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User Centred Design



                  Vinai Kumar

                10 Aug 2011 Wed

                      IP & P
    Introduction to Design: Issues and Methods

National Institute of Design (NID) Paldi Ahmedabad
User-Centric Design

                            • User-centricity was always a major
                              driving concern of the early humans
                                  – Which led to the development of
                                          • Technologies
                                              – enabling ease of work and living
                                          • Markets
                                              – taking the benefit to other humans


                                  – Which in turn led to the development of
                                          • Engineering professionals
                                              – Efficiency, productivity, delivery
                                          • Business management professionals
                                              – Return on investment, profits, more
                                                money for themselves



10 Aug 2011 Wednesday       Vinai Kumar       UCD                                     2
User-Centric Design

                            • Technologies were developed
                                 …without human user consideration
                                 …by the people who knew (technologists)


                            • What was built had to be sold
                                 (business economics)
                                 …Which required business professionals
                                 …To hard-sell
                                 …To earn profits for their employers


                            • RESULT:
                                 – The Human User was forgotten


10 Aug 2011 Wednesday       Vinai Kumar   UCD                              3
User-Centric Design

                                          • What human users need
                                            in a product or system

                                                – Usefulness




10 Aug 2011 Wednesday       Vinai Kumar   UCD                        4
User-Centric Design

                                          • What human users need
                                            in a product or system

                                                – Safety




10 Aug 2011 Wednesday       Vinai Kumar   UCD                        5
User-Centric Design

                                          • What human users need
                                            in a product or system

                                                – Ease of use




10 Aug 2011 Wednesday       Vinai Kumar   UCD                        6
User-Centric Design

                                          • What human users need
                                            in a product or system

                                                – Emotional connect




10 Aug 2011 Wednesday       Vinai Kumar   UCD                         7
User-Centric Design

                                          • What human users need
                                            in a product or system

                                                –   Usefulness
                                                –   Safety and hygiene
                                                –   Ease of use
                                                –   Emotional connect

                                          • Imperative:
                                             – We need to understand
                                               human users

10 Aug 2011 Wednesday       Vinai Kumar   UCD                            8
User-Centric Design




                        Understanding users




10 Aug 2011 Wednesday        Vinai Kumar   UCD   9
User-Centric Design – Understanding Users

                                      • Understanding users means
                                        understanding their:

                                         – Activities of living and
                                           work




10 Aug 2011 Wednesday   Vinai Kumar     UCD                           10
User-Centric Design – Understanding Users

                                      • Understanding users means
                                        understanding their:

                                         – Physical characteristics




10 Aug 2011 Wednesday   Vinai Kumar     UCD                           11
User-Centric Design – Understanding Users

                                      • Understanding users means
                                        understanding their:

                                         – Communication needs




10 Aug 2011 Wednesday   Vinai Kumar     UCD                         12
User-Centric Design – Understanding Users

                                      • Understanding users means
                                        understanding their:

                                         – Meanings




10 Aug 2011 Wednesday   Vinai Kumar     UCD                         13
User-Centric Design – Understanding Users

                                      • Understanding users means
                                        understanding their:


                                         –    Work and Living
                                         –    Physical profiles
                                         –    Communication needs
                                         –    Meanings


                                      • We need a knowledge and
                                        resource framework to
                                        understand human users
10 Aug 2011 Wednesday   Vinai Kumar     UCD                         14
User-Centric Design (UCD)




                         The UCD framework




10 Aug 2011 Wednesday          Vinai Kumar   UCD    15
User-Centric Design (UCD) – Framework


                        The UCD framework

                              Usefulness

                                Usability

                          Emotional connect
10 Aug 2011 Wednesday        Vinai Kumar   UCD    16
User-Centric Design (UCD) – Framework

