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Clothing for Biosensing
Bio sensing is a technology
for the detection of a wide
range of chemical and
biological agents, including
bacteria,    viruses    and
toxins, in the environment
and humans.
A biosensor is an analytical device, used for the detection of an
analyte, that utilizes biological components e.g. enzymes to
indicate the amount of a biomaterial.

Example of a commercial biosensor is the blood glucose
biosensor,
• It uses the enzyme glucose oxidase to break blood glucose
   down.
• it first oxidizes glucose and uses two electrons to reduce the
   FAD (a component of the enzyme) to FADH2.
• This in turn is oxidized by the electrode (accepting two
   electrons from the electrode) in a number of steps.
• The resulting current is a measure of the concentration of
   glucose. In this case, the electrode is the transducer and the
   enzyme is the biologically active component.
It consists of:
 The sensitive biological element (e.g. tissue, microorganisms, organelles, cell receptors,
  enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, etc.), a biologically derived material or biomimetic
  component that interacts (binds or recognizes) the analyte under study.
 The transducer or the detector element (works in a physicochemical way; optical,
  piezoelectric, electrochemical, etc.) that transforms the signal resulting from the interaction of
  the analyte with the biological element into another signal (i.e., transduces) that can be more
  easily measured and quantified;
 Biosensor reader device with the associated electronics or signal processors that are primarily
  responsible for the display of the results in a user-friendly way.
Clothing for Biosensing
 Temperature         Galvanic skin test
                      Glucose detection
 Accelerometers
                      Heart rate
 Pressure sensors
                      Vital signs
 Chemical
                      Cochlear implants
 Biochemical
                      Retinal implant
 Resistance          Cortical implant
                      Health monitoring
There are mainly two types of Biosensors:-
 Physical Biosensors: Physical Sensors typically
  monitors physiological signals such as breathing
  rate, heart rate, ECG and temperature etc. They
  convert physical properties into electrical signals.
 Chemical Biosensors: Chemical sensors respond to
  a particular analyte in a selective way through a
  chemical reaction.
Sensing Methods and Applications

                                       These can also be grouped by sensing groups and
                                       methods, as shown in the following table.
Biosensing methods can ben
divided in three groups:
 Electrical-Electrical
   sensing, such as bio-
   potential, breath rhythm, and
   sweat conductivity.
 Electrochemical sensing, such
   as pH or ions
   (chloride, sodium, potassium, cal
   cium, magnesium, etc.) in sweat.
 Organic sensing, such as
   protein detection in sore.
 Existing sensor technologies pose significant wearability problems
  when integrated into the user's peri-personal space
 These materials have a ubiquitous, constant-wear nature
 Traditional technologies are rarely designed for continuous, on-body
  use
 Those that require skin contact are generally designed to be used in a
  hospital or doctor's office
 The achievement of certain design goals for existing sensors (such as
  durability) is ultimately detrimental to the user's comfort when applied
  to the wearable environment.
 Textile-based sensors offer a compromise solution, by
  retaining the characteristics associated with comfort and
  wearability   (properties   of   standard,    non-electronic
  garments)
 Many textile-based sensors are actually sensing materials
  used to coat a textile or sensing materials formed into
  fibres and woven or knitted into a textile structure
 The properties sought by textile-based sensors can
  include flexibility, surface area, washability, stretch, and
  hand (texture of textile)
 To provide valuable information about the wearer’s health during their daily routine
 To get the information about the wearer’s health within their natural environment
  without interfering with his/her natural works
 To provide remote monitoring of vitals signs
 To perform diagnostics to improve early illness detection
 Textile integrated sensors could measure a large variety of variables, e.g. physical
  dimensions like pressure, stress and strain applied to the textile or biomedical
  dimensions such as heart rate, electrocardiogram (ECG), sweat rate and sweat
  composition (salts, pH), respiration rate or arterial oxygenation (SpO2) of the
  monitored subject
 Clothing       having       electronic         or
  electrochemical       samples     integrated   in
  them used to map critical physiological
  parameters     like     heart     rate,    blood
  oxygenation,    pulse     rate,     core   body
  temperature, etc.
 One of the most recent and exciting
  category of medical clothing
Clothing for Biosensing
 Should support gathering of the measurable data
        -should have good fit
        -good skin contact of the electrodes
 Should guide the electrodes to the correct positions
 Should fulfill the requirements for the medical devices
 Should be easy to use with good patient acceptance
 Should be washable (atleast 30 times)
 Should be easy to wear and remove
Continued…..


