BAD TRIPS Let’s get rolling ! (oh the pun-iness of it all) Brought to you with limited commercial interruption by: Alex Pearce Ari Shvartsman Gabe Schneider Vlad Dimitrov We have the pleasure today of escorting you on the E-block trip of a lifetime in: A Story of Illicit Drugs and Bad Ideas

Tentative Order of Events Movie ‘ Inhalants’ Presentation (with Vlad) ‘ MDMA’ Presentation (with Alex) ‘ PCP’ Presentation (with Ari) ‘ Special K’ Presentation (with Gabe) Movie Quiz (if there is time)

Movie

‘ Inhalants’ Presentation (with Vlad)

‘ MDMA’ Presentation (with Alex)

‘ PCP’ Presentation (with Ari)

‘ Special K’ Presentation (with Gabe)

Movie Quiz (if there is time)

Bad Trips: The Movie

Inhalants http://www.advocacynet.org/blogs/media/users/kristina/gluesniffing.JPG

Overview Inhalants are substances that take the form of gasses, aerosols, and solvents Can be used for medical purposes, inhalants also have a strong recreational aspect Dangerous because they can be found in the household and are easy to access at stores Nail polish removers, glues, cleaning products, fuels, “canned gasses” that use aerosol and prescribed pharmaceutical products such as nitrous oxide. Most frequent use of Inhalants is in teens Effects or highs of inhalants include alcohol-like intoxication, hallucinations and euphoria. Most likely cause of death is hypoxia (lack of oxygen to the brain)

Inhalants are substances that take the form of gasses, aerosols, and solvents

Can be used for medical purposes, inhalants also have a strong recreational aspect

Dangerous because they can be found in the household and are easy to access at stores

Nail polish removers, glues, cleaning products, fuels, “canned gasses” that use aerosol and prescribed pharmaceutical products such as nitrous oxide.

Most frequent use of Inhalants is in teens

Effects or highs of inhalants include alcohol-like intoxication, hallucinations and euphoria.

Most likely cause of death is hypoxia (lack of oxygen to the brain)

Modes of Administration Aerosol containing vapors are sprayed into a plastic bag, which then covers the mouth while the person breathes. Most common with supplies such as hairspray, deodorants, and non-stick frying sprays. Open cans of solvents such as paint or gasoline can be inhaled due to the strong vapors they produce. Butane (fuel for camping) and propane (cooking fuel) can be inhaled straight from the can.

Aerosol containing vapors are sprayed into a plastic bag, which then covers the mouth while the person breathes.

Most common with supplies such as hairspray, deodorants, and non-stick frying sprays.

Open cans of solvents such as paint or gasoline can be inhaled due to the strong vapors they produce.

Butane (fuel for camping) and propane (cooking fuel) can be inhaled straight from the can.

Physical Effects Vary depending on dosage and substance type Effects include: Alcoholic stimulation (sense of euphoria followed by a period of depression) Distortion in perception of time and space Hallucinations Emotional breakdowns, disturbances and feelings of suicide http://www.cartoonstock.com/lowres/csl6047l.jpg

Vary depending on dosage and substance type

Effects include:

Alcoholic stimulation (sense of euphoria followed by a period of depression)

Distortion in perception of time and space

Hallucinations

Emotional breakdowns, disturbances and feelings of suicide

Physical Effects (cont.) Short term dangers: Slurring words, wheezing Nausea, vomiting Headaches Loss of ability to control parts of the body Long term dangers (after extensive use): Rashes in the mouth and nose area Loss of brain cells Permanent loss of coordination and motor ability

Short term dangers:

Slurring words, wheezing

Nausea, vomiting

Headaches

Loss of ability to control parts of the body

Long term dangers (after extensive use):

Rashes in the mouth and nose area

Loss of brain cells

Permanent loss of coordination and motor ability

Effect on the Brain Can be lethal when first used Nitrous Oxide and other anesthetic gases (like enflurane) act as NMDA antagonists, inhibiting action of the NMDAR receptors. Block the calcium channels on the outside of the neuron necessary for proper function. GABA receptors which produce feelings of sedation and muscle relaxation, euphoria, can be stimulated by some inhalants acting as GABA Agonists (like alcohol). Diethyl Ether, a common anesthetic, produces such effects when inhaled. When vapors and gases are inhaled the capillary system of the lungs absorbs the gasses very quickly, spiking blood levels and delivering the harmful compounds to the brain. Most inhalable solvents and vapors share these two basic types of action in the brain (NMDA Antagonist or GABA Agonist) Effects vary due to concentration, period of use, and the type of chemical

Can be lethal when first used

Nitrous Oxide and other anesthetic gases (like enflurane) act as NMDA antagonists, inhibiting action of the NMDAR receptors.

Block the calcium channels on the outside of the neuron necessary for proper function.

GABA receptors which produce feelings of sedation and muscle relaxation, euphoria, can be stimulated by some inhalants acting as GABA Agonists (like alcohol).

Diethyl Ether, a common anesthetic, produces such effects when inhaled.

When vapors and gases are inhaled the capillary system of the lungs absorbs the gasses very quickly, spiking blood levels and delivering the harmful compounds to the brain.