                                        Usefulness

                                            • Functions and
                                              features

                                            • Contextual
                                              relevance

                                            • User value

10 Aug 2011 Wednesday   Vinai Kumar   UCD                     17
User-Centric Design (UCD) – Framework

                                            Usability

                                               • Safety

                                               • Ease of use

                                               • Comfort /
                                                 wellbeing


10 Aug 2011 Wednesday   Vinai Kumar   UCD                      18
User-Centric Design (UCD) – Framework

                                      Emotional connect

                                            • Trust

                                            • Cultural relevance

                                            • Social relevance

                                            • Imageries

10 Aug 2011 Wednesday   Vinai Kumar   UCD                          19
User-Centric Design (UCD) – the Core Knowledge




                          Ergonomics

                            Semiotics

                          Ethnography

                        Systems Thinking

10 Aug 2011 Wednesday     Vinai Kumar   UCD   20
User-Centric Design (UCD) – the Core Knowledge




                        Ergonomics



10 Aug 2011 Wednesday   Vinai Kumar   UCD    21
User-Centric Design (UCD) – the Core Knowledge

                                                         Ergonomics
 System                        Task
                                                             – Understanding the
 Characteristics               Characteristics
                                                               relationship between
                                                               humans and man-made
                                                               environment
 User                          Environmental
 Characteristics               Characteristics
                                                             – Applying this
                                                               understanding to:
                 System Behaviour                                •   Productivity of systems
                                                                 •   Safety and hygiene
                                                                 •   Ease of use
               User Reaction ( + / _ )
                                                                 •   Comfort and wellbeing


10 Aug 2011 Wednesday                    Vinai Kumar   UCD                                 22
User-Centric Design (UCD) – the Core Knowledge

                                        Ergonomics
                                            – Physical Ergonomics
                                               •   Anatomy
                                               •   Biomechanics
                                               •   Anthropometry
                                               •   Physiology




10 Aug 2011 Wednesday   Vinai Kumar   UCD                           23
User-Centric Design (UCD) – the Core Knowledge

                                       Ergonomics
                                        – Psychological Ergonomics
                                            • Senses
                                                – Design for information
                                                  acquisition
                                                – Design for sensory
                                                  experience
                                            • Perception
                                                – Information organizational
                                                  tendencies
                                                     » Gestalt laws
                                                     » Conditioned
                                                        responses
                                            • Cognition
                                                – Understanding
                                                – Pattern recognition and
                                                  construction
                                                – Learning


10 Aug 2011 Wednesday   Vinai Kumar   UCD                                   24
User-Centric Design (UCD) – the Core Knowledge

                                       Ergonomics
                                        – Environmental Ergonomics
                                            • Lighting
                                                – Avoid glare
                                                – Contrasts for lighting
                                                  central / peripheral
                                                  areas
                                            • Climate
                                                – Temperature
                                                – Humidity
                                                – Air velocity




10 Aug 2011 Wednesday   Vinai Kumar   UCD                              25
User-Centric Design (UCD) – the Core Knowledge

                                       Ergonomics
                                        – Task analysis (TA)
                                            • Types of tasks
                                                – Physical
                                                – Perceptual
                                                – Cognitive
                                            • Task severity
                                                – Duration
                                                – Frequency
                                                – Criticality


                                        – TA is performed to
                                          understand the ‘demands’
                                          on the human user

10 Aug 2011 Wednesday   Vinai Kumar   UCD                            26
User-Centric Design (UCD) – the Core Knowledge

                                      • Ergonomics
                                         – The twelve principles
                                                – (Macleod)




10 Aug 2011 Wednesday   Vinai Kumar   UCD                          27
User-Centric Design (UCD) – the Core Knowledge




                        Semiotics



10 Aug 2011 Wednesday   Vinai Kumar   UCD    28
User-Centric Design (UCD) – the Core Knowledge

                                      • UCD Core Knowledge:

                                            – Semiotics
                                               • Syntactics
                                               • Semantics
                                               • Pragmatics




10 Aug 2011 Wednesday   Vinai Kumar   UCD                     29
User-Centric Design (UCD) – the Core Knowledge




                        Ethnography



10 Aug 2011 Wednesday    Vinai Kumar   UCD   30
User-Centric Design (UCD) – the Core Knowledge

                                      • UCD Core Knowledge:

                                            – Ethnography
                                               •   Culture
                                               •   What people actually do
                                               •   Sociological inferences
                                               •   Behavioural inferences




10 Aug 2011 Wednesday   Vinai Kumar   UCD                                31
User-Centric Design (UCD) – the Core Knowledge




                        Systems Thinking



10 Aug 2011 Wednesday      Vinai Kumar   UCD   32
User-Centric Design (UCD) – the Core Knowledge

                                      • UCD Core Knowledge:

                                            – Systems Thinking
                                               • Multi- and inter-
                                                 disciplinary
                                               • Addresses the dynamics
                                                 and complexities of the
                                                 world around us
                                               • A method based on
                                                 Right side and Left side
                                                 brains
                                               • User and Context
                                                 analysis

