TEACHING ENGLISH CONSONANTS VICTOR GAO ZHEJIANG EDUCATION INSTITUTE

Place of Articulation 双唇 齿龈 软腭

The speech organs 双唇 齿龈 软颚

说话时 如果吞咽食物 或喝水 就可能会 呛入气管 造成危险 声门 食道

说话时

如果吞咽食物

或喝水

就可能会

呛入气管

造成危险

齿龈 上齿 双唇 软腭 声门 口腔 咽腔 鼻腔 硬腭 声带

Places of articulation

Places of articulation

Places of articulation 舌尖 舌端 舌前 唇 声带

Places of articulation

Places of articulation

Vocal tract structures relevant for speech nasal cavity 鼻腔 oral cavity 口腔 Pharynx 咽腔

Vocal tract structures relevant for speech Upper articulator Lower articulator

Upper articulator

Lower articulator

State of the glottis 声门状态 (laryngeal setting)

Other consonant parameters: oral vs. nasal 辅音所涉及的器官

Alveolar ridge Hard palate Velum Tip Blade Front Back root 舌体与硬腭的对应

Divisions of the palate The alveolar ridge ( AV ) Hard palate ( HP ) Soft palate ( Velum ) U vula ( U ) 硬腭的划分 AR HP V U

Divisions of the palate

The alveolar ridge ( AV )

Hard palate ( HP )

Soft palate ( Velum )

U vula ( U )

Some more terms to remember Divisions of the palate The alveolar ridge (AV) Hard palate (HP) Soft palate (Velum) Uvula 齿龈 硬腭 软颚 小舌

Divisions of the palate

The alveolar ridge (AV)

Hard palate (HP)

Soft palate (Velum)

Uvula

Tip (apex) Blade (lamina) Front of the tongue Back Root Sagittal section of the tongue T B F B R 舌体的划分

Tip (apex)

Blade (lamina)

Front of the tongue

Back

Root

Some terms to remember Tip (apex) Blade (lamina) Front of the tongue Back Root Sagittal section of the tongue 舌尖 舌端 舌前 舌后 舌根

Tip (apex)

Blade (lamina)

Front of the tongue

Back

Root

The supralaryngeal vocal tract Pharynx Oral cavity Nasal cavity Tongue Lips Palate (the roof of the mouth) Teeth Mandible (lower jaw) the three cavities Articulators (passive or active) NB: the pharynx can also act as an articulator

Pharynx

Oral cavity

Nasal cavity

Tongue

Lips

Palate (the roof of the mouth)

Teeth

Mandible (lower jaw)

发音方式的区分 Plosive (stop) Fricative Nasal Lateral Affricate Airflow constriction

Plosive (stop)

Fricative

Nasal

Lateral

Affricate

Sagittal section of the vocal tract text ©J.J. Ohala, September 2001 肺 气管 喉 / 声门 咽腔 鼻腔 支气管 口腔

发音器官图 齿龈 上齿 双唇 软腭 声门 口腔 咽腔 鼻腔 硬腭 声带

发音器官 Speech Organs 双唇 上齿 齿龈 齿龈后 / 硬颚前 软腭 小舌 咽腔 声门

发音器官 双唇 上齿 齿龈 齿龈后 / 硬颚前 软腭 小舌 咽腔 声门 硬腭

Description of English consonants

Places of articulation

Places of articulation

The three cavities: 1) Pharynx cavity 2) Oral cavity 3) Nasal cavity

The three cavities: 1) 咽腔 2) 口腔 3 ) 鼻腔

Places of articulation

Vocal Tract

Places of articulation

The Vocal tract Lungs Larynx Glottis Pharynx Oral cavity Nasal Cavity Lips

Lungs

Larynx

Glottis

Pharynx

Oral cavity

Nasal Cavity

Lips

Places of articulation

小舌 硬腭 软腭 Look at me! 软骨 软骨

This is my speech organs .

声门声带振动示意图 [UCLA Phonetics Lab demo]

The larynx viewed from above Arytenoid cartilage Vocal folds Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Glottis

声门示意图

Larynx and vocal folds The Larynx (voice box): A structure made of cartilage and muscle Located above the trachea (windpipe) and below the pharynx Contains the vocal folds Vocal Folds (vocal cords) Two bands of muscle and tissue in the larynx Sounds produced when the vocal folds are vibrating are said to be voiced, those produced when the vocal folds are apart are voiceless

The Larynx (voice box):

A structure made of cartilage and muscle

Located above the trachea (windpipe) and below the pharynx

Contains the vocal folds

Vocal Folds (vocal cords)

Two bands of muscle and tissue in the larynx

Sounds produced when the vocal folds are vibrating are said to be voiced, those produced when the vocal folds are apart are voiceless

鼻音效果示意图 Nasal cavity anatomy: The nose is composed of two nasal cavities, or spaces, separated by a middle wall, which is called the nasal septum. The sinuses are are air-filled cavities behind the nose in the cheeks and forehead.

Nasal cavity anatomy:

The nose is composed of two nasal cavities, or spaces, separated by a middle wall, which is called the nasal septum.

The sinuses are are air-filled cavities behind the nose in the cheeks and forehead.

Oral-nasal process Oral sounds: The soft palate is raised so there is a velic closure. Nasal sounds: The soft palate is lowered so air escapes from nose. [From: Dan Jurafsky slide]

Oral sounds: The soft palate is raised so there is a velic closure.

Nasal sounds: The soft palate is lowered so air escapes from nose.

Rules for English consonant allophones 18. Velar stops become more front before front vowels ( cap, kept, kit, key, gap, get, give, geese ). 19. The lateral /l/ is velarized (transcribed as / ɫ/) when after a vowel or before a consonant at the end of a word ( fill / fi ɫ/)

18. Velar stops become more front before front vowels ( cap, kept, kit, key, gap, get, give, geese ).

19. The lateral /l/ is velarized (transcribed as / ɫ/) when after a vowel or before a consonant at the end of a word ( fill / fi ɫ/)

辅音描述

text ©J.J. Ohala, September 2001 Places of articulation 肺 气管 声门 支气管

爆破音 / t , d /

发音器官示意图

摩擦音 / s, z /

辅音的描述

爆破音 / p, b /

发音器官图

发音器官图

声门描述

辅音的描述

英语辅音

主要的发音部位示意 1. Bilabial (made with two lips) 2. Labiodental (made with lower lips and upper teeth) 3. Dental (made with tongue tip or blade and upper front teeth).

1. Bilabial (made with two lips)

2. Labiodental (made with lower lips and upper teeth)

3. Dental (made with tongue tip or blade and upper front teeth).

主要的发音部位示意 4. Alveolar (made with tongue tip or blade and the alveolar ridge) 5. Palato-alveolar (tongue blade and the back of the alveolar ridge).

4. Alveolar (made with tongue tip or blade and the alveolar ridge)

5. Palato-alveolar (tongue blade and the back of the alveolar ridge).

主要的发音部位示意 6. Retroflex (tongue tip and the back of alveolar ridge). 7. Palatal (front of the tongue and hard palate).

6. Retroflex (tongue tip and the back of alveolar ridge).

7. Palatal (front of the tongue and hard palate).

主要的发音部位示意 8. Velar (back of the tongue and hard palate). 9.Uvular 10. Pharyngeal 11. glottal

8. Velar (back of the tongue and hard palate).

9.Uvular

10. Pharyngeal

11. glottal