TEACHING ENGLISH CONSONANTS VICTOR GAO ZHEJIANG EDUCATION INSTITUTE

Sagittal section of the vocal tract text ©J.J. Ohala, September 2001 肺 气管 喉 / 声门 咽腔 鼻腔 支气管 口腔

发音器官图 齿龈 上齿 双唇 软腭 声门 口腔 咽腔 鼻腔 硬腭 声带

发音器官 Speech Organs 双唇 上齿 齿龈 齿龈后 / 硬颚前 软腭 小舌 咽腔 声门

发音器官 双唇 上齿 齿龈 齿龈后 / 硬颚前 软腭 小舌 咽腔 声门 硬腭

Description of English consonants

English consonants 英语辅音教学

p b m t d n K g English consonants 鼻音和爆破音 发音部位 发音方式 双唇 齿龈 小舌 清辅音 浊辅音 鼻音

p b m t d n K g 英语辅音 爆破音和鼻音 发音部位 发音方式 双唇 齿龈 软腭 清辅音 浊辅音 鼻音

鼻音 / m /

p b m t d n K g 英语辅音 爆破音和鼻音 发音部位 发音方式 双唇 齿龈 软腭 清辅音 浊辅音 鼻音

p b m t d n K g 英语辅音 爆破音和鼻音 发音部位 发音方式 双唇 齿龈 软腭 清辅音 浊辅音 鼻音

p b m t d n K g 英语辅音 爆破音和鼻音 发音部位 发音方式 双唇 齿龈 软腭 清辅音 浊辅音 鼻音

Description of English consonants

爆破音 / t, d /

汉语拼音爆破音 / t /

爆破音 / t, d /

p b m t d n K g 英语辅音 爆破音和鼻音 发音部位 发音方式 双唇 齿龈 软腭 清辅音 浊辅音 鼻音

p b m t d n K g 英语辅音 爆破音和鼻音 发音部位 发音方式 双唇 齿龈 软腭 清辅音 浊辅音 鼻音

p b m t d n k g 英语辅音 爆破音和鼻音 发音部位 发音方式 双唇 齿龈 软腭 清辅音 浊辅音 鼻音

爆破音 / k, g /

p b m t d n K g 英语辅音 爆破音和鼻音 发音部位 发音方式 双唇 齿龈 软腭 清辅音 浊辅音 鼻音

p b m t d n k g 英语辅音 爆破音和鼻音 发音部位 发音方式 双唇 齿龈 软腭 清辅音 浊辅音 鼻音

p b m t d n K g 英语辅音 爆破音和鼻音 发音部位 发音方式 双唇 齿龈 软腭 清辅音 浊辅音 鼻音

p b m t d n K g 英语辅音 爆破音和鼻音 发音部位 发音方式 双唇 齿龈 软腭 清辅音 浊辅音 鼻音

p b m t d n K g 英语辅音 爆破音和鼻音 发音部位 发音方式 双唇 齿龈 软腭 清辅音 浊辅音 鼻音

p b m t d n K g 英语辅音 爆破音和鼻音 发音部位 发音方式 双唇 齿龈 软腭 清辅音 浊辅音 鼻音

英语辅音

双唇爆破音 / p, b /

软腭爆破音 /k, g/

软腭鼻音 / /  The velar nasal occurs only syllable finally; it cannot occur in syllable initial position

VOICE ONSET TIME values Voice Onset Time can take various values (measured in milliseconds, ms), but they fall into three main categories Type of stop VOT length voiced stops very short or negative (i.e. voicing begins before release of the articulation) voiceless unaspirated stops short VOT voiceless aspirated stops long VOT

Voice Onset Time can take various values (measured in milliseconds, ms), but they fall into three main categories

English voiceless stops are aspirated or unaspirated, depending on context They are aspirated word-initially e.g. p at [p h ] and when they are in the beginning of stressed syllables; potato [ t h ] They are unaspirated when preceded by /s/; e.g. spat /p/ Or in the beginning of an unstressed syllable; e.g. paper /p/ 英语清辅音爆破音有两种

English voiceless stops are aspirated or unaspirated, depending on context

They are aspirated word-initially e.g. p at [p h ]

and when they are in the beginning of stressed syllables; potato [ t h ]

They are unaspirated when preceded by /s/; e.g. spat /p/

Or in the beginning of an unstressed syllable; e.g. paper /p/

Voiced stops (and affricates) are not fully voiced 有限的声带振动 at the end of an utterance; c.f. my /d/a/d/ when utterance initial; e.g. b/ye before a voiceless consonant; e.g. my da /d/ sings So, how do we tell voiced and voiceless consonants apart? Vowels are longer before voiced stops (and other voiced consonants); e.g. bead , beat , bid , bit 英语浊辅音爆破音和破擦音

Voiced stops (and affricates) are not fully voiced 有限的声带振动

at the end of an utterance; c.f. my /d/a/d/

when utterance initial; e.g. b/ye

before a voiceless consonant; e.g. my da /d/ sings

So, how do we tell voiced and voiceless consonants apart?