Most inhalable solvents and vapors share these two basic types of action in the brain (NMDA Antagonist or GABA Agonist)

Effects vary due to concentration, period of use, and the type of chemical

Risks and Health Problems Injury while intoxicated and in a state of altered perception is common Lack of oxygen to the brain (due to other gasses substituting for it) is a leading cause for inhalant abusers. Pneumonia and cardiac failure may occur. Since these chemicals act on the brain, hearing loss and limb spasms are common, as well as other nervous system deficiencies. http://www.cartoonstock.com/directory/e/ether.asp

Injury while intoxicated and in a state of altered perception is common

Lack of oxygen to the brain (due to other gasses substituting for it) is a leading cause for inhalant abusers.

Pneumonia and cardiac failure may occur.

Since these chemicals act on the brain, hearing loss and limb spasms are common, as well as other nervous system deficiencies.

Risks and Health Problems (cont.) Chronic long term use causes the death of cells which contributes to extensive brain damage. Caused by the NMDA antagonists that can completely block calcium influx into the cells which triggers apoptosis (programmed self destruction of a cell). At times, the sudden inhalation sensitizes the user to adrenaline and its rapid surge, which can occur from a hallucination, can cause irregular heart rhythms and cardiac arrest.

Chronic long term use causes the death of cells which contributes to extensive brain damage.

Caused by the NMDA antagonists that can completely block calcium influx into the cells which triggers apoptosis (programmed self destruction of a cell).

At times, the sudden inhalation sensitizes the user to adrenaline and its rapid surge, which can occur from a hallucination, can cause irregular heart rhythms and cardiac arrest.

Socioeconomics Most inhalant abusers are teenagers ages 12 to 17. Easily accessible by completely legal means. Use of inhalants is generally concentrated in poorer, marginalized and impoverished communities. Known to enhance experiences. Many teens use it at raves (most commonly in Europe). In Russia and Eastern Europe, gasoline sniffing became popular after alcohol supplies to ships' crews were limited. http://telegraphnepal.com/uploaded/others/children1.jpg A Kathmandu boy huffing a bag of glue

Most inhalant abusers are teenagers ages 12 to 17.

Easily accessible by completely legal means.

Use of inhalants is generally concentrated in poorer, marginalized and impoverished communities.

Known to enhance experiences.

Many teens use it at raves (most commonly in Europe).

In Russia and Eastern Europe, gasoline sniffing became popular after alcohol supplies to ships' crews were limited.

History The prohibition of the 1930's brought Ether to the forefront as a recreational inhalant. Completely replaced alcohol in some towns. Paint, glue, and gasoline became popular as inhalants in the 1950s In the 1980s, aerosol products became the number one material for inhalants. http://mooregroup.files.wordpress.com/2007/12/ether.jpg

The prohibition of the 1930's brought Ether to the forefront as a recreational inhalant.

Completely replaced alcohol in some towns.

Paint, glue, and gasoline became popular as inhalants in the 1950s

In the 1980s, aerosol products became the number one material for inhalants.

History (cont.) In the early 70's the Punk Rock culture adopted the use of Inhalants as a way to protest and experiment. Clear references are made in songs such as “Now I Want To Sniff Some Glue” by the Ramones References to inhalants are present in movies and popular culture. A line from the 1980 movie Airplane! reads “I picked the wrong week to quit sniffing glue.”

In the early 70's the Punk Rock culture adopted the use of Inhalants as a way to protest and experiment.

Clear references are made in songs such as “Now I Want To Sniff Some Glue” by the Ramones

References to inhalants are present in movies and popular culture.

A line from the 1980 movie Airplane! reads “I picked the wrong week to quit sniffing glue.”

MDMA Hug Drug E Thizz Smackers Essence XTC X Love Empathy Magic Transcendence Euphoria Lover's Speed Ecstasy Love Drug Clarity Adam

Overview MDMA is a synthetic psychoactive drug with both psychedelic and stimulant properties Usually found in pill form Used in combination with other drugs Rarely consumed with alcohol Believed to diminish drug’s effects Suppresses need to eat, drunk, or sleep (users can endure two to three day parties) Results in severe dehydration or exhaustion

MDMA is a synthetic psychoactive drug with both psychedelic and stimulant properties

Usually found in pill form

Used in combination with other drugs

Rarely consumed with alcohol

Believed to diminish drug’s effects

Suppresses need to eat, drunk, or sleep (users can endure two to three day parties)

Results in severe dehydration or exhaustion

Street Terms Rolling: the act of taking the drug Refers to involuntary eye movement while under influence. E-tards: those under the influence of MDMA. http://www.leshengliu.com/Pictures%20Parties.html http://www.talesfromtheotherside.com/images/ecstacy-pills1.jpg

Rolling: the act of taking the drug

Refers to involuntary eye movement while under influence.

E-tards: those under the influence of MDMA.

