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VERONICA M. DENIEGA MD
Instructional Methods
January 12, 2016
OBJECTIVES
Large Group
Learning
INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS:  SMALL GROUP DISCUSSION
Small Group
Learning
X
“collection of persons in face-to-face
interactions, each person aware of
his own and other membership
each getting satisfaction from
participating in the activities
taking place”
FACILITATED
LEARNING
COOPERATIVE
LEARNING
PROBLEM-BASED
LEARNING
SGL offers solutions to some of the problems encountered in large group teaching
COLLABORATIVE
LEARNING
PROJECT-ORIENTED
PRACTICE-BASED/
CASE-BASED
SESSIONS
SM A LL G RO U P
OTHERNAMES
X
GROUP DEVELOPMENT & PROCESS
FORMING “ATTRACTION BONDS” formed
“getting to know you “ stage
STORMING Emotional response to task demands
Ideas are criticized
NORMING SUCCESSFUL RESOLUTION OF CONFLICTING ISSUES
put into “good use”
PERFORMING Group focus on achievement
High degree of cooperation with decrease in emotionality
ADJOURNING TERMINATION of individual duties
Task at hand has been completed
GROUP DEVELOPMENT & PROCESS
DISCUSS DIAGNOSTIC DILEMMAS,
M AN AGEM EN T PLAN S, O THER
FACTORS PERTINENT TO PATIENT
C A RE M O RE RE A D I LY A N D
MEANINGFULLY
HEALTH PROFESSIONALS
EFFECTIVE METHOD
BECAUSE OF ITS
EDUCATIONAL & SOCIAL
BENEFITS
X
2 or more
with social
interaction
5-7 members
without leaders
(ideal)
10-12 members
with an
appointed leader
Meaningful
interaction occurs
more readily with
fewer people
GROUP SIZE
CHARACTERISTICS OF A SMALL GROUP
1
Interaction
among members
with each
member exerting
mutual influence
2
Group
Structure:
Roles
Norms
Intermember
relations
3
SHARED
GOALS:
Strongest
unifying
factors
4 “GROUPNESS”
“ENTITIATIVITY”
One unified
entity
5
DYNAMIC
INTERDEPENDENCE
among members
ADVANTAGES OF WORKING IN A SMALL
GROUP
ADVANTAGES OF WORKING IN A SMALL
GROUP
ADVANTAGES OF WORKING IN A SMALL
GROUP
ADVANTAGES OF WORKING IN A SMALL
GROUP
DISADVANTAGES OF WORKING IN A
SMALL GROUP
As group size increase, group
communication becomes less efficient
as group
SOCIAL LOAFING: process
by which individual
member efforts decrease
as the number of group
members increases
CONFLICT: inherent in group work
MEMBER MISBEHAVIORS
• missing group meetings
• failing to meet deadlines
• more time on interpersonal
issues
SMALL GROUP LEARNING SKILLS
TEAMWORK IMPORTANT IN A GROUP
HIGHER-ORDER THINKING
SKILLS
NOT ACHIEVED IN A DIDACTIC
LECTURE
COMMUNICATION SKILLS
DELIVERY SKILLS & PHYSICALLY
POSITIONED
COLLABORATIVE LEARNING
FOSTERS RESPECT, HUMILITY,
OPENNESS
• Willingness to listen
• Professional
approach
• Respect, patience,
humility
DEVELOP POSITIVE ATTITUDE
TOWARDS OTHERS
• Active participation
• Knowledge exploration
• Immediate feedback
on students’ learning
INCREASE STUDENT
ACHIEVEMENT
• Collaborative work
• Task prioritization
• Time management
FOSTERS TEAM BUILDING
• Encourage critical
thinking
• Learner- centered &
self-directed
• Promotes reflective
learning
H I G H E R L E V E L O F
INTELLECTUAL REASONING
B EN EFI T S O F SM A LL G RO U P
LEARNERS
• create and
manage
meaningful
learning
experiences
• encourage
development of
observational &
group dynamic
skills
“TRANSMITTER
OF
INFORMATION”
OR CONTENT
EXPERT
FACILITATOR
OF
LEARNING
TEACHERS
PERCEIVED AS A “ SAFE
ENVIRONMENT” TO SHARE IDEAS,
CONCERNS & PERCEIVED
PROBLEMS ASK “ DUMB
QUESTIONS” OR EVEN ADMIT
IGNORANCE
ENVIRONMENT
ENTAILS PHYSICAL SPACE TO
ALLOW EYE TO EYE CONTACT
& GROUP INTERACTION
X
Export Text and Slides to Word
SGL STRATEGIES
1
TO GENERATE
IDEAS &
OPINIONS
2
TO CLARIFY
AND/OR
BUILD
CONSENSUS
3
TO PRACTICE
AND OR PLAY
CERTAIN
ROLES
• Tutorials
• Group discussions
• Snowballing
• Nominal group
• Fishbowl
• Roundtable discussion
• Buzz groups
• Brainstorming
• Crossover groups
• Role plays
• Games
• Simulation
Export to Word using OLE
4
Click
Paste list
arrow in the
Clipboard
group of the
Home tab .
Select Paste
Special
5
Select Files
from the list
of file formats
.
