Overview of Initial Ag-ICT Trip to Ethiopia

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    The team in Ethiopia has traveled to: The Rift Valley Meki, Wonji, and Adama (CRS) Debre Zeit (IPMS) Ziway (Rift Valley Children and Women’s Development - RCWD) Tigray Region Mekelle (TAMPA, Nyala, DECSI, REST) Adiha (REST and Oxfam America) Jimma (coffee area) JICA Oromia Coffee Union

    The point:Farmers in Meki / Wonji might benefit from the tales in Ziway:How did they organize / make decisions / encourage savings within the community?How has community savings helped them?How are they negotiating with EthioFlora (if, in fact, there is something to learn)?

    Micro-Insurance DetailsSwiss RE is the re-insurerRequires a premium 22% of what they want to insureMost farmers insured several hundred birrCould enroll by paying labor (PSNP) or through cashPayout determined by rain level (using satellites and automatic rain gauges)Major education initiativeChance games with diceDrama (acting out scenarios)200 households in the community signed up

    Training approaches:Husband and wife training. If one passes away, the other one knows about both skill setsTwo minds are better than oneUsually, the man decided whether or not to make the investment, but if he doesn’t know what his wife does, he might not invest.Training DAs and farmers togetherTraining only women in:Sericulture (silk production)Dairy (women usually tend to the cows)Farmer Skill Development: give a farmer an intervention for a year – if they like it, they can buy it for themselves in the future.Melkassa Research: Regarding fruits and vegetables, we first brought farmers to Melkassa. Then, Melkassa came and trained farmers on their own land.

    Training approaches:Husband and wife training. If one passes away, the other one knows about both skill setsTwo minds are better than oneUsually, the man decided whether or not to make the investment, but if he doesn’t know what his wife does, he might not invest.Training DAs and farmers togetherTraining only women in:Sericulture (silk production)Dairy (women usually tend to the cows)Farmer Skill Development: give a farmer an intervention for a year – if they like it, they can buy it for themselves in the future.Melkassa Research: Regarding fruits and vegetables, we first brought farmers to Melkassa. Then, Melkassa came and trained farmers on their own land.

    Location: TAMPA Office (Mekelle) – Tigray Agricultural Marketing Promotion AgencyInteviewee: KirosTikueMebrahtu (General Manager) +251-344-405029 +251-344-405030 +251-344-405268mebkir@hotmail.comhttp://www.agrimartg.orgDate: 7/22/2009Rough TranscriptTAMPA started an information system three years ago (2006). It’s better than any other system in the country. We also want a National grid. We use the FAO data (produced by the UN). Our system is based upon their Agrimar database software, as is the data format.We discussed the system with the different partners in the region and tried to avoid any duplication. We established 13 market collection stations, and trained 36 data collectors. We have standardized data collection around each commodity, in terms of quality parameters. We collect information on crops and vegetables – weekly – and produce the most up-to-date information in the region. We have four means of disseminating this information: (1) Through our website (though there is a lag in how often this gets updated). (2) Through a bi-weekly bulletin that is distributed to woreda centers, the chamber of commerce, and companies.(3) Local radio: regional (once a week it gets announced over the air) – after the weekly market, it gets announced after the market. Radio programs are very important to farmers.(4) Notice board in each peasant association. TAMPA’s also thinking of putting them in schools.Currently, they don’t do prices for livestock information – they also send prices through “woreda net” or through the telephone.Q: How did you choose which markets to cover?A: Well, we tried to select markets which were representative of each type of market – one or two zones, as well as some terminal markets (lik the ones in Mekelle and Amora). We cover botht he lowlands and the highlands.We take samples of each quality level and train the agents so that we all come to a common understanding. Purity isn’t really an issue in the local markets (more an issue for export). We take 5 prices and then average them.Since sesame gets exported, there’s both a local price and an export price.We also try to provide forecast information, and read different external reports and enter relevant information into the system.Q: Who uses the website?A: Mainly researchers, exporters, and woredas. Also, the site has helped farmers find alternative buyers and importers, because the world now know about them.Q: How has this helped the farmers?A: We want to change the culture of the farmers – we want them to use information as an input to make a decision. It’s very important for their decisions and for their bargaining power. It could also have indirect benefits – a farmer could choose to sell his product in a market that’s buying it for a higher price – could justify the truck / transport costs.We want to reduce the costs of data collection and time. People aren’t ready to pay for this kind of price collection service – not enough value seen yet. Perhaps in the future.Q: What is your biggest challenge?A: Our system doesn’t include livestock prices because we can’t standardize the information. We need some additional support and expertise. There is a project called LINCS for livestock, sponsored by USAID, in the Somali region.In Tigray, there are over 3 million cattle, but we need expertise. We don’t know that our current database schema could accommodate cattle.On local radio: we pay 88,000 birr per year to have prices announced once a week for 10 minutes. It would be nice for each locality to have it’s own radio station – something that would stretc for 10-15 kms. Would be more at the grass roots level.

