parent” or broader term ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Associative Relationship : terms are related conceptually, but not necessarily hierarchically ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
indexer thesaurus:   A thesaurus designed to control terminology and guide indexers in the choice of terms.  See also  end-user thesaurus . indexing:   Also called  human indexing . The process of evaluating information and designating indexing terms by using controlled vocabulary that will aid in finding and accessing the cultural work record. Refers to indexing done by human labor, not to the automatic parsing of data into a  database index , which is used by a system to speed up search and retrieval. indexer thesaurus
A thesaurus designed for direct access by searchers rather than for use by indexers. Instead of controlling the terminology, the purpose of an end-user thesaurus is to help searchers find useful terminology for improving, narrowing, and broadening their queries.   end-user thesaurus
A vocabulary constructed with the goal of being interoperable with an existing vocabulary, e.g. a specialty vocabulary such as a conservation thesaurus that is intended to be linked to the superstructure of a larger vocabulary, such as the AAT. satellite vocabulary
Vocabularies provide ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Jacob Lawrence  Tombstones , 1942 Example from the AAT
Why do we need vocabularies? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Why do we need vocabularies?  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Issues in vocabulary-enhanced searching ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Search “ARES” Against Getty Web site
“ ARES” did not match any pages
Improve recall by ORing equivalent names (Ares, Mars)
“ Ares OR Mars”  now retrieves 37 pages
Search “ARES” Against Google  (returns 1,250,000 pages; none of first 6 pages are relevant)
Increase precision by ANDing the broader/parent term of ARES, “Major Gods”
“ Ares AND Major Gods” now narrow to 506 hits (all first 7 pages are relevant)
Recall and Precision ,[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Getty Vocabularies
The Getty Vocabularies ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],http://www.getty.edu/research/conducting_research/vocabularies/
Sagrada Familia, Barcelona Spain, 1882-1926. Image © http://www.op.net/~jmeltzer/Gaudi/eltemple.html. Portrait © Encyclopedia Britannica online. Elements of a ULAN record  artist 500014514 names Gaudí, Antoni Gaudí y Cornet, Antonio  Cornet, Antoni Gauí  Gaudí  i Cornet, Antoni Note: The Focus of each vocabulary record is a concept - not a “term”
notes Gaudí was influenced by Catalonia's medieval history and architecture. His works display a respect for craftsmanship and structural logic. He was also inspired by forms in nature, using it in structure and ornament, creating a highly personal, organic style. His work is characterized by sculptural plasticity, the manipulation of light, and the use of mosaics and polychromy. His later style is classified as Catalan Modernisme, a style related to Art Nouveau. roles architect,  landscape architect, furniture designer geographic location Reus (Spain) Barcelona (Spain) nationalities Catalan, Spanish bibliography Contemporary Architects (1987)  Enciclopedia universal ilustrada (1978-1983)  Encyclopedia of world art (1959-1987)  Grove Dictionary of Art online (1999-)  LC Name Authority Headings [online] (2002-) Elements of a ULAN record  related people studied with:  Juan Martorell Montells life dates Birth Date: 1852  Death Date: 1926 names Gaudí, Antoni Gaudí y Cornet, Antonio  Cornet, Antoni Gauí  Gaudí  i Cornet, Antoni artist 500014514
Equivalence Relationships in ULAN ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],NAMES: Le Corbusier Corbusier, Le Corbu Charles Edouard Jeanneret Jeanneret, Charles Edouard  Jeanneret, Charles-Edouard Jeanneret-Gris, Charles-Edouard portrait photo © from Encyclopedia Britannica Online, Le Corbusier, photograph by Yousuf Karsh, 1954 ; © Karsh--Woodfin Camp and AssociatesConvent of La Tourette, by Le Corbusier, at Eveux-sur-Arbresle, near Lyon, France, 1957 to 1960. ; Photo by Donald Corner and Jenny Young; CD.2260.1012.1841.051. © Donald Corner and Jenny Young  Charles-Edouard  JEANNERET) ; &quot;La caída de Barcelona”; 1939 ; Oil on canvas ; 81 x 99,5 cm; © Museo Nacional, Sofia; image from http://museoreinasofia.mcu.es/
Former names, “incorrect” names ,[object Object],[object Object],Names: Bulgarini, Bartolomeo Bartolomeo Bolgarini  Bartolomeo Bolghini  Bartolomeo Bulgarini  Bartolommeo Bulgarini da Siena  Maestro d'Ovile  Master of the Ovile Madonna  Ovile Master  Lorenzetti, Ugolino  Ugolino Lorenzetti  Assumption of the Virgin, Pinacoteca Nazionale, Siena image from: Carli, Enzo, Sienese Painting, Harper & Row, 1983;  The St. Catherine of Alexandria, National Gallery of Art, Washington DC, 1943.4.20, image from nga.gov
[object Object],Common misspelling; married name NAMES: O'Keeffe, Georgia  Georgia O'Keeffe O'Keefe, Georgia  Stieglitz, Alfred, Mrs. Georgia O'Keefe; Ram's Skull With Brown Leaves; Roswell Museum and Art Center; Roswell, New Mexico from: http://www.roswellmuseum.org /
Various transliterations, diacritics ,[object Object],[object Object],Iwan Schischkin (1831 - 1898) Im Russischen Wald, 1896; Öl auf Leinwand, 139 x 95 cm; image from http://www.i-s-o.com/projekte/kh_kiel/sammlung/19_Jhdt/ct.htm
Translations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Battle of Little Big Horn, ca. 1898  Watercolor on muslin2 ft. 11 in. x 5 ft. 10 in. (frame included) The Southwest Museum (Los Angeles, California)
Associative Relationships in ULAN RELATED PERSON :  son of Albrecht Dürer the elder RELATED PERSON: student of  Michael Wolgemut,  from 1486 through 1490 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Albrecht Dürer; German, 1471 - 1528; Knight, Death and Devil, 1513; engraving on laid paper, sheet: 24.8 x 19 cm (9 3/4 x 7 1/2 in.);  ©  National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC. Gift of W.G. Russell Allen, 1941.1.20 for Albrecht Dürer
Controlled vocabularies: Why bother?
 