6
Click Paste to
embed the
PowerPoint
file into the
document or
Click Paste
link to
establish link
5
6
SGL EVALUATION
1
4
3
2
WRITTEN: diaries; questionnaires
ORAL: reporting back
COMBINATION: do it yourself checklist
SNOWBALL TECHNIQUE: write on the
board
FISHBOWL: questionnaire & checklist
self-made evaluation
Less threatening environment for
students
Not remain anonymous or passive
Easier to form relationships among
members
Encourage active learningrather than
passive listening
“safer” environment for individuals to ask
“dumb” questions and share insights and
concerns
Responsible for their learning than relying
on the teacher
In depth coverage of topics through
collaboration
Relevance Of Small Groups

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INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS: SMALL GROUP DISCUSSION

  • 1. VERONICA M. DENIEGA MD Instructional Methods January 12, 2016
  • 6. X “collection of persons in face-to-face interactions, each person aware of his own and other membership each getting satisfaction from participating in the activities taking place”
  • 7. FACILITATED LEARNING COOPERATIVE LEARNING PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING SGL offers solutions to some of the problems encountered in large group teaching COLLABORATIVE LEARNING PROJECT-ORIENTED PRACTICE-BASED/ CASE-BASED SESSIONS SM A LL G RO U P OTHERNAMES X
  • 9. FORMING “ATTRACTION BONDS” formed “getting to know you “ stage STORMING Emotional response to task demands Ideas are criticized NORMING SUCCESSFUL RESOLUTION OF CONFLICTING ISSUES put into “good use” PERFORMING Group focus on achievement High degree of cooperation with decrease in emotionality ADJOURNING TERMINATION of individual duties Task at hand has been completed GROUP DEVELOPMENT & PROCESS
  • 10. DISCUSS DIAGNOSTIC DILEMMAS, M AN AGEM EN T PLAN S, O THER FACTORS PERTINENT TO PATIENT C A RE M O RE RE A D I LY A N D MEANINGFULLY HEALTH PROFESSIONALS EFFECTIVE METHOD BECAUSE OF ITS EDUCATIONAL & SOCIAL BENEFITS X
  • 11. 2 or more with social interaction 5-7 members without leaders (ideal) 10-12 members with an appointed leader Meaningful interaction occurs more readily with fewer people GROUP SIZE
  • 12. CHARACTERISTICS OF A SMALL GROUP 1 Interaction among members with each member exerting mutual influence 2 Group Structure: Roles Norms Intermember relations 3 SHARED GOALS: Strongest unifying factors 4 “GROUPNESS” “ENTITIATIVITY” One unified entity 5 DYNAMIC INTERDEPENDENCE among members
  • 13. ADVANTAGES OF WORKING IN A SMALL GROUP
  • 14. ADVANTAGES OF WORKING IN A SMALL GROUP
  • 15. ADVANTAGES OF WORKING IN A SMALL GROUP
  • 16. ADVANTAGES OF WORKING IN A SMALL GROUP
  • 17. DISADVANTAGES OF WORKING IN A SMALL GROUP As group size increase, group communication becomes less efficient as group SOCIAL LOAFING: process by which individual member efforts decrease as the number of group members increases CONFLICT: inherent in group work MEMBER MISBEHAVIORS • missing group meetings • failing to meet deadlines • more time on interpersonal issues
  • 18. SMALL GROUP LEARNING SKILLS TEAMWORK IMPORTANT IN A GROUP HIGHER-ORDER THINKING SKILLS NOT ACHIEVED IN A DIDACTIC LECTURE COMMUNICATION SKILLS DELIVERY SKILLS & PHYSICALLY POSITIONED COLLABORATIVE LEARNING FOSTERS RESPECT, HUMILITY, OPENNESS
  • 19. • Willingness to listen • Professional approach • Respect, patience, humility DEVELOP POSITIVE ATTITUDE TOWARDS OTHERS • Active participation • Knowledge exploration • Immediate feedback on students’ learning INCREASE STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT • Collaborative work • Task prioritization • Time management FOSTERS TEAM BUILDING • Encourage critical thinking • Learner- centered & self-directed • Promotes reflective learning H I G H E R L E V E L O F INTELLECTUAL REASONING B EN EFI T S O F SM A LL G RO U P LEARNERS
  • 20. • create and manage meaningful learning experiences • encourage development of observational & group dynamic skills “TRANSMITTER OF INFORMATION” OR CONTENT EXPERT FACILITATOR OF LEARNING TEACHERS
  • 21. PERCEIVED AS A “ SAFE ENVIRONMENT” TO SHARE IDEAS, CONCERNS & PERCEIVED PROBLEMS ASK “ DUMB QUESTIONS” OR EVEN ADMIT IGNORANCE ENVIRONMENT ENTAILS PHYSICAL SPACE TO ALLOW EYE TO EYE CONTACT & GROUP INTERACTION X
  • 22. Export Text and Slides to Word
  • 23. SGL STRATEGIES 1 TO GENERATE IDEAS & OPINIONS 2 TO CLARIFY AND/OR BUILD CONSENSUS 3 TO PRACTICE AND OR PLAY CERTAIN ROLES • Tutorials • Group discussions • Snowballing • Nominal group • Fishbowl • Roundtable discussion • Buzz groups • Brainstorming • Crossover groups • Role plays • Games • Simulation
  • 24. Export to Word using OLE 4 Click Paste list arrow in the Clipboard group of the Home tab . Select Paste Special 5 Select Files from the list of file formats . 6 Click Paste to embed the PowerPoint file into the document or Click Paste link to establish link
  • 25. 5 6 SGL EVALUATION 1 4 3 2 WRITTEN: diaries; questionnaires ORAL: reporting back COMBINATION: do it yourself checklist SNOWBALL TECHNIQUE: write on the board FISHBOWL: questionnaire & checklist self-made evaluation
  • 26. Less threatening environment for students Not remain anonymous or passive Easier to form relationships among members Encourage active learningrather than passive listening “safer” environment for individuals to ask “dumb” questions and share insights and concerns Responsible for their learning than relying on the teacher In depth coverage of topics through collaboration Relevance Of Small Groups