Basic Computers Knowledge

DR(i) AC(i) (Output of OR gate in Fig. 5- 20) AND LD Ci ADD J Q Ii (Fig.2- 11) AC(i) FA DR Ci+1 K INPR From INPR Clock bit(i) COM SHR AC(i+1) SHL AC(i- 1) Plakshi GyanTech The Knowledge Catalysts Basic Computers Knowledge May 2007 GT-0020-01 / 06-Mar-07

Copyright Notice σ This publication is protected by copyright law, with all right reserved. No part of this publication maybe reproduced, stored in a retrieval system translated, transcribed, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means manual, electronic, electro-magnetic, mechanical, chemical, optical or otherwise, without any means manual electronic electro- magnetic, mechanical, chemical, optical, or others wise, without prior explicit written permission from SGT We solicit your valuable feedbacks & suggestions for We solicit your valuable feedbacks & suggestions for improvisation of this program, contents & logistics etc. improvisation of this program, contents & logistics etc. Plakshi GyanTech © 2007 service@gyantech.net 2

Introducing the Catalyst σ Vijay Kumar Saini is a practicing engineer in the Automobile Domain with rich exposure to the technology and management aspects. He is a Certified Quality Manager who has spent his 16 valuable years in search of excellence in Quality Realm. σ He has worked extensively as TQM expert, Quality Engineer, Kaizen Manager, Hoshin Kanri Expert during his professional career. σ Apart from designing a lot many thought provoking trainings, he has inscribed a few management & engineering related papers also. Plakshi GyanTech © 2007 service@gyantech.net 3

Training Codec σ Respect all Creature. You may criticize other’s idea logically & factually. σ Be a good Listener and a perfect Orator for the suitable situations. Please make notes of the discussion as record for your future references. while query, please mention slide no. and subject for clarity. σ Let’s stay together. Cross-talks are not allowed, unless instructed. Please Raise the point of common interest in public time. For specific issues, manage for private time. Your query shall be answered now or in near future. σ Please keep mobiles silent and avoid commotion during training. We can include additional breaks for convenience (If requested). σ The discussion shall be based on average level of intelligence. Also the training contents & examples may not suit every profile. So, please keep your minds open and ears alert for optimum learning, always. The explanation shall make all concepts & ideas clear in most generic way. σ All are ever learning. You are free to uphold your point of view. But arguments / contradiction in excess aren’t permitted due to time factor. σ Finally BEST OF LUCK for your learning with all of us around. Plakshi GyanTech © 2007 service@gyantech.net 4

Plakshi Basic GyanTech Overview Computers σ Getting acquainted with your computer Notes Σ Outside Σ Inside σ What’s on your computer Σ Settings and preferences Σ Protection Plakshi GyanTech © 2007 service@gyantech.net 5

Plakshi Basic GyanTech A computer is … Computers σ An electronic machine that Notes can be programmed to accept data (input), and process it into useful information (output). Data is put in secondary storage (storage) for safekeeping or later use. σ The processing of input into output is directed by the software, but performed by the hardware. σ GI/GO Plakshi GyanTech © 2007 service@gyantech.net 6

Plakshi Basic GyanTech On the outside / inside Computers Notes σ Case σ Keyboard/mouse σ Power switch σ Network card σ Reset switch σ Modem σ Hard drive σ Sound card σ Floppy σ Video card σ CD/DVD σ RAM σ Zip drive σ Motherboard σ Serial ports σ Bus σ Parallel port σ Fan σ USB port σ Cables Plakshi GyanTech © 2007 service@gyantech.net 7

Plakshi Components of a Computer Basic GyanTech System Computers Notes Central Processing Unit (CPU) Arithmetic Control Unit Logic Unit Processing devices are contained in a computer’s system unit and are comprised of circuitry. The main circuit board is the motherboard, with its central processing unit (CPU) and memory. Output devices display the Input Output processed information Devices Memory Devices understandably and usefully; e.g. printers, monitors, speakers. Input devices accept data or commands in a form useable by computers. Data Storage devices include secondary storage for data and commands can also be and programs outside the computer’s processing sent to the processing unit; Storage unit; e.g., hard disk drives, floppy disk drives, Zip® e.g., keyboards, mice, drives, CD-ROM, CD-RW and DVD-ROM drives. scanners, microphone, Devices Drives read from and write to storage media (the digital camera. physical material that can store data and programs). Plakshi GyanTech © 2007 service@gyantech.net 8

Plakshi Basic GyanTech Input Devices Computers σ Hardware component that allows you to Notes enter data, programs, commands, and user responses into a computer. σ Examples are Σ keyboard, Σ mouse, Σ digital camera, Σ scanner, Σ Microphone etc. Plakshi GyanTech © 2007 service@gyantech.net 9

Plakshi Central Processing Unit Basic GyanTech Computers (CPU) σ CPU contains the electronic circuits that Notes cause processing to occur. σ It is made up of the Control Unit and Arithmetic/Logic Unit Σ The Control Unit interprets the instructions. Σ The Arithmetic/Logic Unit performs the logical and arithmetic processes. Plakshi GyanTech © 2007 service@gyantech.net 10