    Broadcasts market prices using electronic boards Warehouses scattered throughout the country – can keep your goods until your broker is able to sell it. Prices can only move by a certain # of percentage points per day Organized buying and selling for large volumes, but it also sets a benchmark price You may not have a broker, but you could sell it on the local market and have a reference point

    Production Traceability Tool Certification (such as that provided by the Rainforest Alliance) can add up to a 25% premium on sale price of a commodity.Requires the ability to trace produce to the farmer, and know basic farmer attributes (how much land s/he owns and other basic facts).Some of this information already collected and submitted to the ministry of Agriculture.ICT Intervention:Collection: data (quantity produced, farmer who produced it, basic attributes about the farmer) could be entered into a small handheld form (or PC form)Transmission: over the network, by Flash Drive, or by paper formStorage: data kept in a central database (hosted by the cooperative union)Corresponding grain from farmer could be labeled as it’s given to the primary cooperative.Could also provide a quality feedback mechanism – ACOS could flag producers by shipment, which could be traced to the individual farm.

    Production Traceability Tool Collection: data (quantity produced, farmer who produced it, basic attributes about the farmer) could be entered into a small handheld form (or PC form)Transmission: over the network, by Flash Drive, or by paper formStorage: data kept in a central database (hosted by the cooperative union)

    Production Traceability Tool Corresponding grain from farmer could be labeled as it’s given to the primary cooperative.Could also provide a quality feedback mechanism – ACOS could flag producers by shipment, which could be traced to the individual farm.

    Deployed with over 2,000 farmers• 30% reduction in inspection time• 71% reduction in evaluation time• $4000 yearly savings for cooperative• Feedback from farmers used to informdecision-making and governance• Service contract and interest from coops

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    Overview of Initial Ag-ICT Trip to Ethiopia - Presentation Transcript