 
 
Αγία Σοφία Ayasofya Church of the Holy Wisdom Hagia Sophia Haghia Sophia Saint Sophia Sancta Sophia St. Sophia
Constantinople   Constantinopolis   Costantinopoli   Estambul   Istanbul   Konstantinopel   New Rome   Mikligard Tsargrad   Tsarigrad   names from Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names (TGN)
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
= cargo shorts = board shorts
 
 
desk? cartonnier? chest? cabinet?
dolls? figurines? statuettes? idols? carvings? sculptures?
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],Common misspellings NAMES: O’Keeffe, Georgia  Georgia O’Keeffe O’Keefe, Georgia  Stieglitz, Alfred, Mrs. Georgia O'Keefe Ram's Skull With Brown Leaves Roswell Museum and Art Center Roswell, New Mexico from: http://www.roswellmuseum.org/
Anonymous artist, later named ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],The Crucifixion, mid 1300s, tempera on wood, The Hermitage (St. Petersburg, Russia) image from http://sunserv.kfki.hu/ ~arthp/html/l/lorenzet/ugolino/index.html
Database issues ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
If we use terms from a standard source such as LCSH or the AAT, why do we need our own “local” authority file(s)?
Why do we need local authorities ? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What about social tagging and folksonomies?
In the context of the Web, the act of associating terms (called “tags”) with an information object (e.g. a Web page, an image, a streaming video clip), thus describing the item and enabling keyword-based classification and retrieval. Tags – a form of user-generated metadata – from communities of users can be aggregated and analyzed, providing useful information about the collection of objects with which the tags have been associated.  tagging
The  decentralized  practice and method by which individuals and groups  create, manage, and share terms, names, etc. (called “tags”) to annotate and categorize digital resources in an online “social” environment. A folksonomy is the result of social tagging. Also referred to as collaborative tagging, social classification, social indexing, mob indexing, folk categorization.  social tagging
An orderly classification that explicitly expresses the relationships, usually hierarchical (e.g., genus/species, whole/part, class/instance), between and among the things being classified.   taxonomy
An assemblage of concepts, represented by terms and names (called “tags”),  the result of social tagging.  A folksonomy is  not  a taxonomy.   folksonomy
Vocabularies in the Corporate World
Disney Titles  (preferred forms) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Disney Variants ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What’s in a name? That which we call a rose  By any other name would smell as sweet.  Shakespeare,  Romeo and Juliet , Act II, scene ii
Murtha Baca Head, Vocabulary Program Getty Research Institute [email_address] http://getty.edu/research/conducting_research/vocabularies/