 Should be comfortable to wear

       - should be as light as possible

       - should be non invasive to the normal working of the body

       - skin friendly electrodes should be used

       - garment should be designed in order to provide maximum comfort

       - should not impede the ergonomic requirements of the user

       - should have proper heat and moisture transport
 Electrodes    Body position
 Placement     Integration (into clothing)
 Contact       Recording context information for evidence
 Pressure      Microcircuits (e.g. accelerometer, temperature
 Movement       sensor)
                Thermogeneration
I.   Situational analysis in determining the wearability
      Understand the user
      Understand the environment
      Understand the activity
II. Body tolerance for pressure
      Some areas of the skin surface are more sensitive to pressure than others are
      In general, the fleshier part of the body will accept pressure more comfortably than areas where
       bones are unpadded, particularly if the items causing the pressure are rigid and not shaped to
       contour to the body surface
      Female breasts, male genitals and the areas where major blood and lymph vessels and nerves
       lie close to the surface
Continued…..

III. Factors affecting ease of motion in a garment
    Flexibility, bulk, and weight of fabrics
    Cut of garment: segment sizes and shapes
    Flexibility of design: closures, design features and accessories etc.
    Fit of garment
    Frictional drag of fabric
IV. Stretch Fabrics
    Stretch fabrics have the advantages of:
       – maximum ease of mobility
       – contouring to a wide variety of body shapes
    Low modulus stretch fabrics have a disadvantage for wearable computers in that they
      may not provide sufficient stability to hold heavier items in place on the body
Continued…..
Continued…..
V. Heat Dissipation
        Thin, open-structured fabrics
        Minimal layering (single layer main garment; fewer pockets, collarbands, trims)
        Designs that provide minimal or loose coverage of the body
        Loose, open areas around the head, neck and upper torso (heat rises)
        Loose garment edges (armholes; cuffs; hems)
IV.    Moisture transport