    1. Exploring ICT’s potential to help smallholder farmersEthiopia
    2. Project Goals
      Introduction
      Funded by the Gates Foundation
      Looking for high-impact ways to apply ICT to small-holder agriculture to improve farmer livelihoods
    3. What We Did
      Introduction
      Our team:
      • Traveled
      • Observed
      • Interviewed
      • Brainstormed
    4. Ethiopia Interesting Facts
      Introduction
      The only country in Africa that was never colonized
      Lucy, Salem, Arc of the Covenant
      Second most populated country in Africa
      Ongoing war with Eritrea
      History of famine and civil war
      Conflict between the Communist party, “The Derg,” and the Democratic Liberation Front, 1974 to 1991
      Tigray people currently in power
      Half Christian, half Muslim
      Has the greatest water reserves in Africa
    5. Ethiopian Agriculture
      Overview
      People
      Over 80% of Ethiopians are farmers
      The majority of them are barely at subsistence
      Government has organized farmers into cooperatives and unions
      Land
      No land ownership: land use rights
      4% of arable land is irrigated
      Crops
      Teff, wheat and maize are the most common crops
      Coffee and oilseeds (sesame) are most valuable exports
      Other high-value crops are fruits (oranges, bananas) and vegetables (tomatoes, onions, green beans)
    6. Ethiopian Agriculture
      Government
      Regions
      Generally broken down by language and ethnicity
      5 major languages but 50-80 total
      Woredas
      Most farmer programs are managed at district level
      Kabele
      Villages or Peasant Associations are the level at which extension, coops and Farmer Training Centers are organized
      Many are large enough to be split into sub-villages
    7. Ethiopian Agriculture
      Culture Challenges
      Trust
      Bad experiences with gov programs (esp during Communism) and even some NGOs have created a culture of distrust
      Relevance
      Many “best practices” are not properly contextualized for specific areas
      Farmers need to see that it will help them before buying in
      Inertia
      Many farmers have been working the land for generations and don’t understand why they need to change
      Access
      Many farmers don’t have access to improved seed and fertilizer, or don’t have access to finance to purchase them
      Stability
      One bad year can cause a farmer to slip into poverty
      Few programs to help them get out – become aid dependent
    8. ICT in Ethiopia
      Introduction
      Sporadic electricity nation-wide
      Government monopoly of communications infrastructure
      Cell phones
      Even when full coverage, network often busy / non-responsive
      SMS turned off for 2 years during last election
      Certain websites blocked (Skype, Blogspot)
      CDMA just introduced
      Data Network
      Extremely slow, even in the capital city on a good day
      Quality and quantity of cables very poor / sparse
      Radio permits
      CB Radio permits difficult to obtain
      Radio broadcasting expensive (national and regional radio – not much local radio)
      Woreda NET
      Ubiquitous use of flash drives
    9. Case Studies
      Learning from what already exists
    10. Case Study #1
      Irrigation Cooperative
      Rift Valley Children and Women Development
    11. Case Study #1
      Irrigation Cooperative
      Actions
      Irrigation Infrastructure Developed
      RCWD initially funded canals, pumps
      Land redistribution process
      Supported extension activities
      Facilitated green bean market linkages (EthioFlora)
      Encouraged household to save individually
      Helped start a revolving fund
      10% of farmer proceeds re-invested for all maintenance
      Results
      Food secure, able to buy oxen, iron roofs, improved community spirit
    12. Case Study #1
      Irrigation Cooperative
      Challenges
      Required significant initial capital investment
      Perceived lack of bargaining power with single buyer
      Takeaways
      Immediately establishing that the coop is financially responsible for community infrastructure
      Significant effort needed to:
      build coop skills and convince them to pool resources
      convince farmers to change growing practices
    13. Case Study #2
      Micro-Insurance
      REST, Oxfam America, DECSI, Nyala
    14. Case Study #2
      Micro-Insurance
      Actions
      Initial investment (irrigation infrastructure developed)
      Oxfam America funded river diversion project
      Land redistribution process
      Agricultural Extension
      Heavy use of demonstration plots
      Community nursery
      REST “tissue culture” facility
      Risk minimization
      Crop diversification (fruit, vegetables, and teff)
      Micro-Insurance (Nyala)
      DECSI Financing
      Fertilizer and Input supplies
    15. Case Study #2
      Micro-Insurance
      Challenges
      Irrigation Cooperative Capacity
      No community fund, no consensus on pooling resources
      Other farmers at the periphery could potentially benefit
      Micro-insurance
      Educating farmers about insurance; managing risk