10 Aug 2011 Wednesday   Vinai Kumar   UCD                               33
User-Centric Design (UCD)




                             UCD Process



10 Aug 2011 Wednesday          Vinai Kumar   UCD    34
User-Centric Design (UCD) – the Process

                                      • UCD Process

                                            – User and Contextual
                                              Research
                                            – Ideation
                                            – Modeling & Prototyping
                                            – User trials




10 Aug 2011 Wednesday   Vinai Kumar   UCD                              35
User-Centric Design (UCD) - References

                                      •   www.ergoweb.com

                                      •   www.danmacleod.com

                                      •   http://sites.google.com/site/vinaik
                                          umar/papers
                                      •   Ergonomics in Computerised
                                          Offices – E. Grandjean
                                      •   Fitting the Human – KHE
                                          Kroemer
                                      •   Systems Thinking for Problem
                                          Solving – Vinai Kumar




10 Aug 2011 Wednesday   Vinai Kumar   UCD                                   36
10 Aug 2011 Wednesday   Vinai Kumar   UCD   37

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User Centred Design (UCD) Presentation

  • 1. User Centred Design Vinai Kumar 10 Aug 2011 Wed IP & P Introduction to Design: Issues and Methods National Institute of Design (NID) Paldi Ahmedabad
  • 2. User-Centric Design • User-centricity was always a major driving concern of the early humans – Which led to the development of • Technologies – enabling ease of work and living • Markets – taking the benefit to other humans – Which in turn led to the development of • Engineering professionals – Efficiency, productivity, delivery • Business management professionals – Return on investment, profits, more money for themselves 10 Aug 2011 Wednesday Vinai Kumar UCD 2
  • 3. User-Centric Design • Technologies were developed …without human user consideration …by the people who knew (technologists) • What was built had to be sold (business economics) …Which required business professionals …To hard-sell …To earn profits for their employers • RESULT: – The Human User was forgotten 10 Aug 2011 Wednesday Vinai Kumar UCD 3
  • 4. User-Centric Design • What human users need in a product or system – Usefulness 10 Aug 2011 Wednesday Vinai Kumar UCD 4
  • 5. User-Centric Design • What human users need in a product or system – Safety 10 Aug 2011 Wednesday Vinai Kumar UCD 5
  • 6. User-Centric Design • What human users need in a product or system – Ease of use 10 Aug 2011 Wednesday Vinai Kumar UCD 6
  • 7. User-Centric Design • What human users need in a product or system – Emotional connect 10 Aug 2011 Wednesday Vinai Kumar UCD 7
  • 8. User-Centric Design • What human users need in a product or system – Usefulness – Safety and hygiene – Ease of use – Emotional connect • Imperative: – We need to understand human users 10 Aug 2011 Wednesday Vinai Kumar UCD 8
  • 9. User-Centric Design Understanding users 10 Aug 2011 Wednesday Vinai Kumar UCD 9
  • 10. User-Centric Design – Understanding Users • Understanding users means understanding their: – Activities of living and work 10 Aug 2011 Wednesday Vinai Kumar UCD 10
  • 11. User-Centric Design – Understanding Users • Understanding users means understanding their: – Physical characteristics 10 Aug 2011 Wednesday Vinai Kumar UCD 11
  • 12. User-Centric Design – Understanding Users • Understanding users means understanding their: – Communication needs 10 Aug 2011 Wednesday Vinai Kumar UCD 12
  • 13. User-Centric Design – Understanding Users • Understanding users means understanding their: – Meanings 10 Aug 2011 Wednesday Vinai Kumar UCD 13
  • 14. User-Centric Design – Understanding Users • Understanding users means understanding their: – Work and Living – Physical profiles – Communication needs – Meanings • We need a knowledge and resource framework to understand human users 10 Aug 2011 Wednesday Vinai Kumar UCD 14