        Heat is a “pump” that moves moisture in wickers. If the
         environment is hotter than the body, moisture will be
         pushed back toward the skin surface of the wearer.
        Wickers only work if there is an absorbent material or an
         air-filled environment beyond them into which the moisture
         can escape.
V. Materials used:
     Polyamide fibres, acrylic fibres, Polyurethane fibres, plastic optical fibres (POF), etc. are some of
      the fibres that are currently being used in developing these clothings
     Conductive yarn or textile wires made of Cu/Ag, pure steel thread, Ag coated polyamide filament
      etc.
     Other materials like foam, padddings, chemical sensors, etc. are also sometimes used
      depending upon the application
 Polypyrrole-coated    conductive       foam    shows
  considerable   promise    as   a      basic   sensing
  technology, and for use in detecting body
  movements, physiological functions, and body
  state from body-garment Interactions
 It was found that increasing the weight placed
  upon the PPy-PU foam or shortening the overall
  length of the foam resulted in a proportional
  decrease in the electrical resistance measured
  across the foam in a linear fashion
 The method used for sensor fabrication involved
  soaking the substrate, the PU foam in an aqueous
  monomer and dopant solution.
 An aqueous oxidant solution is then introduced into
  the reaction vessel to initiate polymerization.
 This lead to the precipitation of doped PPy, which
  subsequently deposited onto the PU substrate.
 The effect of the PPy coating is to make the entire
  foam conducting without compromising the soft,
  compressible mechanical properties of the foam
  substrate.
 They produce heat
 Are uncomfortable to wear
 Sensitive to electromagnetic radiation
 Susceptible to electrical discharges
 Approach is based on thermoplastic silicone fibers, which can be integrated into woven
  textiles.
 As soon as pressure at a certain area of the textile is applied to these fibers they change their
  cross section reversibly, due to their elastomeric character, and a simultaneous change in
  transmitted light intensity can be detected.
 A medicinal laser is used as a light source, having a FD-1 fiber (Medlight, Switzerland) and a
  proprietary F-SMA coupler attached as an interface to the silicone fiber. The light energy was
  measured with an Ulbricht integrating sphere (RW-3703-2; Gigahertz Optik, Germany).
A: Not reversibly bent or squeezed   LEDx = light emitting diodes;
B: Fully elastic case                Rx = light receiver (phototransistors)
 Wearable
 Detects the heart beat and externalize
  it as pulses of light.
 Sensors read the wearer's ECG and
  produce flashes of light in time with
  his/her own heart.
 The heart beat rate can be monitored
  by the Bluetooth signal.
 Wearing the shirt gives an intense
  feeling of life and rhythm, while at the
  same time reminding the wearer his
  electrical and mechanical roots.
 New wireless technology for tele-home-care purposes gives new possibilities for monitoring of
  vital parameters with wearable biomedical sensors, and will give the patient the freedom to be
  mobile and still be under continuously monitoring and thereby to better quality of patient care
 This is a new concept for wireless and wearable electrocardiogram (ECG) sensor transmitting
  signals to a diagnostic station at the hospital, and this concept is intended for detecting rarely
  occurrences of cardiac arrhythmias and to follow up critical patients from their home while they
  are carrying out daily activities.
 The wireless sensor is sticky and attached to the patient’s chest. It will continuously measure
  and wirelessly transmit sampled ECG-recordings by the use of a built-in RF-radio transmitter.
Clothing for Biosensing
Clothing for Biosensing
Bio-Sensing Briefs to Track the Vitals
 Researchers have developed a way to screen-print
  electrochemical sensors onto fabric.
 Nozzle-printed nano carbon electrode arrays using inkjet printers
  like Epson NX420 AIO Inkjet Printer with 802.11n WiFi directly
  onto the elastic bands of men’s underwear successfully.
 The fixed contact to the skin will allow these biosensors to
  constantly monitor hydrogen peroxide and the enzyme NADH
  which are associated with various biomedical processes.
 The invention of the smart underwear with biosensors is a reliable
  and wearable physiological monitoring system that will allow 24/7
  at-home surveillance of patients. This also decreases the workload
  on the hospitals and will substantially reduce people’s medical
  expenses.
Other Application areas
Clothing-integrated electrochemical sensors can also be used:
• To monitors alcohol consumption in drivers.
• To measures the performance and stress of both soldiers and athletes.
• To hold considerable promise for future healthcare, military or sport applications.
 Sensing patches for monitoring of body fluids (e.g. sweat
  rate, pH, electrolytes, etc.)
 Prototype of passive pump for sweat collection and handling
  (patented)
 Patented technology for the integration of optical fibres into
  elastic fabrics
 Capacitive sensors for electro-physiological monitoring
 Integration of electrodes, electronics and wiring in textiles
Clothing having physical biosensors:
• Physiological: High bulk, low moisture vapour transmission, high weight, etc.
• Environmental noise
• Motion artefacts: impediments in the normal working of the person
• Psychological: feeling of not looking good or looking odd