Vowels are longer before voiced stops (and other voiced consonants); e.g. bead , beat , bid , bit

Voiced stops (and affricates) are not fully voiced 有限的声带振动 So, how do we tell voiced and voiceless consonants apart? Vowels are longer before voiced stops (and other voiced consonants); e.g. bead , beat , bid , bit 如何区分有清辅音和浊辅音

Voiced stops (and affricates) are not fully voiced 有限的声带振动

So, how do we tell voiced and voiceless consonants apart?

Vowels are longer before voiced stops (and other voiced consonants); e.g. bead , beat , bid , bit

All stops are unreleased before other stops; e.g. ripped /p°/ Voiceless stops can be pronounced with a glottal stop /?/ in syllable final position; e.g. right /?t/ The glottal stop may replace the oral articulation altogether /t/ is pronounced as /d/ when before [n]; e.g. kitten /dn/ 不完全爆破规则

All stops are unreleased before other stops; e.g. ripped /p°/

Voiceless stops can be pronounced with a glottal stop /?/ in syllable final position; e.g. right /?t/

The glottal stop may replace the oral articulation altogether

/t/ is pronounced as /d/ when before [n]; e.g. kitten /dn/

English has nasal consonants in three place of articulation Bilabial /m/ mat Alveolar /n/ nap Velar / / sang *Also known as engma 鼻音

English has nasal consonants in three place of articulation

Bilabial /m/ mat

Alveolar /n/ nap

Velar / / sang

摩擦音 上齿下唇 齿刃舌尖 齿 龈 龈 颚 英语辅音 Z

摩擦音 上齿下唇 齿刃舌尖 齿 龈 龈 颚 英语辅音 Z sound

摩擦音 / f, v /

摩擦音 上齿下唇 齿刃舌尖 齿 龈 龈 颚 英语辅音 Z sound

摩擦音 / /

摩擦音 上齿下唇 齿刃舌尖 齿 龈 龈 颚 英语辅音 Z so

摩擦音 / s ， z /

摩擦音 / s, z /

摩擦音 上齿下唇 齿刃舌尖 齿 龈 龈 颚 英语辅音 Z

摩擦音 / /

摩擦音 上齿下唇 齿刃舌尖 齿 龈 龈 颚 英语辅音 Z

摩擦音 声门

Labiodental – /f/ /v/ f ine v ine Dental – /t/ /d/ th igh th y Alveolar – /s/ /z/ s it z it Post-alveolar – /s/ /z/ * sh ape bei g e Glottal – /h/ h eat 英语摩擦音

Labiodental – /f/ /v/ f ine v ine

Dental – /t/ /d/ th igh th y

Alveolar – /s/ /z/ s it z it

Post-alveolar – /s/ /z/ * sh ape bei g e

Glottal – /h/ h eat

/ f / & / v / 示意图

/ / & / / 示意图

/ s / / z / 示意图

/ // / 示意图 Slight lip rounding may be used by some speakers

Slight lip rounding may be used by some speakers

英语破擦音 English has only Post-alveolar affricates / / / / child, judge These are produced by forming a closure as for an alveolar stop (/t/d/) but at the same time the front of the tongue is also raised towards the hard palate; the closure is release gradually so that friction occurs between the blade/front of the tongue and the alveolar/front palatal region of the palate Although affricates can be considered as a sequence of two speech sounds, a stop and a fricative, in English we know that they behave as one unit (not as a cluster)

English has only Post-alveolar affricates

/ / / / child, judge

These are produced by forming a closure as for an alveolar stop (/t/d/) but at the same time the front of the tongue is also raised towards the hard palate; the closure is release gradually so that friction occurs between the blade/front of the tongue and the alveolar/front palatal region of the palate

Although affricates can be considered as a sequence of two speech sounds, a stop and a fricative, in English we know that they behave as one unit (not as a cluster)