Nicknames for MDMA are often derived from the logo on the pills. http://www.cognitiveliberty.org/images/mdma%20pills.jpg

On the Streets Pill or capsule for come in doses of 50-150mg A normal dose is 100-125mg Black market tablets vary widely in strength (contain designer drugs) Costs 25-50¢ to manufacture one capsule in Europe Street value typically $20-$30 (noticeably higher in US than in Europe)

Pill or capsule for come in doses of 50-150mg

A normal dose is 100-125mg

Black market tablets vary widely in strength (contain designer drugs)

Costs 25-50¢ to manufacture one capsule in Europe

Street value typically $20-$30 (noticeably higher in US than in Europe)

Designer Drugs While MDMA is illegal, its designer drugs are not. Piperazine, mCPP, or BZP are legal and mimic some of the positive effects of ecstasy, but have far greater side-effects (increased insomnia, migraines, nausea, etc). http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/MCPP_2D.png/635px-MCPP_2D.png mCPP http://www.shaman-australis.com.au/Website/law/Piperazine/pics/piperazine.gif Piperazine MDMA http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/imglib/Drugprofiles/methylenedioxymethamphetami.gif

While MDMA is illegal, its designer drugs are not.

Piperazine, mCPP, or BZP are legal and mimic some of the positive effects of ecstasy, but have far greater side-effects (increased insomnia, migraines, nausea, etc).

MDMA 3,4-Methylendioxymethamphetamine or methylenedioxy-methylamfetamine (C 11 H 15 NO 2 ) A member of the ring-substituted phenethylamines group Structurally related to methamphetamine (stimulant) Has similar properties to those of mescaline (hallucinogen) http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/imglib/Drugprofiles/methylenedioxymethamphetami.gif Methamphetamine MDMA http://static.open.salon.com/files/180px-methamphetamine1225153220.png Mescaline

3,4-Methylendioxymethamphetamine or methylenedioxy-methylamfetamine (C 11 H 15 NO 2 )

A member of the ring-substituted phenethylamines group

Structurally related to methamphetamine (stimulant)

Has similar properties to those of mescaline (hallucinogen)

SERT MDMA targets serotonin transporters (SERT) Part of serotonergic neurons Remove neurotransmitter serotonin from synapse MDMA inhibits reuptake of serotonin Reverses action of SERT through phosphorylation Transporter releases serotonin into synapses instead of removing it. Classified as a serotonin releasing agent (SRA) and a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI)

MDMA targets serotonin transporters (SERT)

Part of serotonergic neurons

Remove neurotransmitter serotonin from synapse

MDMA inhibits reuptake of serotonin

Reverses action of SERT through phosphorylation

Transporter releases serotonin into synapses instead of removing it.

Classified as a serotonin releasing agent (SRA) and a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI)

NET and DAT MDMA has simular effects on the Norepinephrine transporters (NET) and the dopamine transporters (DAT). Stimulates release of Norepinephrine and dopamine Inhibits reuptake In full, known as a Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA) The rate at which the brain recovers from such serotonergic changes is unclear

MDMA has simular effects on the Norepinephrine transporters (NET) and the dopamine transporters (DAT).

Stimulates release of Norepinephrine and dopamine

Inhibits reuptake

In full, known as a Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA)

The rate at which the brain recovers from such serotonergic changes is unclear

Oxytocin Believed to cause release of oxytocin in the hypothalamus Oxytocin is a hormone that follows events such as hugging, orgasm, or child birth. Facilitates pair bonding, establishment of trust, and maternal behaviors. MDMA directly and indirectly stimulates the serotonin 5-HT 1A receptor (a common G-protein mediated receptor in CNS), which causes the release of oxytocin.

Believed to cause release of oxytocin in the hypothalamus

Oxytocin is a hormone that follows events such as hugging, orgasm, or child birth.

Facilitates pair bonding, establishment of trust, and maternal behaviors.

MDMA directly and indirectly stimulates the serotonin 5-HT 1A receptor (a common G-protein mediated receptor in CNS), which causes the release of oxytocin.

How to Get High (for n00bz) Oral (most common) Pill or capsule (produced in Europe) Inhalation/Snorting (less common) Pills or capsules may be crushed into powder and snorted. Injection (rarely observed) Powdered MDMA http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/mdma

Oral (most common)

Pill or capsule (produced in Europe)

Inhalation/Snorting (less common)

Pills or capsules may be crushed into powder and snorted.

Injection (rarely observed)

Origins First synthesized by Merck (a German-based pharmaceutical company) in 1912 Chemist Anton K öllisch Wanted to create a substance that stopped abnormal bleeding. Merck wanted to avoid a patent by Bayer (Merck’s competition) on hydrastinine. Created methylhydrastinine, of which MDMA was an intermediate compound in its synthesis. Merck patented both but was not initially interested in the properties of MDMA.

First synthesized by Merck (a German-based pharmaceutical company) in 1912

Chemist Anton K öllisch

Wanted to create a substance that stopped abnormal bleeding.

Merck wanted to avoid a patent by Bayer (Merck’s competition) on hydrastinine.

Created methylhydrastinine, of which MDMA was an intermediate compound in its synthesis.

Merck patented both but was not initially interested in the properties of MDMA.

History Largely forgotten by scientific community 1927: Max Oberlin observes that MDMA’s effects on blood sugar and smooth muscle are similar to ephedrine’s, but that MDMA does not produce pupil dilation. 1953: US Army commissions a study of toxicity and behavioral effects in animals injected with MDMA (classified until 1973) 1958: First scientific paper on MDMA appears in Yakugaku Zasshi (Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan) where MDMA’s synthesis is described

Largely forgotten by scientific community

1927: Max Oberlin observes that MDMA’s effects on blood sugar and smooth muscle are similar to ephedrine’s, but that MDMA does not produce pupil dilation.