Clothing having chemical biosensors:
• Fluid movement control
• Calibration
• Wearability
• Safety
 Textiles and clothing industries are not sufficiently engaged
 No dedicated standards for testing smart textiles vs. reliability, robustness etc.
 The customer/end user is rarely a part of the picture, needs and drivers are poorly
  understood
 Cost/added value issues are not sufficiently addressed
 Core       technologies       e.g.      interface,      connectivity,      sensing,   skin
  contact, transmission, manufacturing and usability are not sufficiently developed/tested
 Research community still fragmented
 Clothing for biosensing is a very new and a promising field of functional textiles
  offering a solution to many sensing problems in medical analysis
 Material selection, design, fit, comfort and non invasiveness are some of the most
  important requirements of functional clothing
 Although a no. of prototypes and products have been developed but the field has a
  very large scope of research and development
 The market constraints and the fragmented research community is a factor that is
  impeding the progress of this clothing
1. www.kokeytechnology.com › Biotechnology
2. Shirley Coyle, Yanzhe Wu, King-Tong Lau, Sarah Brady, Gordon Wallace, Dermot Diamond, Bio-sensing
   textiles - Wearable Chemical Biosensors for Health Monitoring, pp 35-38.
3. Simon Ekström, Chemical sensors and biosensors, Department of Electrical Measurements/Create Health.
4. http://produceconsumerobot.com/biosensing
5. health.ninemsn.com/fitness/exercise/695099
6. John G. Webster, Chapter 10. Chemical Biosensors, Robert A. Peura, Medical Instrumentation Application
   and Design, 4th Edition, pp 449-495.
7. Rajiv Ranjan Singh, Preventing Road Accidents with Wearable Biosensors and Innovative Architectural
   Design, Presented at 2nd ISSS NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MEMS (ISSS-MEMS), 2007, CEERI,
   PILANI.
8. Smart clothes: textiles that track your health by Bio-sensing textiles to support health management
   (BIOTEX project)
Continued…..
9. Hee-Cheol Kim, Yao Meng and Gi-Soo Chung, Health Care with Wellness Wear, pp 42-59.
10. Markus Rothmaier 1,*, Minh Phi Luong 1 and Frank Clemens 2, Textile Pressure Sensor Made of Flexible Plastic
   Optical Fibers, Sensors 2008, 8, 4318-4329; DOI: 10.3390/s8074318
11. Rune Fensli, Einar Gunnarson, Torstein Gundersen, A Wearable ECG-recording System for continuous
   Arrhythmia Monitoring in a Wireless Tele-Home-Care Situation, Accepted for presentation at the 18th IEEE
   International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems, Dublin, June 23-24, 2005.
12. Lucy E Dunne*1, Sarah Brady2, Barry Smyth1 and Dermot Diamond2, Initial development and testing of a novel
   foam-based pressure sensor for wearable sensing, Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 2005, 2:4
13. http://whisper.iat.sfu.ca/whisper_lit_review.htm
14. http://www.mat.ucsb.edu/~g.legrady/academic/courses/02w200a/wearable/index.html
15. Torsten Linz, Christian Dils, Reine Veiroth, Christine Karlmayer, Integrating electronics into textiles for wearable
   electronics applications
16. Dr. Andreas Lymberis, Wearable and smart textile systems: EU Technology push or application pull, Avantex
   2009, 16-18 June 2009
Clothing for Biosensing
SUMIT SHARMA
Entry No. 2012TTE2413


