Part 3: BEAUTIFUL AND WONDERFUL BOTANY By An Admirer Of Nature

350 species of Aristolochia Aristolochia fimbriata Dutchman's pipe native to Argentina. Small flies landing on the erect upper calyx lobe slip down into the inflated, pipe-like chamber below.

350 species of Aristolochia

Aristolochia fimbriata

Dutchman's pipe native to Argentina.

Small flies landing on the erect upper

calyx lobe slip down into the inflated,

pipe-like chamber below.

Dutchman's pipe ( Aristolochia californica ) A native to the Coast Ranges of Central and Northern California, and the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. Family : Aristolochiaceae Order : Aristolochiales Class : Magnoliopsida Division : Magnoliophyta

Dutchman's pipe

( Aristolochia californica )

A native to the Coast Ranges

of Central and Northern

California, and the foothills

of the Sierra Nevada.

Family : Aristolochiaceae

Order : Aristolochiales

Class : Magnoliopsida

Division : Magnoliophyta

Small flies after landing slip down Wax granules on the inner surface Dense, downward pointing hairs Imprisoned flies get rationed nector Male anthers release pollen several days after the female stigma becomes no longer receptive Hairs wilt and flower tilts horizontally Flies walk out for cross pollination after getting fresh pollen all over the body

Small flies after landing slip down

Wax granules on the inner surface

Dense, downward pointing hairs

Imprisoned flies get rationed nector

Male anthers release pollen several

days after the female stigma

becomes no longer receptive

Hairs wilt and flower tilts horizontally

Flies walk out for cross pollination after

getting fresh pollen all over the body

The bizarre flower of a Brazilian Dutchman's pipe Aristolochia gigantea The front view (left) shows a central yellow spot where an opening leads into an enclosed pouch. The back view (right) superficially resembles a pair of lungs with a canal leading into an inflated, stomach-like pouch. The blossom is over 14 inches (36 cm) long.

The bizarre flower of a

Brazilian Dutchman's pipe

Aristolochia gigantea

The front view (left) shows a

central yellow spot where an

opening leads into an enclosed

pouch. The back view (right)

superficially resembles a pair of

lungs with a canal leading into

an inflated, stomach-like pouch.

The blossom is over 14 inches

(36 cm) long.

Carnivorous Plants Plants that eat animals Insectivorous plants Moor lands or in logy places Soil lack nitrogen and other minerals Aldrovanda, Byblis, Cephalotus, Darlingtonia, Dionaea, Drosera, Drosophyllum, Genlisea, Heliamphora, Nepenthes, Pinguicula, Sarracenia, Triphyophyllum and Utricularia.

Carnivorous Plants

Plants that eat animals

Insectivorous plants

Moor lands or in logy places

Soil lack nitrogen and other minerals

Aldrovanda, Byblis, Cephalotus, Darlingtonia, Dionaea, Drosera, Drosophyllum, Genlisea, Heliamphora, Nepenthes, Pinguicula, Sarracenia, Triphyophyllum and Utricularia.

Nepenthes leaf Normal leaf The basic structure of Nepenthes pitchers

Nepenthes leaf Normal leaf

The basic structure of Nepenthes pitchers

Nepenthes rajah Capable of holding 2.5 litres of digestive fluid Pitcher is Up to 35 cm high and 18 cm wide Largest pitcher plant

Nepenthes rajah

Capable of holding 2.5 litres of digestive fluid

Pitcher is Up to 35 cm high and 18 cm wide

Largest pitcher plant

Karst limestone cliffs off the east coast of Misool (one of the four big islands of the Raja Ampat group) are the native habitat to Nepenthes treubiana Pitcher plants:- 100 species S E Asia, Madagascar, Australia & N. America

Karst limestone cliffs off the east coast of

Misool (one of the four big islands of

the Raja Ampat group) are the native

habitat to Nepenthes treubiana

Pitcher plants:- 100 species

S E Asia, Madagascar, Australia & N. America

Nepenthes albomarginata

Nepenthes albomarginata

Nepenthes refflesiana A female inflorescence & two male flowers (top) Family : Nepenthaceae Order : Nepenthales Class : Magnoliopsida Division : Magnoliophyta