1953: US Army commissions a study of toxicity and behavioral effects in animals injected with MDMA (classified until 1973)

1958: First scientific paper on MDMA appears in Yakugaku Zasshi (Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan) where MDMA’s synthesis is described

Good Old 70’s MDMA first appeared as a street drug in early 1970s after US criminalized MDA (a psychedelic stimulant) in 1970. 1978: Alexander Shulgin and David Nichols of the University of California publish first report on MDMA’s psychotropic effect in humans after synthesizing and trying the substance themselves. Shulgin began taking MDMA for relaxation and gave it to his friends, researchers, and other people whom he thought could benefit from it.

MDMA first appeared as a street drug in early 1970s after US criminalized MDA (a psychedelic stimulant) in 1970.

1978: Alexander Shulgin and David Nichols of the University of California publish first report on MDMA’s psychotropic effect in humans after synthesizing and trying the substance themselves.

Shulgin began taking MDMA for relaxation and gave it to his friends, researchers, and other people whom he thought could benefit from it.

Psychotherapy Psychotherapist Leo Zeff, who had been known to use psychedelics in his practice, was so impressed by MDMA that he came out of retirement to spread awareness of the drug. Went to Europe and around US training psychotherapists in the use of MDMA. MDMA enhanced communication during clinical sessions Reduced patients’ psychological defenses Increased capacity for therapeutic introspection Leo Zeff (aka Dr. Ecstasy), who “laments the rave drug's notoriety” http://www.flickr.com/photos/31759180@N00/69742465

Psychotherapist Leo Zeff, who had been known to use psychedelics in his practice, was so impressed by MDMA that he came out of retirement to spread awareness of the drug.

Went to Europe and around US training psychotherapists in the use of MDMA.

MDMA enhanced communication during clinical sessions

Reduced patients’ psychological defenses

Increased capacity for therapeutic introspection

Illegalization Illegalized in UK based on the wording of its existing Misuse of Drugs Act of 1971 Classified MDMA as a Class A drug in 1977 1985: Illegalized in US when MDMA was scheduled to DEA Schedule I, for drugs deemed to have no medical uses and high potential for abuse. Legally controlled in most of world under UN Convention of Psychotropic Substances (exceptions for research purposes) RAVE Act of 2003: penalties increased 3000% in US 1 gram of MDMA (4 pills) made equivalent to 1 gram of heroin or 2.2 lbs of marijuana for sentencing purposes at the federal level.

Illegalized in UK based on the wording of its existing Misuse of Drugs Act of 1971

Classified MDMA as a Class A drug in 1977

1985: Illegalized in US when MDMA was scheduled to DEA Schedule I, for drugs deemed to have no medical uses and high potential for abuse.

Legally controlled in most of world under UN Convention of Psychotropic Substances (exceptions for research purposes)

RAVE Act of 2003: penalties increased 3000% in US

1 gram of MDMA (4 pills) made equivalent to 1 gram of heroin or 2.2 lbs of marijuana for sentencing purposes at the federal level.

Integral part of rave culture and other psychedelic dance floor scenes. As of 2004, only marijuana attracts more first time users in US Cultural Impact http://www.shuffleradio.net/images/photo_rave-party.jpg http://media.photobucket.com/image/mdma%20cartoon/MaryBlanche/mdma.jpg http://seedmagazine.com/images/uploads/rave.jpg

Integral part of rave culture and other psychedelic dance floor scenes.

As of 2004, only marijuana attracts more first time users in US

Clinical Implications Very neurotoxic to the serotonergic terminals in humans Repeated use of MDMA gives: Chronic depression and anxiety Impaired long term memory http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/photo_library2.html

Very neurotoxic to the serotonergic terminals in humans

Repeated use of MDMA gives:

Chronic depression and anxiety

Impaired long term memory

Desirable Effects Depends on purity and dosage of MDMA: Less hostility, aggression, fear, or insecurity Extreme mood lift, euphoria and inner peace Compassion/intimacy Increased perception but causes analgesia (decreased pain sensitivity) Mild psychodelia (mental, auditory, and visual distortions) More energy, alertness, self-confidence Hypersexuality and aphrodisiac effects http://mrhiggins.net/algebra2/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/smile.jpg

Depends on purity and dosage of MDMA:

Less hostility, aggression, fear, or insecurity

Extreme mood lift, euphoria and inner peace

Compassion/intimacy

Increased perception but causes analgesia (decreased pain sensitivity)

Mild psychodelia (mental, auditory, and visual distortions)

More energy, alertness, self-confidence

Hypersexuality and aphrodisiac effects

Danger! Reaches maximal concentration in blood stream between 1/2 to 3 hrs after ingestion Effects last 4-6 hrs Slow to metabolize and excrete Levels decrease by 50% after 8 hrs As side effects wear off, body develops an acute tolerance to MDMA, forcing a higher dosage to reach the same high. http://rlv.zcache.com/smiley_oh_sticker-p217194901605792400qjcl_400.jpg

Reaches maximal concentration in blood stream between 1/2 to 3 hrs after ingestion

Effects last 4-6 hrs

Slow to metabolize and excrete

Levels decrease by 50% after 8 hrs

As side effects wear off, body develops an acute tolerance to MDMA, forcing a higher dosage to reach the same high.