  VINAY INDORKER
Entry No. 2012TTE2397

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Clothing for Biosensing

  • 2. Bio sensing is a technology for the detection of a wide range of chemical and biological agents, including bacteria, viruses and toxins, in the environment and humans.
  • 3. A biosensor is an analytical device, used for the detection of an analyte, that utilizes biological components e.g. enzymes to indicate the amount of a biomaterial. Example of a commercial biosensor is the blood glucose biosensor, • It uses the enzyme glucose oxidase to break blood glucose down. • it first oxidizes glucose and uses two electrons to reduce the FAD (a component of the enzyme) to FADH2. • This in turn is oxidized by the electrode (accepting two electrons from the electrode) in a number of steps. • The resulting current is a measure of the concentration of glucose. In this case, the electrode is the transducer and the enzyme is the biologically active component.
  • 4. It consists of:  The sensitive biological element (e.g. tissue, microorganisms, organelles, cell receptors, enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, etc.), a biologically derived material or biomimetic component that interacts (binds or recognizes) the analyte under study.  The transducer or the detector element (works in a physicochemical way; optical, piezoelectric, electrochemical, etc.) that transforms the signal resulting from the interaction of the analyte with the biological element into another signal (i.e., transduces) that can be more easily measured and quantified;  Biosensor reader device with the associated electronics or signal processors that are primarily responsible for the display of the results in a user-friendly way.
  • 6.  Temperature  Galvanic skin test  Glucose detection  Accelerometers  Heart rate  Pressure sensors  Vital signs  Chemical  Cochlear implants  Biochemical  Retinal implant  Resistance  Cortical implant  Health monitoring
  • 7. There are mainly two types of Biosensors:-  Physical Biosensors: Physical Sensors typically monitors physiological signals such as breathing rate, heart rate, ECG and temperature etc. They convert physical properties into electrical signals.  Chemical Biosensors: Chemical sensors respond to a particular analyte in a selective way through a chemical reaction.
  • 8. Sensing Methods and Applications These can also be grouped by sensing groups and methods, as shown in the following table. Biosensing methods can ben divided in three groups:  Electrical-Electrical sensing, such as bio- potential, breath rhythm, and sweat conductivity.  Electrochemical sensing, such as pH or ions (chloride, sodium, potassium, cal cium, magnesium, etc.) in sweat.  Organic sensing, such as protein detection in sore.
  • 9.  Existing sensor technologies pose significant wearability problems when integrated into the user's peri-personal space  These materials have a ubiquitous, constant-wear nature  Traditional technologies are rarely designed for continuous, on-body use  Those that require skin contact are generally designed to be used in a hospital or doctor's office  The achievement of certain design goals for existing sensors (such as durability) is ultimately detrimental to the user's comfort when applied to the wearable environment.
  • 10.  Textile-based sensors offer a compromise solution, by retaining the characteristics associated with comfort and wearability (properties of standard, non-electronic garments)  Many textile-based sensors are actually sensing materials used to coat a textile or sensing materials formed into fibres and woven or knitted into a textile structure  The properties sought by textile-based sensors can include flexibility, surface area, washability, stretch, and hand (texture of textile)
  • 11.  To provide valuable information about the wearer’s health during their daily routine  To get the information about the wearer’s health within their natural environment without interfering with his/her natural works  To provide remote monitoring of vitals signs  To perform diagnostics to improve early illness detection  Textile integrated sensors could measure a large variety of variables, e.g. physical dimensions like pressure, stress and strain applied to the textile or biomedical dimensions such as heart rate, electrocardiogram (ECG), sweat rate and sweat composition (salts, pH), respiration rate or arterial oxygenation (SpO2) of the monitored subject
  • 12.  Clothing having electronic or electrochemical samples integrated in them used to map critical physiological parameters like heart rate, blood oxygenation, pulse rate, core body temperature, etc.  One of the most recent and exciting category of medical clothing
  • 14.  Should support gathering of the measurable data -should have good fit -good skin contact of the electrodes  Should guide the electrodes to the correct positions  Should fulfill the requirements for the medical devices  Should be easy to use with good patient acceptance  Should be washable (atleast 30 times)  Should be easy to wear and remove
  • 15. Continued…..  Should be comfortable to wear - should be as light as possible - should be non invasive to the normal working of the body - skin friendly electrodes should be used - garment should be designed in order to provide maximum comfort - should not impede the ergonomic requirements of the user - should have proper heat and moisture transport