      Takeaways
      Even in drought-prone areas, farmers can protect themselves
      Establishing understanding of community savings is critical
    16. Case Study #2
      Micro-Insurance
      Micro-Insurance Details
      Swiss RE is the re-insurer
      Requires a premium 22% of what they want to insure
      Most farmers insured several hundred birr of their crop
      Could enroll by paying labor (PSNP) or through cash
      Payout determined through rain level
      Major education initiative
      Chance games
      Drama (acting out scenarios)
      200 farmers signed up
    17. Case Study #3
      Farmer Field School
      JICA
    18. Case Study #3
      Farmer Field School
      Actions
      WaBuBs (Walda Bulchiinsa Bosonaa)“Forest Management Association”
      Participatory Forest Management
      Organic / fair trade certification
      Management training
      Farmer Field Schools
      Learn by doing / experimentation
      DA or “graduated farmer” teacher
      Mandatory attendance
      Meet once a week for 3-4 hours
      Learn by doing
    19. Case Study #3
      Farmer Field School
      Results
      Motivated farmers
      All farmers take what they learn and apply it to their homesteads
      Challenges
      Difficult for FFSs to learn from one another
      FFS exchanges are extremely popular, but only happen once a year
      Decentralization makes monitoring hard
    20. Case Study #3
      Farmer Field School
      Takeaways
      Importance of:
      Taking ownership of the curriculum
      Learning experimentation and troubleshooting
      Farmers learn by doing
      Farmers are responsive to being taught by one another
    21. Case Study #4
      Oromia Coffee Union
      Jimma
    22. Actions
      Single-product focus
      Building market leverage through high-volume transactions
      Certification to earn a premium price
      Engage in value-added services (washing, packaging)
      Sell directly to exporters
      “Triple Payout”
      Results
      Dividend payments
      Community Infrastructure projects
      Sufficient revenue to re-invest in business and community
      Case Study #4
      Oromia Coffee Union
    23. Challenges
      Organizational capacity of cooperatives varies according to:
      Leadership / business savvy
      Planning
      Reporting
      Traceability needed to ensure continued certification
      Case Study #4
      Oromia Coffee Union
    24. Takeaways
      Large-volume unions build market leverage and give higher premiums to farmers
      Community savings can lead to further income increases in the future through investment
      Major incentives exist that entice farmers to join
      Open Questions
      Can this success be replicated for other cash crops?
      Case Study #4
      Oromia Coffee Union
    25. Case Study #5
      IPMS
      ILRI, CEDA
    26. Actions (4 Pillars)
      Knowledge Management
      IPMS Knowledge Portal
      Regional and local “Knowledge Centers”
      Agricultural training materials
      TV & DVD players
      PC & phone line / CDMA-based modem
      Knowledge exchanges – farmer field days, field trips, etc.
      Experimentation with training curriculums to farmers
      Capacity Building
      Training and short courses for DAs
      Innovation & Commodity Development
      Production techniques
      Market linkage
      Research
      Case Study #5
      IPMS
    27. Results
      Still being evaluated, but preliminary feedback:
      DVDs and “farmer field days” are wildly popular
      DAs interviewed reported using Internet – connectivity surprisingly fast using CDMA
      Challenges
      Computer literacy
      Access to electricity
      Network
      Case Study #5
      IPMS
    28. Takeaways
      Farmers learn from each other’s successes
      It is possible to have supplementary ICT at the FTC level
      Could be an initial platform for enhanced 2-way communication
      Case Study #5
      IPMS
    29. Case Study #6
      Catholic Relief Services
      Meki and Wonji
    30. Case Study #5
      Catholic Relief Services
      ActionsCRS uses an integrated approach
      Education
      Food Security
      Extension Work
      Provision of Improved Seeds
      Fertilizer
      Health
      Promoting Savings & Credit groups through Metamamen
      Supplementing traditional extension and coop/union system
    31. Results
      Access to new seeds and fertilizer
      Improved farming techniques
      Challenges
      Will investment in Haricot bean value chain improve farmers’ livelihoods?
      Limited access to finance
      Water supply issues
      Under-developed irrigation
      Organizational Capacity
      Case Study #6
      Catholic Relief Services
    32. Takeaways
      Organizing Coops focused on high-value crops can improve farmer livelihoods
      Creating a new value chain is very difficult and costly
      Need proper incentives to achieve quality improvements
      Access to finance and water are critical for any program
      Case Study #6
      Catholic Relief Services
    33. Case Study #7
      Market Prices
      TAMPA and the Ethiopian Commodity Exchange (ECX)
    34. Case Study #7
      Market Prices