Negative Effects Psychological: Paranoia Agitation/restlessness Impaired attention Short-term memory loss Physiological: Vertigo (dizziness) and nausea Blurry vision, rapid eye movement Diarrhea or constipation Urinary retention (inability to pee) Sexual dysfunction (erectile dysfunction, anorgasmia) Anorexia Increased heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, and sweating Insomnia http://amanda4of6.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/smiley-face-scared.jpg

Psychological:

Paranoia

Agitation/restlessness

Impaired attention

Short-term memory loss

Physiological:

Vertigo (dizziness) and nausea

Blurry vision, rapid eye movement

Diarrhea or constipation

Urinary retention (inability to pee)

Sexual dysfunction (erectile dysfunction, anorgasmia)

Anorexia

Increased heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, and sweating

Insomnia

Effects of Withdrawal Psychological: Depression and suicidal thoughts Aggression, agitation, and emotional sensitivity Lethargy and impaired concentration/motivation Physiological: Vertigo Diarrhea Migraines Panic attacks, insomnia Muscle spasms and jaw soreness (from teeth clenching) Withdrawal effects can last anywhere from 3-7 days http://msp73.photobucket.com/albums/i237/Yankees1978/GreenFace.gif

Psychological:

Depression and suicidal thoughts

Aggression, agitation, and emotional sensitivity

Lethargy and impaired concentration/motivation

Physiological:

Vertigo

Diarrhea

Migraines

Panic attacks, insomnia

Muscle spasms and jaw soreness (from teeth clenching)

Withdrawal effects can last anywhere from 3-7 days

Effects of Overdose Psychological: Disorientation, paranoia, hallucinations, insanity Memory impairment (to the point of amnesia), disorganized thinking, delirium Depersonalization Physiological: Intense muscle twitching and over reactive reflexes Shortness of breath Severe chest pain, abnormal electrical activity in heart Vasculitis (destruction of blood vessels) and cardiotoxicity (damage to heart) Cardiac arrest, strokes, organ failure http://www.cksinfo.com/clipart/signssymbols/smileys/set1/smiley-dead.png

Psychological:

Disorientation, paranoia, hallucinations, insanity

Memory impairment (to the point of amnesia), disorganized thinking, delirium

Depersonalization

Physiological:

Intense muscle twitching and over reactive reflexes

Shortness of breath

Severe chest pain, abnormal electrical activity in heart

Vasculitis (destruction of blood vessels) and cardiotoxicity (damage to heart)

Cardiac arrest, strokes, organ failure

Consequences Illegal to use, sell, or manufacture Incarceration, hospitalization or institutionalization on accounts of extreme erratic behavior will ensue (if subject is still alive). Erratic behavior: includes acts of crime, accidental or intentional self-injury, suicidal attempts, or illicit drug abuse. Ecstasy propaganda poster http://mdma.net/ecstasy-brain.jpg

Illegal to use, sell, or manufacture

Incarceration, hospitalization or institutionalization on accounts of extreme erratic behavior will ensue (if subject is still alive).

Erratic behavior: includes acts of crime, accidental or intentional self-injury, suicidal attempts, or illicit drug abuse.

Addiction and Treatment Tolerance is only to the pleasant hallucinogenic effects of the drug, not to the unpleasant side effects which increase in severity with an increase in dose. Ecstasy can rapidly cause dependence . Counseling, behaviors modification, and detoxification with the use of sedatives are used for treatment. Abrupt abstinence by long term users is riddled with medical complications http://www.maps.org/images/yamdma.jpg

Tolerance is only to the pleasant hallucinogenic effects of the drug, not to the unpleasant side effects which increase in severity with an increase in dose.

Ecstasy can rapidly cause dependence .

Counseling, behaviors modification, and detoxification with the use of sedatives are used for treatment.

Abrupt abstinence by long term users is riddled with medical complications

PCP http://www.solutions-foundation.org/pcp

Description/Use Synthetic drug White crystalline powder Easily dissolved in liquids Sold typically as tablets, capsules, or colored powders that can be snorted, smoked, or swallowed. Smoking: drug usually placed on a leafy material (tobacco, mint, marijuana, etc) Also comes in liquid form. Joints (tobacco/cannibis) can be dipped. PCP wrapped in foil http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/photos/pcp/pcp_foil_wrappers.jpg

Synthetic drug

White crystalline powder

Easily dissolved in liquids

Sold typically as tablets, capsules, or colored powders that can be snorted, smoked, or swallowed.

Smoking: drug usually placed on a leafy material (tobacco, mint, marijuana, etc)

Also comes in liquid form.

Joints (tobacco/cannibis) can be dipped.

Street Terms PCP also known as: Phencylidine or Formaldehyde Crystal Angel Dust Rocket Fuel Wet, Water, or Embalming fluid Fry, Amp, or Hog Tripping: when one is under the influence.

