5. • Nutrition:
I. Autotrophic bacteria:
a) Photosynthetic bacteria.
b) Chemosynthetic bacteria.
II. Heterotrophic bacteria:
a) Symbiotic bacteria.
b) Saprophytic bacteria.
c) Parasitic bacteria.
8. Economical importance of
Bacteria
i. Maintenance of ecological system
ii. Nature’s scavengers
iii. Nitrogen fixation
iv. Increasing the soil fertility
v. Cellulose digestion
vi. Vitamin synthesis
vii. Role of bacteria in industry
viii.Role of bacteria in medicines
9. Harmful aspects of
bacteria
Cause infectious diseases
Responsible for the decay of foods
Cause food poisoning
Decreases the soil fertility
15. Economic importance:
• Used as a cleaning agent.
• Contribute to both carbon cycle and food
chain.
• Produce about a quarter of oxygen in the
atmosphere.
• World’s major group of producers.
• Environmental indicators.
• As fossils, transforms into petroleum.
27. • In bakery, in the preparation of bread.
• In the production of alcohol, by fermentation.
• Dried yeast cell contains 40-50% proteins.
• Rich sources of vitamin B complex.
Economic importance:
40. • They are used in the production of medicines.
• They act protective shelter for animals.
• Skeleton of some sponges are used as
decorative pieces.
• Dried, fibrous skeleton is used for the purpose
of………………
– Bathing, polishing, washing, scrubbing
Economic importance:
45. • Nutrition:
– Digestion is either extra cellular or intra cellular.
– Get food either from water or attacking on prey.
• Reproduction:
– Asexual:
»External budding
– Sexual:
»By the production of gametes
46. • They are consumed as food.
• They are source of food for fishes, molluscs
and other crustaceans.
• Used in jewelry industry.
• Used for decorative purposes.
Economic importance:
50. – Organ grade of organization
– Bilateral symmetry
– Excretory system is represented by flame cells
– Nervous system is primitive
– Respiratory system and circulatory system are
absent
51. • Digestive system:
– Digestion may be intracellular or extracellular.
– In endoparasites, digestive system is absent
– Parasites absorb the food from the host.
Heterotrophs consume small worms, crustaceans
and dead animals.
52. • Reproduction:
– Asexual reproduction
• Transverse fission
– Sexual reproduction
• Members are bisexual
53. Planaria: free living flatworm
Liver fluke: parasite in the liver of sheep
Tapeworm: parasite in the intestine
55. • Habitat:
– Aquatic
– Land:
• In humus rich soil
• In deciduous forests
• Temperate grasslands
56. • Structure:
– Bilaterally symmetrical.
– Triploblastic.
– Cylindrical and
segmented.
– The body wall has a
covering of cuticle.
57. – The body is essentially a tube within a tube.
58. – Digestive system
– There is no respiratory and circulatory system
– A peripheral nervous system is present
59. • Males are generally
smaller than females and
have naturally curved tail.
60. • Nutrition:
– Feed on bacteria and other
soft bodied animals.
– Parasites rely on host.
• Reproduction:
– Unisexual organisms.
– Only sexual reproduction
61. • Economic importance:
– They destroy insect pests
• Harmful aspect:
– Cause diseases in plants,
animals, humans
63. • Habitat:
– In lands as well as water.
– They prefer moist, damp, water logged areas.
• Structure:
– Long, cylindrical and segmented body.
– Bilaterally symmetrically.
– Triploblastic.
64. • Structure:
– Body is covered with thin layer of cuticle.
– Digestive system is well developed.
– Presence of coelom which separates alimentary
canal with body wall.
65. – Nervous system is present.
– Respiratory system:
• In aquatic annelids, thin walled gills
• In terrestrial annelids, respiratory system is absent.
68. • Nutrition:
– They may be active or passive hunters or
scavengers or filter feeders or direct deposit
feeders.
• Reproduction:
– Sexual
• Bisexual
– Asexual
• Fission
• Budding
• Fragmentation
69. • Form food for other animals.
• Earth worms help in adding nutrients to the
soil which are called “ farmer’s friend”
• Earth worms also generate vermicompost.
Economic importance:
71. • Habitat:
– Terrestrial and aquatic
• Structure:
– Triploblastic
– Bilaterally symmetrical
– Coelomate animals
– Body is covered with chitinous
cuticle
72. • Possess compound eyes
• Head is well developed
• The body is segmented
• Presence of a pair of appendages
73. • Digestive system
• Open type of circulatory system
• Respiration by…..
– Gills
– Book lungs or by trachea
74. • Excretory system is represented by green
glands, malphigian tubules.
• Nervous system is represented by nervous
system which is present above the esophagus
and ventral nerve chord.
• Members are unisexual.
75. • The only group of Invertebrates which can
have wings and can fly.
• Moulting:
76. • Nutrition:
– Carnivorous
– Herbivorous
– Detritus feeders
– Parasites
– There is a presence of paired appendages around
the mouth.
– Catch the prey with poison
78. • Economical importance:
– Used as food.
– Silk moth produces silk
– They help in cross pollination.
• Harmful aspects:
– Locusts destroy food crops
– Termites destroy buildings
– Spider, bedbugs, lice are harmful to us
– They spread diseases such as….
• Malaria, dengue fever, etc.
80. • Habitat:
– Terrestrial or aquatic
• Structure:
– Soft bodied coelomate animals
– The coelom is reduced and there is a presence of
haemocoel
– Open type of circulatory system
– Body is triploblastic
– Bilaterally symmetrical
– unsegmented
81. • There is distinct head, muscular foot and
visceral hump
• The body is protected by calcareous shell
82. • Nutrition:
– Herbivorous
– Carnivorous
– Scavengers
– Ciliary feeders
– Parasites
– In the beginning, digestion is
extracellular and later it
becomes intracellular
83. • Reproduction:
– Sexual reproduction
• They are oviparous
• Fertilized egg develops
into a swimming larva
called “veliger”
84. • Economic importance:
– Source of food
– Provide luxury goods such as
pearls
– Used as currency in primitive
societies
• Harmful aspects:
– They can bite or sting humans
– Agricultural pests
86. • Habitat:
– They are the only group of
animals that are exclusively
marine
• Structure:
– Triploblastic
– Radially symmetrical
coelomate animals
– Body has pentaradial
arrangement
– Water vascular system
87. • Locomotion takes
place by “tube feet”
• Simple digestive system
• The body is hard with
a number of spines.
• Nervous system is primitive
• The body is hard with
spines