Nepenthes refflesiana

A female inflorescence & two male flowers (top)

Family : Nepenthaceae Order : Nepenthales

Class : Magnoliopsida Division : Magnoliophyta

Saracenia: North American pitcher plants

Saracenia: North American pitcher plants

VENUS FLY TRAP Dionaea muscipila Ever green , Insectivorous and Perennial Rosettes of six or more with spreading leaves Leaf with two hinged lobes and 15-20 stiff spines Small winter leaf and large summer leaf Leaves: 3” long with 1” trap in winter 6” long with 1.25” trap in summer

VENUS FLY TRAP Dionaea muscipila

Ever green , Insectivorous and Perennial

Rosettes of six or more with spreading leaves

Leaf with two hinged lobes and 15-20 stiff spines

Small winter leaf and large summer leaf

Leaves: 3” long with 1” trap in winter

6” long with 1.25” trap in summer

Taking just a tenth of a second, the snapping mechanism that a Venus fly trap uses to capture its prey is one of the fastest movements in the plant kingdom. Scientists have long wondered how the plant manages such a feat without muscles or nerves. The answer, according to results published in the journal Nature , is by shape-shifting.

Taking just a tenth of a second, the snapping mechanism that a Venus fly trap uses to capture its prey is one of the fastest movements in the plant kingdom. Scientists have long wondered how the plant manages such a feat without muscles or nerves. The answer, according to results published in the journal Nature , is by shape-shifting.

When trigger hairs on the leaves are disturbed, the plant moves moisture in the leaf in response. This, in turn, affects the leaf's curvature. A leaf stretches until reaching a point of instability where it can no longer maintain the strain. Like releasing a reversed plastic lid or part of a cut tennis ball, each leaf folds back in on itself, and in the process of returning to its original shape, ensures the victim in the middle.

When trigger hairs on the leaves are disturbed, the plant moves moisture in the leaf in response.

This, in turn, affects the leaf's curvature. A leaf stretches until reaching a point of instability where it can no longer maintain the strain.

Like releasing a reversed plastic lid or part of a cut tennis ball, each leaf folds back in on itself, and in the process of returning to its original shape, ensures the victim in the middle.

Dionaea muscipula Family : Droseraceae Order : Nepenthales Class : Magnoliopsida Division : Magnoliophyta

Dionaea muscipula

Family : Droseraceae Order : Nepenthales

Class : Magnoliopsida Division : Magnoliophyta

SUNDEW Drosera capensis Evergreen, Insectivorous and Perennial Rosettes of narrow leave with red tiny tentacles If any fly that lands on the hairy leaves of the sticky sundew its legs are entangled in the glue produced by the sundew’s hairs

SUNDEW Drosera capensis

Evergreen, Insectivorous and Perennial

Rosettes of narrow leave with red tiny tentacles

If any fly that lands on the hairy leaves of the

sticky sundew its legs are entangled in the

glue produced by the sundew’s hairs

Drosera capensis 6” 6-12” Family : Droseraceae Order : Nepenthales Class : Magnoliopsida Division : Magnoliophyta

Drosera capensis

6” 6-12”

Family : Droseraceae Order : Nepenthales

Class : Magnoliopsida Division : Magnoliophyta

Cobra Lilies Darlingtonia californica Family : Sarraceniaceae Order : Sarraceniales Class : Magnoliopsida Division: Magnoliophyta

Cobra Lilies

Darlingtonia californica

Family : Sarraceniaceae Order : Sarraceniales

Class : Magnoliopsida Division: Magnoliophyta

Opening is at the bottom of the hood Insect enters the chamber through this opening Truly translucent patches are called fenestrations Fenestrations provide more light to the trap Insect tries to leave through more light which is not the exit but to the trap. A small amount of liquid is retained at the base of the pitcher