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Murtha Baca

  • 1. “ Seek, and ye shall find:” Using Controlled Vocabularies to Enhance Access to Cultural Information SLA Seattle June 16, 2008
  • 2. Controlled Vocabularies: an Overview Murtha Baca Head, Vocabulary Program Getty Research Institute SLA Seattle June 2008
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5. “ Knowledge bases” -- bodies of knowledge represented by language (glossaries, dictionaries, thesauri, word lists) What are vocabularies?
  • 6.
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  • 9. Types of Controlled Vocabularies
  • 10.
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  • 14. Compilations, usually in alphabetical order, that combine separate concepts into a “string,” as in the Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) Commercial fishing -- Japanese competition Salmon fisheries -- law and legislation -- California Subject Headings
  • 15. Pre-coordination of terminology is a characteristic of subject headings; subject headings typically combine several unique concepts together. Subject Headings cont. Subject headings--Pictures. Pictures--Computer network resources. World Wide Web--Subject access.
  • 16. Taxonomies/Classifications Vocabularies that organize a body of knowledge for a defined domain into conceptual categories, e.g. Nomenclature for Museum Cataloging , ICONCLASS. The Greek heroic legends Story of Hercules (Heracles) Labors of Hercules Hercules chokes the Nemean lion Hercules kills the Hydra of Lerna Hercules captures the Ceryneian hind Hercules captures the Cretan bull http://www.iconclass.nl/
  • 17. Compilations of terms representing single concepts . Thesauri explicitly express relationships among terms via a semantic structure. <visual works by form> dioramas diptychs medals medallions (medals) polyptychs triptychs Thesauri
  • 18.
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  • 27. indexer thesaurus: A thesaurus designed to control terminology and guide indexers in the choice of terms. See also end-user thesaurus . indexing: Also called human indexing . The process of evaluating information and designating indexing terms by using controlled vocabulary that will aid in finding and accessing the cultural work record. Refers to indexing done by human labor, not to the automatic parsing of data into a database index , which is used by a system to speed up search and retrieval. indexer thesaurus
  • 28. A thesaurus designed for direct access by searchers rather than for use by indexers. Instead of controlling the terminology, the purpose of an end-user thesaurus is to help searchers find useful terminology for improving, narrowing, and broadening their queries. end-user thesaurus
  • 29. A vocabulary constructed with the goal of being interoperable with an existing vocabulary, e.g. a specialty vocabulary such as a conservation thesaurus that is intended to be linked to the superstructure of a larger vocabulary, such as the AAT. satellite vocabulary
  • 30.
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  • 34. Search “ARES” Against Getty Web site
  • 35. “ ARES” did not match any pages
  • 36. Improve recall by ORing equivalent names (Ares, Mars)
  • 37. “ Ares OR Mars” now retrieves 37 pages
  • 38. Search “ARES” Against Google (returns 1,250,000 pages; none of first 6 pages are relevant)
  • 39. Increase precision by ANDing the broader/parent term of ARES, “Major Gods”
  • 40. “ Ares AND Major Gods” now narrow to 506 hits (all first 7 pages are relevant)
  • 41.
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  • 45. Sagrada Familia, Barcelona Spain, 1882-1926. Image © http://www.op.net/~jmeltzer/Gaudi/eltemple.html. Portrait © Encyclopedia Britannica online. Elements of a ULAN record artist 500014514 names Gaudí, Antoni Gaudí y Cornet, Antonio Cornet, Antoni Gauí Gaudí i Cornet, Antoni Note: The Focus of each vocabulary record is a concept - not a “term”
  • 46. notes Gaudí was influenced by Catalonia's medieval history and architecture. His works display a respect for craftsmanship and structural logic. He was also inspired by forms in nature, using it in structure and ornament, creating a highly personal, organic style. His work is characterized by sculptural plasticity, the manipulation of light, and the use of mosaics and polychromy. His later style is classified as Catalan Modernisme, a style related to Art Nouveau. roles architect, landscape architect, furniture designer geographic location Reus (Spain) Barcelona (Spain) nationalities Catalan, Spanish bibliography Contemporary Architects (1987) Enciclopedia universal ilustrada (1978-1983) Encyclopedia of world art (1959-1987) Grove Dictionary of Art online (1999-) LC Name Authority Headings [online] (2002-) Elements of a ULAN record related people studied with: Juan Martorell Montells life dates Birth Date: 1852 Death Date: 1926 names Gaudí, Antoni Gaudí y Cornet, Antonio Cornet, Antoni Gauí Gaudí i Cornet, Antoni artist 500014514
  • 47.
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  • 57. Αγία Σοφία Ayasofya Church of the Holy Wisdom Hagia Sophia Haghia Sophia Saint Sophia Sancta Sophia St. Sophia
  • 58. Constantinople Constantinopolis Costantinopoli Estambul Istanbul Konstantinopel New Rome Mikligard Tsargrad Tsarigrad names from Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names (TGN)
  • 59.
  • 60. = cargo shorts = board shorts
  • 61.  
  • 62.  
  • 64. dolls? figurines? statuettes? idols? carvings? sculptures?
  • 65.
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  • 67.
  • 68.
  • 69. If we use terms from a standard source such as LCSH or the AAT, why do we need our own “local” authority file(s)?
  • 70.
  • 71. What about social tagging and folksonomies?
  • 72. In the context of the Web, the act of associating terms (called “tags”) with an information object (e.g. a Web page, an image, a streaming video clip), thus describing the item and enabling keyword-based classification and retrieval. Tags – a form of user-generated metadata – from communities of users can be aggregated and analyzed, providing useful information about the collection of objects with which the tags have been associated. tagging
  • 73. The decentralized practice and method by which individuals and groups create, manage, and share terms, names, etc. (called “tags”) to annotate and categorize digital resources in an online “social” environment. A folksonomy is the result of social tagging. Also referred to as collaborative tagging, social classification, social indexing, mob indexing, folk categorization. social tagging
  • 74. An orderly classification that explicitly expresses the relationships, usually hierarchical (e.g., genus/species, whole/part, class/instance), between and among the things being classified. taxonomy
  • 75. An assemblage of concepts, represented by terms and names (called “tags”), the result of social tagging. A folksonomy is not a taxonomy. folksonomy
  • 76. Vocabularies in the Corporate World
  • 77.
  • 78.
  • 79. What’s in a name? That which we call a rose By any other name would smell as sweet. Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet , Act II, scene ii
  • 80. Murtha Baca Head, Vocabulary Program Getty Research Institute [email_address] http://getty.edu/research/conducting_research/vocabularies/