PCP also known as:

Phencylidine or Formaldehyde

Crystal

Angel Dust

Rocket Fuel

Wet, Water, or Embalming fluid

Fry, Amp, or Hog

Tripping: when one is under the influence.

Street Terms (cont.) Rumors that substances being sold by these names do not contain PCP, but are instead formaldehyde. Case of confused slang terms. ‘ Embalming Fluid’ common term for PCP and has been for many years Confusion between PCP and embalming fluid (formaldehyde) may have created new trend where PCP mixed with formaldehyde and used as a psychoactive.

Rumors that substances being sold by these names do not contain PCP, but are instead formaldehyde.

Case of confused slang terms.

‘ Embalming Fluid’ common term for PCP and has been for many years

Confusion between PCP and embalming fluid (formaldehyde) may have created new trend where PCP mixed with formaldehyde and used as a psychoactive.

Warning! Formaldehyde is a known carcinogen linked to nasal and lung cancer and with possible links to brain cancer and leukemia. If you are taking formaldehyde do not smoke it! http://gettingworse.files.wordpress.com/2008/01/no_smoking.jpg

Formaldehyde is a known carcinogen linked to nasal and lung cancer and with possible links to brain cancer and leukemia.

If you are taking formaldehyde do not smoke it!

History First synthesized in 1926 and used as an anesthetic following WWII. Investigated as a human anesthetic again be Parke-Davis in early 1950s Marketed as Sernyl in 1953 Recalled due to side-effects Marketed again as sernylan in 1967 for veterinary ailments Discontinued yet again Recreational use rose in 1960s and substance was banned and deemed illegal by 1978.

First synthesized in 1926 and used as an anesthetic following WWII.

Investigated as a human anesthetic again be Parke-Davis in early 1950s

Marketed as Sernyl in 1953

Recalled due to side-effects

Marketed again as sernylan in 1967 for veterinary ailments

Discontinued yet again

Recreational use rose in 1960s and substance was banned and deemed illegal by 1978.

Mode of Action Binds to NMDA receptors (major excitatory channels in brain) Blocks these receptors and inhibits depolarization, thus inhibiting cognitive (learning, etc) and other abilities. Inhibits nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which are responsible for muscle contractions. Interact with dopamine and indirectly with endorphins and enkephalins. http://isomerdesign.com/Cdsa/C/ca1_14.png PCP

Binds to NMDA receptors (major excitatory channels in brain)

Blocks these receptors and inhibits depolarization, thus inhibiting cognitive (learning, etc) and other abilities.

Inhibits nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which are responsible for muscle contractions.

Interact with dopamine and indirectly with endorphins and enkephalins.

Positive (Desired) Effects Increased Energy Sense of Euphoria and Calm Disconnected Thoughts Mental/Body High Altered Perception of Reality Opened and Closed Eye Visuals

Increased Energy

Sense of Euphoria and Calm

Disconnected Thoughts

Mental/Body High

Altered Perception of Reality

Opened and Closed Eye Visuals

Neutral Effects Increased salivation Sweating Altered time perception Strange speech patterns Decreased pain awareness Hallucinations, Confusion Feeling of invulnerability

Increased salivation

Sweating

Altered time perception

Strange speech patterns

Decreased pain awareness

Hallucinations, Confusion

Feeling of invulnerability

Negative (Undesirable) Effects Create permanent lesions in brain after prolonged use Known to create a synthetically produced schizophrenia in users Disturbing hallucinations, anxiety/paranoia Loss of motor coordination (ataxia) Severe confusion and depersonalization Psychotic and Aggressive Episodes High doses may case decreased function of homeostasis-related functions and seizures Hangovers cause dizziness, numbness, and lethargy (lasts 24 hrs) HIGHLY Addictive

Create permanent lesions in brain after prolonged use

Known to create a synthetically produced schizophrenia in users

Disturbing hallucinations, anxiety/paranoia

Loss of motor coordination (ataxia)

Severe confusion and depersonalization

Psychotic and Aggressive Episodes

High doses may case decreased function of homeostasis-related functions and seizures

Hangovers cause dizziness, numbness, and lethargy (lasts 24 hrs)

HIGHLY Addictive

-- Disclaimer -- PCP extremely disturbs its users. The Following Slides Contain Very Graphic Images and Lecture Material. If you are easily disturbed or faint of stomach, please consider leaving the room at this time. These stories are meant to scare.

PCP extremely disturbs its users.

The Following Slides Contain Very Graphic Images and Lecture Material.

If you are easily disturbed or faint of stomach, please consider leaving the room at this time.

These stories are meant to scare.

Horror Stories While under the influence: Rapper Big Lurch murdered a female acquantance and ate her lungs. A man bit out his 4-year-old son’s eye and severely damage4d the other before attempting to chop off his own legs with an axe (April 2009) A man who sliced off pieced of his face with a broken mirror and fed them to his dogs (elaborated further on next slide)

While under the influence:

Rapper Big Lurch murdered a female acquantance and ate her lungs.

A man bit out his 4-year-old son’s eye and severely damage4d the other before attempting to chop off his own legs with an axe (April 2009)

A man who sliced off pieced of his face with a broken mirror and fed them to his dogs (elaborated further on next slide)

Horror Stories (cont.)