Opening is at the bottom of the hood

Insect enters the chamber through this opening

Truly translucent patches are called fenestrations

Fenestrations provide more light to the trap

Insect tries to leave through more light which is not the exit but to the trap. A small amount of

liquid is retained at the base of the pitcher

Darlingtonia californica Family : Sarraceniaceae Order : Nepenthales Class : Magnoliopsida Division : Magnoliophyta

Darlingtonia

californica

Family : Sarraceniaceae

Order : Nepenthales

Class : Magnoliopsida

Division : Magnoliophyta

BLADDERWORT Utricularia vulgaris DECIDUOUS, PERENNIAL AND FREE FLOATING WATER PLANT FAMILY : LENTIBULARIACEAE ORDER : LAMIALES CLASS : MAGNOLIOPSIDA DIVISION : MAGNOLIOPHYTA

BLADDERWORT Utricularia vulgaris

DECIDUOUS, PERENNIAL AND

FREE FLOATING WATER PLANT

FAMILY : LENTIBULARIACEAE

ORDER : LAMIALES

CLASS : MAGNOLIOPSIDA

DIVISION : MAGNOLIOPHYTA

Utricularia vulgaris MINUTE BLADDERS, EACH 2 – 5 mm ACROSS EACH BLADDER HAS INSIDE OPENING LID PARTIAL VACUUM INSIDE INSECT ONCE ENTERED CANNOT ESCAPE TINY GLANDS INSIDE THE BLADDER ABSORB THE INTERNAL WATER AND EXPEL IT ON THE OUTSIDE

Utricularia vulgaris

MINUTE BLADDERS, EACH 2 – 5 mm ACROSS

EACH BLADDER HAS INSIDE OPENING LID

PARTIAL VACUUM INSIDE

INSECT ONCE ENTERED CANNOT ESCAPE

TINY GLANDS INSIDE THE BLADDER

ABSORB THE INTERNAL WATER AND

EXPEL IT ON THE OUTSIDE

Utricularia vulgaris The bladder traps which are up to 5mm in diameter are activated by tiny trigger-hairs at the entrance to the trap. On touching these trigger hairs insects are sucked into the trap by a vacuum at speeds of up to 1/15,000th of a second. Digestive juices released inside the bladders absorb nutrients before the empty insect husk is ejected. Glands inside the bladders then absorb water out of the interior to create a vacuum and thus reset the trap.

Utricularia vulgaris

The bladder traps which

are up to 5mm in diameter

are activated by tiny

trigger-hairs at the entrance

to the trap. On touching

these trigger hairs insects are

sucked into the trap by a vacuum at speeds of up to 1/15,000th of a second. Digestive juices released inside the bladders absorb nutrients before the empty insect husk is ejected. Glands inside the bladders then absorb water out of the interior to create a vacuum and thus reset the trap.

COMMON BUTTERWORT Pinguicula vulgaris PERENNIAL AND INSECTIVOROUS YELLOW GREEN LEAVES ( 1 – 2”) WITH ROLLED EDGES LEAVES SECRETE STICKY FLUID THAT CATCHES INSECT SINGLE PURPLE FLOWER , 3 LOBED LOWER LIP AND 2 LOBED UPPER LIP

COMMON BUTTERWORT Pinguicula vulgaris

PERENNIAL AND INSECTIVOROUS

YELLOW GREEN LEAVES ( 1 – 2”) WITH ROLLED EDGES

LEAVES SECRETE STICKY FLUID THAT CATCHES INSECT

SINGLE PURPLE FLOWER , 3 LOBED LOWER LIP

AND 2 LOBED UPPER LIP

FAMILY : LENTIBULARIACEAE ORDER : PERSONALES CLASS : MAGNOLIOPSIDA DIVIOSION : MAGNOLIOPHYTA HABITAT:- NORTHERN HEMISPHERE

FAMILY : LENTIBULARIACEAE

ORDER : PERSONALES

CLASS : MAGNOLIOPSIDA

DIVIOSION : MAGNOLIOPHYTA

HABITAT:- NORTHERN HEMISPHERE