  • 16.  Electrodes  Body position  Placement  Integration (into clothing)  Contact  Recording context information for evidence  Pressure  Microcircuits (e.g. accelerometer, temperature  Movement sensor)  Thermogeneration
  • 17. I. Situational analysis in determining the wearability  Understand the user  Understand the environment  Understand the activity II. Body tolerance for pressure  Some areas of the skin surface are more sensitive to pressure than others are  In general, the fleshier part of the body will accept pressure more comfortably than areas where bones are unpadded, particularly if the items causing the pressure are rigid and not shaped to contour to the body surface  Female breasts, male genitals and the areas where major blood and lymph vessels and nerves lie close to the surface
  • 18. Continued….. III. Factors affecting ease of motion in a garment  Flexibility, bulk, and weight of fabrics  Cut of garment: segment sizes and shapes  Flexibility of design: closures, design features and accessories etc.  Fit of garment  Frictional drag of fabric IV. Stretch Fabrics  Stretch fabrics have the advantages of: – maximum ease of mobility – contouring to a wide variety of body shapes  Low modulus stretch fabrics have a disadvantage for wearable computers in that they may not provide sufficient stability to hold heavier items in place on the body
  • 20. Continued….. V. Heat Dissipation  Thin, open-structured fabrics  Minimal layering (single layer main garment; fewer pockets, collarbands, trims)  Designs that provide minimal or loose coverage of the body  Loose, open areas around the head, neck and upper torso (heat rises)  Loose garment edges (armholes; cuffs; hems) IV. Moisture transport  Heat is a “pump” that moves moisture in wickers. If the environment is hotter than the body, moisture will be pushed back toward the skin surface of the wearer.  Wickers only work if there is an absorbent material or an air-filled environment beyond them into which the moisture can escape.
  • 21. V. Materials used:  Polyamide fibres, acrylic fibres, Polyurethane fibres, plastic optical fibres (POF), etc. are some of the fibres that are currently being used in developing these clothings  Conductive yarn or textile wires made of Cu/Ag, pure steel thread, Ag coated polyamide filament etc.  Other materials like foam, padddings, chemical sensors, etc. are also sometimes used depending upon the application
  • 22.  Polypyrrole-coated conductive foam shows considerable promise as a basic sensing technology, and for use in detecting body movements, physiological functions, and body state from body-garment Interactions  It was found that increasing the weight placed upon the PPy-PU foam or shortening the overall length of the foam resulted in a proportional decrease in the electrical resistance measured across the foam in a linear fashion
  • 23.  The method used for sensor fabrication involved soaking the substrate, the PU foam in an aqueous monomer and dopant solution.  An aqueous oxidant solution is then introduced into the reaction vessel to initiate polymerization.  This lead to the precipitation of doped PPy, which subsequently deposited onto the PU substrate.  The effect of the PPy coating is to make the entire foam conducting without compromising the soft, compressible mechanical properties of the foam substrate.
  • 24.  They produce heat  Are uncomfortable to wear  Sensitive to electromagnetic radiation  Susceptible to electrical discharges
  • 25.  Approach is based on thermoplastic silicone fibers, which can be integrated into woven textiles.  As soon as pressure at a certain area of the textile is applied to these fibers they change their cross section reversibly, due to their elastomeric character, and a simultaneous change in transmitted light intensity can be detected.  A medicinal laser is used as a light source, having a FD-1 fiber (Medlight, Switzerland) and a proprietary F-SMA coupler attached as an interface to the silicone fiber. The light energy was measured with an Ulbricht integrating sphere (RW-3703-2; Gigahertz Optik, Germany).
  • 26. A: Not reversibly bent or squeezed LEDx = light emitting diodes; B: Fully elastic case Rx = light receiver (phototransistors)
  • 27.  Wearable  Detects the heart beat and externalize it as pulses of light.  Sensors read the wearer's ECG and produce flashes of light in time with his/her own heart.  The heart beat rate can be monitored by the Bluetooth signal.  Wearing the shirt gives an intense feeling of life and rhythm, while at the same time reminding the wearer his electrical and mechanical roots.
  • 28.  New wireless technology for tele-home-care purposes gives new possibilities for monitoring of vital parameters with wearable biomedical sensors, and will give the patient the freedom to be mobile and still be under continuously monitoring and thereby to better quality of patient care  This is a new concept for wireless and wearable electrocardiogram (ECG) sensor transmitting signals to a diagnostic station at the hospital, and this concept is intended for detecting rarely occurrences of cardiac arrhythmias and to follow up critical patients from their home while they are carrying out daily activities.  The wireless sensor is sticky and attached to the patient’s chest. It will continuously measure and wirelessly transmit sampled ECG-recordings by the use of a built-in RF-radio transmitter.