破擦音 tr dr ts dz 齿龈硬颚，扁唇 齿龈后，圆唇 齿龈，扁唇 English consonants

破擦音 tr dr ts dz 齿龈硬颚，扁唇 齿龈后，圆唇 齿龈，扁唇 English consonants

破擦音 tr dr ts dz 齿龈硬颚，扁唇 齿龈后，圆唇 齿龈，扁唇 English consonants

破擦音 tr dr ts dz 齿龈硬颚，扁唇 齿龈后，圆唇 齿龈，扁唇 English consonants

其他的音 Manner & position reference English consonants

其他的音 Manner & position reference English consonants j j 发音长度是一号元音的 1/4

其他的音 Manner & position reference English consonants j j 发音长度是九号元音的 1/4

/j/ vs. /w/

/j/ is similar to /i:/ (the vowel of beat), but very short; it’s exact place of articulation depends on the following vowel *American symbol: [y] The palatal approximant /j/

/j/ is similar to /i:/ (the vowel of beat), but very short; it’s exact place of articulation depends on the following vowel

The production of the labial-velar approximant involves two wide constrictions: one at the lips, which are rounded (hence labial), and one at the velum, with the back of the tongue being raised (hence, velar) /w/ is an example of double articulation Labial-velar approximant /w/

The production of the labial-velar approximant involves two wide constrictions: one at the lips, which are rounded (hence labial), and one at the velum, with the back of the tongue being raised (hence, velar)

/w/ is an example of double articulation

其他的音 Manner & position reference English consonants j j

English clear /l/

English dark / l / Dark /l/: velari zed alveolar lateral approxi mant

Velarization is a secondary articulation, i.e. a constriction that is added to the primary constriction The secondary constriction must be less narrow than the primary one to count as secondary articulation If the two constrictions are of the same type, we talk of double articulation (not secondary articulation) What is a velarized /l/?

Velarization is a secondary articulation, i.e. a constriction that is added to the primary constriction

The secondary constriction must be less narrow than the primary one to count as secondary articulation

If the two constrictions are of the same type, we talk of double articulation (not secondary articulation)

Comparing clear & dark / l /s

Velarized /l/ occurs at the end of syllables; e.g. real and belt both have /l/ Clear /l/ is the articulation used when /l/ is found at the beginning of a syllable However, in many dialects of American English velarized /l/ is the only pronunciation of /l/ Where does /l/ occur?

Velarized /l/ occurs at the end of syllables; e.g. real and belt both have /l/

Clear /l/ is the articulation used when /l/ is found at the beginning of a syllable

However, in many dialects of American English velarized /l/ is the only pronunciation of /l/

其他的音 Manner & position reference English consonants j j

The exact articulation of /r/ varies from dialect to dialect In most varieties of British English and many varieties of American English, /r/ is a voiced post-alveolar approximant /r/ There are however American English dialects in which /r/ is produced as a voiced retroflex approximant, /r/ Also, for a fair number of speakers the articulation of /r/ involves some degree of lip rounding The /r/ phoneme

The exact articulation of /r/ varies from dialect to dialect

In most varieties of British English and many varieties of American English, /r/ is a voiced post-alveolar approximant /r/

There are however American English dialects in which /r/ is produced as a voiced retroflex approximant, /r/

Also, for a fair number of speakers the articulation of /r/ involves some degree of lip rounding

Another American /r/ U Maryland, Vocal Tract Visualization Lab A retroflex /r/

Place of articulation for [tr]/[dr] /r/ after an alveolar stop

A post-alveolar /r/ A British [r] (Gimson & Cruttenden,1994) ( One) American [r] (Gick, Kang & Whalen, 2002)

区别练习 Light Right

Light

Right

其他的音 Manner & position reference English consonants

其他的音 发音部位和发音方式参照 English consonants

声门摩擦音 / h / Herb Hour Her Him Gh nite

Herb

Hour

Her

Him

Gh

nite

No diagram here; during the production of [h] the vocal tract assumes the shape for the following vowel /h/ has limited distribution: it does not appear word-finally it does not appear before other consonants The glottal fricative

No diagram here; during the production of [h] the vocal tract assumes the shape for the following vowel

/h/ has limited distribution:

it does not appear word-finally

it does not appear before other consonants

Organ awareness practice

English has five approximants /l/ – alveolar lateral approximant, e.g l ake /r/ – post-alveolar (or retroflex) approximant, e.g. r ed /j/ – palatal approximant, e.g. y ear /w/ – labial-velar approximant, e.g. w orry /h/ – voiceless labial-velar approximant, e.g. wh at English approximants

English has five approximants

/l/ – alveolar lateral approximant,

e.g l ake

/r/ – post-alveolar (or retroflex) approximant, e.g. r ed

/j/ – palatal approximant, e.g. y ear

/w/ – labial-velar approximant, e.g. w orry

/h/ – voiceless labial-velar approximant, e.g. wh at

Places of articulation