Plakshi Basic GyanTech Memory Computers σ Random Access Memory (RAM) consists of Notes electronic components that store data including numbers, letters, graphics and sound. σ Any data to be processed must be stored in memory. σ Amount of memory is measured in Σ kilobyte (KB) : ~ 1,000 memory locations Σ Megabyte (MB): ~ one million memory locations σ A memory location, or byte, usually stores one character. Plakshi GyanTech © 2007 service@gyantech.net 11

Plakshi Basic GyanTech Output Devices Computers σ Output devices make the information resulting from Notes processing available for use. σ Printers Σ Impact printer : dot matrix printer Σ Non-impact printer : ink-jet printers, laser printers σ Can print higher-quality text and graphics, quieter, can print in color. σ Computer Screens Σ Television-like display device called a screen, monitor, or CRT (cathode ray tube). Σ composed of individual picture elements called pixels. Each pixel can be illuminated to form parts of a character or graphic shape on the screen. Plakshi GyanTech © 2007 service@gyantech.net 12

Plakshi Basic GyanTech Storage Devices Computers σ Storage devices (auxiliary storage) are Notes used to store instructions and data when they are not being used in memory. σ common types Σ Floppy Disks, or diskette σ Formatting is the process of preparing a disk for reading and writing by organizing the disk into storage locations called tracks and sectors. Σ Hard Disks σ Consists of one or more rigid metal platters coated with a metal oxide material that allows data to be recorded magnetically on the surface of the platters. Plakshi GyanTech © 2007 service@gyantech.net 13

Plakshi Basic GyanTech Storage Devices Computers σ Compact Disc (CD), also called optical discs are Notes available in variety of formats, Σ CD-ROMs : compact disc read-only memory σ Use laser technology for storing text, graphics, audio, video. σ You can only read the contents of the disc, but cannot erase or modify their contents. Σ CD-R and CD-RW σ CD-R, compact disc-recordable, allows you to write contents on it only one time. σ CD-RW, compact disc-rewritable, allows you to write contents on it multiple times. Σ DVD-ROMs : digital video disc-ROM σ High capacity compact disc capable of storing large amounts of text and videos. Storage capacity ranges from 4.7 GB to 17 GB. Plakshi GyanTech © 2007 service@gyantech.net 14

Plakshi Basic GyanTech Ports Computers σ Ports are sockets that allow Notes you to plug in device connectors to access the common electrical bus on the motherboard. σ Ports are usually found on the back of the system unit, but newer styles also have some of them conveniently located on the front. σ Ports allow specific types of connectors (which partly reflects changing technology as well as various kinds of technology). Plakshi GyanTech © 2007 service@gyantech.net 19

Plakshi Basic GyanTech Types of Ports Computers σ Serial ports transmit data one Notes bit at a time, like the picture on the left illustrates. σ Parallel ports transmit more than one byte at a time. σ These types of port designs are based on whether or not fast data transmission rates are required by the device or not. σ Most computers come with basic types of ports (serial, parallel, keyboard, mouse, and USB); and expansion cards allow you to expand the available types needed by specific devices. Other types to look up and read about: Plakshi GyanTech © 2007 service@gyantech.net 20 SCSI, USB, Fire Wire, and MIDI.

Plakshi Different Types of Basic GyanTech Computers Connectors Notes σ Understanding the differences among connector types is useful and important, as the cable required to attach a device to your computer is specific to its connector, not to mention the port on the computer. Fire wire connectors and port. (Also called IEEE 1394) Plakshi GyanTech © 2007 service@gyantech.net 21

Plakshi Basic GyanTech Basic Network Components Computers Notes Hosts– Computers, printers, servers NIC– Network interface card Interconnect– Cables or wireless Switch– Common connection point Router– Communicates with external networks Plakshi GyanTech © 2007 service@gyantech.net 26

Plakshi Basic GyanTech Wireless Networking Computers - Connect to wired LAN through Notes an access point. - Hosts use a wireless network interface card (NIC) to talk to the access point. - IEEE-802.11b - 11Mbps - IEEE-802.11a - 54Mbps - IEEE-802.11g - 11/54Mbps Toolik wireless network is IEEE-802.11b. Plakshi GyanTech © 2007 service@gyantech.net 27

Plakshi Basic GyanTech Introduction to the Internet Computers σ What is the Internet? Notes Σ A worldwide network of computers Σ Current information on almost any topic Σ Communicate worldwide Plakshi GyanTech © 2007 service@gyantech.net 28

Plakshi Basic GyanTech Introduction to the Internet Computers σ Internet Explorer (IE) Notes Σ A Web browser used to navigate through pages on the Internet Σ Web pages are accessed by hyperlinks or typed addresses Σ A group of Web pages owned by one organization is a Web site Σ The main page in a Web site is the home page Plakshi GyanTech © 2007 service@gyantech.net 29