Treatment Quiet spaces with little sensory input (to calm patients) Benzodiazepines used to alleviate extreme seizures and agitation Little other treatment methods other than typical de-tox where patients are watched constantly to keep them calm and prevent them from committing suicide

Quiet spaces with little sensory input (to calm patients)

Benzodiazepines used to alleviate extreme seizures and agitation

Little other treatment methods other than typical de-tox where patients are watched constantly to keep them calm and prevent them from committing suicide

Ketamine http://lambsofabortion.com/samples/ketamine_10ml_bottle.jpg

Official and Unofficial Names Commercially sold as: Ketalar, Ketaset, Ketmex, Ketotal, Ketamine-500 (Astrapin) and Imalgen Known on streets as: K Special K Vitamin K Cat Valium Wonk (in the UK) http://www.nbcd.gov.tw/home/dep/images/Ketamine.jpg

Commercially sold as:

Ketalar, Ketaset, Ketmex, Ketotal, Ketamine-500 (Astrapin) and Imalgen

Known on streets as:

K

Special K

Vitamin K

Cat Valium

Wonk (in the UK)

History Developed by Parke-Davis (now a part of Pfizer) in 1962 in an effort to create a safer anesthetic alternative to phencyclidine (PCP) Production for recreational use traced to 1967 when referred to as “mean green” and rockmesc.” http://21.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_kooitsNcFA1qzuwt5o1_500.jpg

Developed by Parke-Davis (now a part of Pfizer) in 1962 in an effort to create a safer anesthetic alternative to phencyclidine (PCP)

Production for recreational use traced to 1967 when referred to as “mean green” and rockmesc.”

Illegalization Aug 1999: placed in Schedule III of US Controlled Substance Act due to increased illicit use of Ketamine. Aug 2005: classified as a Schedule I narcotic in Canada. Jan 2006: outlawed in UK. Ketamine can now only be used by health professionals, for research, or with a physician’s prescription.

Aug 1999: placed in Schedule III of US Controlled Substance Act due to increased illicit use of Ketamine.

Aug 2005: classified as a Schedule I narcotic in Canada.

Jan 2006: outlawed in UK.

Ketamine can now only be used by health professionals, for research, or with a physician’s prescription.

Chemistry Classified as an NMDA receptor antagonist Inhibits action of the N-methyl d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), which induces a state referred to as dissociative anesthesia (which also includes PCP and nitrous oxide). Unlike other anesthetics, dissociative anesthetics produce hallucinogenic effects, sensory deprivation, dissocation, or dream-like states. Found to bind to opioid µ receptors (induces sedation) and sigma receptors (produces hallucinogenic effects) at high doses. Opioid µ receptors found in CNS and gastrointestinal tract http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/76/Ketamine.png

Classified as an NMDA receptor antagonist

Inhibits action of the N-methyl d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), which induces a state referred to as dissociative anesthesia (which also includes PCP and nitrous oxide).

Unlike other anesthetics, dissociative anesthetics produce hallucinogenic effects, sensory deprivation, dissocation, or dream-like states.

Found to bind to opioid µ receptors (induces sedation) and sigma receptors (produces hallucinogenic effects) at high doses.

Opioid µ receptors found in CNS and gastrointestinal tract

Chemistry (cont.) Blocking of NMDA receptor increases activity of AMPA, which is causal for ketamine’s rapid antidepressant actions. Ketamine blocks neurotransmitter glutamate by inhibiting NMDA and AMPA receptors. Glutamate system recently linked to depression.

Blocking of NMDA receptor increases activity of AMPA, which is causal for ketamine’s rapid antidepressant actions.

Ketamine blocks neurotransmitter glutamate by inhibiting NMDA and AMPA receptors.

Glutamate system recently linked to depression.

Uses Primarily used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia Used in combination with some sedative drug. Also used for sedation in intensive care, analgesia (particularly in emergency medicine), and treatment of bronchospasm. Popular anesthetic in veterinary medicine. Used as a battlefield anesthetic in developing nations.

Primarily used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia

Used in combination with some sedative drug.

Also used for sedation in intensive care, analgesia (particularly in emergency medicine), and treatment of bronchospasm.

Popular anesthetic in veterinary medicine.

Used as a battlefield anesthetic in developing nations.

Effects Unlike other anesthetics, Ketamine stimulates, rather than depresses, the cardiovascular system. Vivid hallucinations Elevated blood pressure. Impairs all senses, especially sight, balance, and sense of time. Nausea, muscle relaxant Analgesia (painkiller) Suppresses breathing

Unlike other anesthetics, Ketamine stimulates, rather than depresses, the cardiovascular system.

Vivid hallucinations

Elevated blood pressure.

Impairs all senses, especially sight, balance, and sense of time.

Nausea, muscle relaxant

Analgesia (painkiller)

Suppresses breathing

W.H.O. Ketamine is a core medicine in the World Health Organization’s “Essential Drugs List” Lists the minimum medical needs for a basic health care system.

Ketamine is a core medicine in the World Health Organization’s “Essential Drugs List”

Lists the minimum medical needs for a basic health care system.