      TAMPA - Tigray
    35. Case Study #7
      Market Prices
      ECX
    36. Challenges, Strengths, and knowledge sharing
      Summarizing Field Observations
    37. Summary
      Challenges
      Communication
      • Limited infrastructure
      • Lack of two-way communication
      Organizational Capacity
      • Leadership capacity of cooperatives, unions, and farmer groups
      • Farmer participation
    38. Summary
      Field Observations
      Strengths
      Challenges
      • Integrated development approach
      • Building organizational capacity
      • Forging market linkages
      CRS
      • Access to credit / financing
      • Capacity of coops / unions
      RCWD
      • Organizational capacity
      • Incentives for participation
      • Community savings and investing
      • Market linkages
      • Reliance on single buyer
      • Quality control
      REST Micro-Insurance
      • High-value crop production
      • Access to household loans
      • Financial protection
      • Community decision-making ability
      • Little community investment
      JICA FFS
      • Strong education program
      • Farmer ownership of curriculum
      • Emphasis on experimentation
      • Short-term pilot
      • Dependence on government
      Oromia Coffee Union
      • Well organized union and coops
      • Emphasis on value-add services
      • Substantial community investing
      • May only be possible with Coffee
      • Scaling and management training
      IPMS
      • Advanced ICT infrastructure
      • Centralization of knowledge
      • Farmer to farmer connections
      • Short-term pilot
      • Heavy investment requirements
      • ICT impact is mostly at DA level
    39. Challenges Address
      Organizational Capacity
      • Question
      • Adiha Tabia River Diversion Project (REST & Oxfam America)
      • How do we convince members of the cooperative to save collectively to invest in community infrastructure?
      • Answer
      • Haleku Melka TessoIrrigation Cooperative (RCWD)
      • Members have agreed (by consensus) to give 10% of their profits back to the cooperative!
    40. Challenges Address
      Financing
      • Question
      • Farmers in Meki and Wonji (CRS)
      • How do we provide a buffer for our farmers when drought is endemic to our area?
      • Answer
      • Adiha River Diversion Project (REST & Oxfam America)
      • Invest in crop insurance based on rainfall measurements.
    41. Challenges Address
      Agriculture Techniques
      • Question
      • Farmer Field Schools – Jimma
      • How do I build a “modern”beehive with local materials?
      • Answer
      • IPMS – Gondar
      • We’ve already produced a photo essay / case study outlining how to do this!
    42. Challenges Address
      Sales & Marketing
      • Question
      • Haleku Melka Tesso Irrigation Cooperative
      • How do we organize into a like-minded cooperative union to get higher prices?
      • Answer
      • Oromia Coffee Union
      • We engage in value-add services and export directly to International buyers!
    43. Ideas for ICT in Ethiopia
      Education platform and streamlining finance
    44. ICT Ideas Overview
      Potential Ideas
      Farmer-to-farmer knowledge sharing using multimedia for things like
      agricultural practices
      how financing works
      how community savings works
      how value-added services work
      Expanding access to micro-finance using handheld devices to enhance:
      Efficiency in coverage
      Data entry & reporting
      Transparency
    45. ICT Ideas Overview
      Potential Ideas
      Enhancing field-to-office and office-to-field communication using structured communication tools using synchronization software. Example:
      Field collects GPS coordinates, photos, and data about drinking water
      Data is saved in a standard format (using some software) and put onto a USB thumb drive (automatically)
      Thumb drive is driven to headquarters, synchronized with the central GIS repository (automatically)
      Everyone has access to the data -- if every field office did this, large, integrated databases could be compiled relatively easily
    46. Farmer to Farmer Video Sharing
      A grassroots peer-to-peer knowledge-sharing network
    47. Knowledge Sharing
      Lessons Learned
      Farmers learn best from other farmers
      Farmers are risk averse
      Farmers believe demonstrations
      Farmer, empowered by experts, are ultimately the most effective teachers
      Farmers are capable and eager to learn when they perceive information as relevant
    48. Agricultural Extension
      New agricultural practices improving productivity
      Moving beyond subsistence farming
      Business
      Exploring market linkage opportunities
      Certification
      Value-added post-harvest techniques
      Insurance and risk-minimization
      Organizational Capacity
      Conflict resolution
      Allocating community resources
      Financing
      Knowledge Sharing
      Existing Innovations
    49. What if there were a way to easily empower model farmers to be teachers?
      What if farmers in one village could quickly benefit from innovations in a similarly-situated village?