Plakshi Basic GyanTech Protecting Your Computer Computers σ Virus Software Notes Σ Protects against malicious attacks Σ Eliminates most viruses found on the computer Σ Prevents spread of viruses by blocking incoming attacks Σ Must be kept up-to-date Plakshi GyanTech © 2007 service@gyantech.net 31

Plakshi Basic GyanTech Protecting Your Computer Computers σ Spyware Notes Σ Like a virus in that it is malicious Σ Unlike a virus in that it doesn’t replicate Σ Takes control of your computer for third party Σ May display ads or track usage Σ Exploit security holes or installed with “legitimate” software http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyware Plakshi GyanTech © 2007 service@gyantech.net 32

Plakshi Basic GyanTech Protecting Your Computer Computers σ Firewalls Notes Σ Prevent communication forbidden by network security policy Σ Controls flow of traffic between zones Σ Proxy servers act as a type of firewall Plakshi GyanTech © 2007 service@gyantech.net 33

Computer Software System Software Application Software GT-0020-01 / 06-Mar-07

Plakshi Basic GyanTech System Software Computers σ Programs that controls the operations of Notes computer equipment. σ Operating system (OS) Σ Instructions in the operating system tell the computer how to perform the functions of loading, storing, and executing an application program and how to transfer data. Σ Most computers use an OS that has a GUI (graphical user interface) that provides visual cues such as icon symbols. Plakshi GyanTech © 2007 service@gyantech.net 35

Plakshi Basic GyanTech Application Software Computers σ Consists of programs that tell a computer Notes how to produce information. σ Examples: business, scientific, and educational programs. σ Common use application software : word processing software, electronic spreadsheet software, database software, presentation graphics software. Plakshi GyanTech © 2007 service@gyantech.net 36

Plakshi Basic GyanTech Computer Ethics Computers σ Computer ethics are the moral guidelines Notes that govern the use of computers and information systems. σ Five areas: Σ Unauthorized use of computer systems Σ Software theft (piracy) Σ Information privacy Σ Information accuracy Σ Codes of ethical conduct Plakshi GyanTech © 2007 service@gyantech.net 37

Plakshi Unauthorized Use of Basic GyanTech Computers Computer σ Unauthorized Access and Use Notes Σ Use of a computer or network without permission. Σ Hacker : people who try to break into a computer with the intent of stealing or corrupting its data. σ To prevent unauthorized use of computers : e.g. use of user identification and passwords. Plakshi GyanTech © 2007 service@gyantech.net 38

Plakshi Basic GyanTech Software Theft (piracy) Computers σ Software theft : e.g someone physically Notes steal a DVD-ROM CD-ROM or floppy disk, or to intentional piracy of software. σ Software piracy : Σ unauthorized or illegal duplication of copy- righted software. Σ When you purchase software, you actually do not own the software; instead, you have purchased the right to use the software, as outlined in the software license. Σ A software license is an agreement that provides specific conditions for use of the software. Plakshi GyanTech © 2007 service@gyantech.net 39

Plakshi Information Privacy & Basic GyanTech Computers Accuracy σ Refers to the right of individuals and Notes organizations to deny or restrict the collection and use of information about them. σ Concerned about the accuracy of computer input. σ Inaccurate input can result in erroneous information and incorrect decisions made. Plakshi GyanTech © 2007 service@gyantech.net 40

Plakshi Basic GyanTech Codes of Conduct Computers σ Written guidelines that help determine Notes whether a specific computer action is ethical or unethical. σ Examples: Σ One may not copy or use software illegally. Σ Computers may not be used to steal. Σ Computers may not be used to harm other people. Plakshi GyanTech © 2007 service@gyantech.net 41

Plakshi Three most important Basic GyanTech Computers words in computing. σ Backup Notes σ Backup σ Backup σ You should backup when you do not want to reenter everything you have entered since your last backup. (Schedules can range from every item to months.) σ You should regularly check that your backups work. σ Multiple backups and off-site backups are often required. Plakshi GyanTech © 2007 service@gyantech.net 42

Thank you very much for a patient listening, persuasive enthusiasm and earnest interaction ! Vijay Kumar Saini Please refer your Comments / Queries / Questions at service@gyantech.net / +91 – 9810891691 We solicit your valuable feedbacks & suggestions for We solicit your valuable feedbacks & suggestions for improvisation of this program, contents & logistics etc. improvisation of this program, contents & logistics etc. GT-0020-01 / 06-Mar-07

Revision Record & Acknowledgment Rev Revision Date Reason of Revision 0.0 04 May 2007 FIRST PREPARATION 1.0 2.0 3.0 THANKS FOR THE VALUABLE CONTRIBUTIONS : σGOD Almighty – Who gave me the ability and opportunity to contribute the amateur thoughts in His vast ocean of knowledge. I owe you everything I know, have and create. σ My Family - Who cultivated and honed my skills from the scratch and keeps on encouraging me for winning new horizons. My work is a result of their dedication and relentless support. Thanks for everything Plakshi GyanTech © 2007 service@gyantech.net 44

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Basic Computers Knowledge

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