Recreational Use Ketamine sold primarily in its powder form to be inhalted. “ Sniff the ketamine” or “Sniff the meen” Comes in liquid form that can be injected, mixed into drinks, or added to materials that can be smoked. Commonly snorted in small lines (“bumps”) for a mild, dreamy effect that comes on about 5-10 min after inhalation. Higher doses depresses consciousness and breathing 80% of illicit Ketamine in US originates from Mexico http://www.tagohio.com/images/ketamine10.jpg

Ketamine sold primarily in its powder form to be inhalted.

“ Sniff the ketamine” or “Sniff the meen”

Comes in liquid form that can be injected, mixed into drinks, or added to materials that can be smoked.

Commonly snorted in small lines (“bumps”) for a mild, dreamy effect that comes on about 5-10 min after inhalation.

Higher doses depresses consciousness and breathing

80% of illicit Ketamine in US originates from Mexico

Recreational Use (cont.) Stops user from feeling pain Relieves tension/anxiety Intensifies colors and sounds Sexual stimulant Floating feeling and a numbness in extremities http://www.chinasmack.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/young-chinese-girl-doing-drugs-snorting-kingfen-ketamine-01.jpg

Stops user from feeling pain

Relieves tension/anxiety

Intensifies colors and sounds

Sexual stimulant

Floating feeling and a numbness in extremities

K-Land and K-hole After a low dose, users experience “K-Land” Mellow, colorful wonderland After a higher dose, users experience “K-hole” Out of body or near-death experience. Artist rendition of a Ketamine high http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/pharmaceuticals/images/ketamine.jpg

After a low dose, users experience “K-Land”

Mellow, colorful wonderland

After a higher dose, users experience “K-hole”

Out of body or near-death experience.

Pop Culture Referred to in songs like “Special K” by Placebo; “K-Hole” by CocoRosie, and “Lost in the K-Hole” by The Chemical Brothers Dr. House in the TV series House received a ketamine treatment that temporarily reduced the chronic pain in his leg. Album by Kissy Sellout http://media.photobucket.com/image/k-hole/whoneedsradio/jun07/k-hole.jpg

Referred to in songs like “Special K” by Placebo; “K-Hole” by CocoRosie, and “Lost in the K-Hole” by The Chemical Brothers

Dr. House in the TV series House received a ketamine treatment that temporarily reduced the chronic pain in his leg.

Treatment of Addiction Ketamine is being used as part of a treatment for alcohol and other drug addictions. Helps promote abstinence of other drugs without adverse reactions. Found that three sessions of ketamine-assisted psychotherapy are more effective than a single session for the treatment of heroin addiction.

Ketamine is being used as part of a treatment for alcohol and other drug addictions.

Helps promote abstinence of other drugs without adverse reactions.

Found that three sessions of ketamine-assisted psychotherapy are more effective than a single session for the treatment of heroin addiction.

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Ketamine being experimentally used in treatment for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS), or Refled Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD). These conditions involve severe chronic pain that worsen over time. Ketamine hypothesized to manipulate NMDA receptors in a way that may reboot aberrant brain activity.

Ketamine being experimentally used in treatment for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS), or Refled Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD).

These conditions involve severe chronic pain that worsen over time.

Ketamine hypothesized to manipulate NMDA receptors in a way that may reboot aberrant brain activity.

Moral of this Presentation: Bad Trip drugs are bad for a reason. Don’t try them. They’ll make you do s**t you will regret in the morning… if you’re still alive.

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&quot;DEA Briefs & Background, Drugs and Drug Abuse, Drug Descriptions, Ketamine Home.&quot; US Drug Enforcement Administration. Web. 18 Oct. 2009. <http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/concern/ketamine.html>.

&quot;Dr. Ecstasy on Flickr.&quot; Welcome to Flickr - Photo Sharing. Web. 18 Oct. 2009. <http://www.flickr.com/photos/31759180@N00/69742465>.

&quot;Drug Info.&quot; DanceSafe.org. Web. 17 Oct. 2009. <http://www.dancesafe.org/documents/druginfo/ketamine.php>.

&quot;Ecstasy Addiction, Abuse and Treatment.&quot; ADDICTION TREATMENT SEARCH - Drug rehab and alcohol rehab treatment resource guide for drug and alcohol recovery, research, addiction treatment and rehabilitation. Web. 16 Oct. 2009. <http://www.addictionsearch.com/treatment_articles/article/ecstasy-addiction-abuse-and-treatment_31.html>.

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&quot;EMCDDA | Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA).&quot; EMCDDA | European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Web. 14 Oct. 2009. <http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/mdma>.

&quot;Hallucinogens: LSD, Peyote, Psilocybin, and PCP - InfoFacts.&quot; National Institute on Drug Abuse - The Science of Drug Abuse and Addiction. Web. 15 Oct. 2009. <http://www.drugabuse.gov/Infofacts/hallucinogens.html>.

&quot;Inhalants - InfoFacts - NIDA.&quot; National Institute on Drug Abuse - The Science of Drug Abuse and Addiction. Web. 15 Oct. 2009. <http://www.nida.nih.gov/Infofacts/Inhalants.html>.

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&quot;PCP - Phencyclidine Information, Use, Testing and Treatment.&quot; UA Drug test kits, drug testing products and drugs test supplies by UATests.com. Web. 18 Oct. 2009. <http://www.uatests.com/drug-information/pcp.html>.

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