  • 15. User-Centric Design (UCD) The UCD framework 10 Aug 2011 Wednesday Vinai Kumar UCD 15
  • 16. User-Centric Design (UCD) – Framework The UCD framework Usefulness Usability Emotional connect 10 Aug 2011 Wednesday Vinai Kumar UCD 16
  • 17. User-Centric Design (UCD) – Framework Usefulness • Functions and features • Contextual relevance • User value 10 Aug 2011 Wednesday Vinai Kumar UCD 17
  • 18. User-Centric Design (UCD) – Framework Usability • Safety • Ease of use • Comfort / wellbeing 10 Aug 2011 Wednesday Vinai Kumar UCD 18
  • 19. User-Centric Design (UCD) – Framework Emotional connect • Trust • Cultural relevance • Social relevance • Imageries 10 Aug 2011 Wednesday Vinai Kumar UCD 19
  • 20. User-Centric Design (UCD) – the Core Knowledge Ergonomics Semiotics Ethnography Systems Thinking 10 Aug 2011 Wednesday Vinai Kumar UCD 20
  • 21. User-Centric Design (UCD) – the Core Knowledge Ergonomics 10 Aug 2011 Wednesday Vinai Kumar UCD 21
  • 22. User-Centric Design (UCD) – the Core Knowledge Ergonomics System Task – Understanding the Characteristics Characteristics relationship between humans and man-made environment User Environmental Characteristics Characteristics – Applying this understanding to: System Behaviour • Productivity of systems • Safety and hygiene • Ease of use User Reaction ( + / _ ) • Comfort and wellbeing 10 Aug 2011 Wednesday Vinai Kumar UCD 22
  • 23. User-Centric Design (UCD) – the Core Knowledge Ergonomics – Physical Ergonomics • Anatomy • Biomechanics • Anthropometry • Physiology 10 Aug 2011 Wednesday Vinai Kumar UCD 23
  • 24. User-Centric Design (UCD) – the Core Knowledge Ergonomics – Psychological Ergonomics • Senses – Design for information acquisition – Design for sensory experience • Perception – Information organizational tendencies » Gestalt laws » Conditioned responses • Cognition – Understanding – Pattern recognition and construction – Learning 10 Aug 2011 Wednesday Vinai Kumar UCD 24
  • 25. User-Centric Design (UCD) – the Core Knowledge Ergonomics – Environmental Ergonomics • Lighting – Avoid glare – Contrasts for lighting central / peripheral areas • Climate – Temperature – Humidity – Air velocity 10 Aug 2011 Wednesday Vinai Kumar UCD 25
  • 26. User-Centric Design (UCD) – the Core Knowledge Ergonomics – Task analysis (TA) • Types of tasks – Physical – Perceptual – Cognitive • Task severity – Duration – Frequency – Criticality – TA is performed to understand the ‘demands’ on the human user 10 Aug 2011 Wednesday Vinai Kumar UCD 26
  • 27. User-Centric Design (UCD) – the Core Knowledge • Ergonomics – The twelve principles – (Macleod) 10 Aug 2011 Wednesday Vinai Kumar UCD 27
  • 28. User-Centric Design (UCD) – the Core Knowledge Semiotics 10 Aug 2011 Wednesday Vinai Kumar UCD 28
  • 29. User-Centric Design (UCD) – the Core Knowledge • UCD Core Knowledge: – Semiotics • Syntactics • Semantics • Pragmatics 10 Aug 2011 Wednesday Vinai Kumar UCD 29
  • 30. User-Centric Design (UCD) – the Core Knowledge Ethnography 10 Aug 2011 Wednesday Vinai Kumar UCD 30
  • 31. User-Centric Design (UCD) – the Core Knowledge • UCD Core Knowledge: – Ethnography • Culture • What people actually do • Sociological inferences • Behavioural inferences 10 Aug 2011 Wednesday Vinai Kumar UCD 31
  • 32. User-Centric Design (UCD) – the Core Knowledge Systems Thinking 10 Aug 2011 Wednesday Vinai Kumar UCD 32
  • 33. User-Centric Design (UCD) – the Core Knowledge • UCD Core Knowledge: – Systems Thinking • Multi- and inter- disciplinary • Addresses the dynamics and complexities of the world around us • A method based on Right side and Left side brains • User and Context analysis 10 Aug 2011 Wednesday Vinai Kumar UCD 33
  • 34. User-Centric Design (UCD) UCD Process 10 Aug 2011 Wednesday Vinai Kumar UCD 34
  • 35. User-Centric Design (UCD) – the Process • UCD Process – User and Contextual Research – Ideation – Modeling & Prototyping – User trials 10 Aug 2011 Wednesday Vinai Kumar UCD 35
  • 36. User-Centric Design (UCD) - References • www.ergoweb.com • www.danmacleod.com • http://sites.google.com/site/vinaik umar/papers • Ergonomics in Computerised Offices – E. Grandjean • Fitting the Human – KHE Kroemer • Systems Thinking for Problem Solving – Vinai Kumar 10 Aug 2011 Wednesday Vinai Kumar UCD 36
  • 37. 10 Aug 2011 Wednesday Vinai Kumar UCD 37