      What if newfound knowledge could quickly be put into action using information on how to obtain inputs and finance?
      Knowledge Sharing
      Developing a Tool
    50. Digital Green
      A Story from India
      Supplementing agricultural extension using DVDs
      Participatory content production
      DAs followed template and film:
      Farmers demonstrating techniques
      Farmers giving testimonials
      Footage shipped to regional video editor
      Footage edited, annotated, indexed, and submitted to central repository
      Photo taken from http://www.digitalgreen.org, courtesy of Rajesh Veeraraghavan
    51. Disseminating Content
      DVDs mailed from central repository to target field schools
      DVDs are publically screened with minimally trained mediator (3x / week)
      Relevant input supplies are made available for purchase
      DVD content coordinated according to seasonal relevance 
      Results / Effectiveness
      10 times more effective (per dollar spent) than traditional extension (according to their data and assumptions). 
      Digital Green
      A Story from India
    52. Applying Digital Green in Ethiopia
      Videos (farmer to farmer)
      Photos and audio
      Audio (broadcast over radio)
      Digital Green
      Applying it to Ethiopia
    53. Handhelds for MFIs
      Increasing access to financing through digital forms
    54. Addressed Challenges
    55. Proposal
      Field Agent
      Handheld device with interactive forms requiring minimal training
      Questions to determine loan packages that are available for individual farmer
      Collect enough data to process loan application
      Field Agent can quickly process dozens of farmers
    56. Proposal
      Internal Processing
    57. Impact
      Coverage
      Eliminate DA involvement
      Each agent could cover ~10 sub-villages per week
      Monthly contact with every sub-village
      1 branch with 5 agents can cover 200 sub-villages
    58. Impact
      Efficiency
      Low cost field agents given large potential coverage area
      Reduced data entry time, labor and errors
      Improved tracking and reporting
    59. Impact
      Capital Raising
    60. Traceability Tool for Certification
    61. Certification can add up to a 25% premium on the sale price of a commodity
      Could entice greater participation in coop / union value chain
      Requires the ability to trace produce to the farmer, no basic farmer attributes (land owned, amount earned, assets, etc.)
      Much of this information is already collected by the DA
      Traceability Tool
      Introduction
    62. Traceability Tool
      Proposal
      Collection
      Data, such as quantity produced, farmer who produced it, basic farmer attributes, could be entered into a small handheld or PC form.
      Transmission
      Data could be transmitted to central repository over the network, by flash drive, or by paper form
      Storage
      Data could be kept in a central database (hosted by the cooperative union)
    63. Traceability Tool
      Proposal
      Corresponding grain from the farmer could be labeled as it is given to the primary cooperative
      Could also provide a quality feedback mechanism – ACOS could flag producers by shipment, which could be traced to the individual farmer.
    64. Traceability Tool
      Success in Mexico
      Internal inspection and traceability system evaluated in coffee cooperative in Mexico (UC Berkeley project – Digital ICS).
      Results:
      Deployed with over 2,000 farmers
      30% reduction in inspection time
      71% reduction in evaluation time
      $4,000 yearly savings for cooperatives
      Feedback from farmers used to inform decision-making and governance
    65. Structured Two-Way Communication
    66. Architecture
      FTC Communication Network
      File Transfer
      • New content files added
      • New FTC files uploaded
      Server Software
      • Content Repository files
      • Training materials
      • Accessing inputs
      • Stories
      • Database
      • Synchronize
      Client Software
      • Arrange views
      • Select content
      • Input data
      • Synchronize
    67. Could be used for information dissemination
      Training materials for crop diversification
      Farmers group organizational tools
      Or structured communication
      Request for farm inputs (packages)
      MFI Application Form
      Farmer asset data tracking
      Modules
      FTC Communication Network
    68. The same modules could be packaged in different ways…
      Farmer View
      Graphics, visualizations, and photos
      MP3s & recordings of radio broadcasts
      Videos
      “How to” training materials
      DA View
      Training materials
      Forms / Worksheets
      Views of the Information
      FTC Communication Network
    69. Narrative View
      FTC Communication Network
      Rift Valley Water Cooperative
    70. Telling a Story
      FTC Communication Network
    71. Questions?
      Thank you to CRS, Oxfam America, REST, RCWD, IPMS, JICA, IDE, Oromia Coffee Union, and everyone else for helping us learn and giving us perspective
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