  • 31. Bio-Sensing Briefs to Track the Vitals  Researchers have developed a way to screen-print electrochemical sensors onto fabric.  Nozzle-printed nano carbon electrode arrays using inkjet printers like Epson NX420 AIO Inkjet Printer with 802.11n WiFi directly onto the elastic bands of men’s underwear successfully.  The fixed contact to the skin will allow these biosensors to constantly monitor hydrogen peroxide and the enzyme NADH which are associated with various biomedical processes.  The invention of the smart underwear with biosensors is a reliable and wearable physiological monitoring system that will allow 24/7 at-home surveillance of patients. This also decreases the workload on the hospitals and will substantially reduce people’s medical expenses. Other Application areas Clothing-integrated electrochemical sensors can also be used: • To monitors alcohol consumption in drivers. • To measures the performance and stress of both soldiers and athletes. • To hold considerable promise for future healthcare, military or sport applications.
  • 32.  Sensing patches for monitoring of body fluids (e.g. sweat rate, pH, electrolytes, etc.)  Prototype of passive pump for sweat collection and handling (patented)  Patented technology for the integration of optical fibres into elastic fabrics  Capacitive sensors for electro-physiological monitoring  Integration of electrodes, electronics and wiring in textiles
  • 33. Clothing having physical biosensors: • Physiological: High bulk, low moisture vapour transmission, high weight, etc. • Environmental noise • Motion artefacts: impediments in the normal working of the person • Psychological: feeling of not looking good or looking odd Clothing having chemical biosensors: • Fluid movement control • Calibration • Wearability • Safety
  • 34.  Textiles and clothing industries are not sufficiently engaged  No dedicated standards for testing smart textiles vs. reliability, robustness etc.  The customer/end user is rarely a part of the picture, needs and drivers are poorly understood  Cost/added value issues are not sufficiently addressed  Core technologies e.g. interface, connectivity, sensing, skin contact, transmission, manufacturing and usability are not sufficiently developed/tested  Research community still fragmented
  • 35.  Clothing for biosensing is a very new and a promising field of functional textiles offering a solution to many sensing problems in medical analysis  Material selection, design, fit, comfort and non invasiveness are some of the most important requirements of functional clothing  Although a no. of prototypes and products have been developed but the field has a very large scope of research and development  The market constraints and the fragmented research community is a factor that is impeding the progress of this clothing
  • 36. 1. www.kokeytechnology.com › Biotechnology 2. Shirley Coyle, Yanzhe Wu, King-Tong Lau, Sarah Brady, Gordon Wallace, Dermot Diamond, Bio-sensing textiles - Wearable Chemical Biosensors for Health Monitoring, pp 35-38. 3. Simon Ekström, Chemical sensors and biosensors, Department of Electrical Measurements/Create Health. 4. http://produceconsumerobot.com/biosensing 5. health.ninemsn.com/fitness/exercise/695099 6. John G. Webster, Chapter 10. Chemical Biosensors, Robert A. Peura, Medical Instrumentation Application and Design, 4th Edition, pp 449-495. 7. Rajiv Ranjan Singh, Preventing Road Accidents with Wearable Biosensors and Innovative Architectural Design, Presented at 2nd ISSS NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MEMS (ISSS-MEMS), 2007, CEERI, PILANI. 8. Smart clothes: textiles that track your health by Bio-sensing textiles to support health management (BIOTEX project)
  • 37. Continued….. 9. Hee-Cheol Kim, Yao Meng and Gi-Soo Chung, Health Care with Wellness Wear, pp 42-59. 10. Markus Rothmaier 1,*, Minh Phi Luong 1 and Frank Clemens 2, Textile Pressure Sensor Made of Flexible Plastic Optical Fibers, Sensors 2008, 8, 4318-4329; DOI: 10.3390/s8074318 11. Rune Fensli, Einar Gunnarson, Torstein Gundersen, A Wearable ECG-recording System for continuous Arrhythmia Monitoring in a Wireless Tele-Home-Care Situation, Accepted for presentation at the 18th IEEE International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems, Dublin, June 23-24, 2005. 12. Lucy E Dunne*1, Sarah Brady2, Barry Smyth1 and Dermot Diamond2, Initial development and testing of a novel foam-based pressure sensor for wearable sensing, Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 2005, 2:4 13. http://whisper.iat.sfu.ca/whisper_lit_review.htm 14. http://www.mat.ucsb.edu/~g.legrady/academic/courses/02w200a/wearable/index.html 15. Torsten Linz, Christian Dils, Reine Veiroth, Christine Karlmayer, Integrating electronics into textiles for wearable electronics applications 16. Dr. Andreas Lymberis, Wearable and smart textile systems: EU Technology push or application pull, Avantex 2009, 16-18 June 2009
  • 39. SUMIT SHARMA Entry No. 2012TTE2413 VINAY INDORKER Entry No. 2012TTE2397