Chapt 01

CHAPTER 01 : INTRODUCTION TO CELLULAR BIOLOGY

Chapter 1 : Introduction To Cellular BiologyCourse Purpose
This course introduces animal cells based on structure, characteristics, functions and cellular division. It also emphasises the theory of inheritance including the structure
and role gene, DNA, and chromosome.
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Chapter 1 : Introduction To Cellular BiologyTopic Outlines
1.1 Cell Theory
1.1.1 “Theory of Spontaneous Generation”
1.1.2 History of Cell Discovery
1.1.3 Theory of cells
1.2 Types of cells
1.2.1 Prokaryote
1.2.2 Eukaryote
1.3 Human cells
1.3.1 Characteristic of human/animal cell
1.4 General structure of human cell
1.4.1 Components of a cell
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Chapter 1 : Introduction To Cellular BiologyCourse Objectives
To develop understanding of general biology and genetics basic principles and definition.
To understand the scope of biology and human genetics which includes the study of cell, structure of cell, division of cells, genetic materials, mutation and common genetic condition.
To acquire knowledge according diseases caused by genetic mutation.
To understand basic techniques involved in biology laboratory.
To understand laboratory hazards and step to ensure safety in biology procedure.
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Chapter 1 : Introduction To Cellular BiologyLearning Outcomes
After completing this lecture, students will be able to:
(a) Define a cell
(b) List names of scientists in history of cell discovery
(c) Outline the theory of cells
(d) Identify types of human cells
(e) Explain typical structure of a cell & its components
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Chapter 1 : Introduction To Cellular BiologySub Topic 1.1.1: “Theory of Spontaneous Generation”
Abiogenesis
Hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonliving matter/decaying organic substances.
Archaic theory that utilizes this process to explain the origin of life.
Pieces of cheese and bread wrapped in rags and left in a dark corner, for example, were thus thought to produce mice, according to this theory.
Because after several weeks, there were mice in the rags.
Many believed in spontaneous generation because it explained such occurrences as the appearance of maggots on decaying meat.
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Chapter 1 : Introduction To Cellular BiologySub Topic 1.1.2 : History of Cell Discovery
Hans & Zacharias Janssen (1595)
Dutch lens grinders, father & son
produced 1st compound microscope (2 lenses)
Robert Hooke (1665)
English scientist
looked at a thin slice of cork (oak cork) through a compound microscope
observed tiny, hollow, roomlike structures
called these structures ‘cells’ because they reminded him of the rooms that monks lived in
only saw the outer wall (cell walls) because cork cells are not alive
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1680)
Dutch fabric merchant & amateur scientist
looked at blood, rainwater, scrapings from teeth through a simple microscope (1 lens)
observed living cells; called some ‘animalcules’
some of the ‘animalcules’ are actually bacteria
Matthias Schleiden (1838)
German botanist
viewed plant parts under a microscope
discovered that plant parts are made of cells
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Theodor Schwann (1839)
German zoologist
viewed animal parts under a microscope
discovered that animal parts are made of cells
Rudolph Virchow (1855)
German physician
stated that all living cells come only from other living cells
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Chapter 1 : Introduction To Cellular BiologySub Topic 1.1.3 : Theory Of Cells
Basic unit of structure & function of all living organisms.
Arise from pre-existing cells by cell division.
Made up of protoplasm surrounded by a semi-permeable lipoprotein membrane.
Divided into 2 types: prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells
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Living things are made up of cells
Thecellis the basic unit of structure& function
Almost all organismsconsist of cells&cell products
All cellsare produced by the divisionof preexistingcells(through reproduction)
Each cell contains genetic materialthat is passed down during this process
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All basic chemical & physiological functions (eg. Repair, growth, movement, immunity, communication & digestion) are carried out inside of cells
The activities of cells depends on the activities of subcellular structures within the cell (organelles, plasma membrane, nucleus)
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Chapter 1 : Introduction To Cellular BiologySub Topic 1.2: Types of Cell
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
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Chapter 1 : Introduction To Cellular BiologySub Topic 1.2.1: Prokaryotes
Primitive cells
Not true cells
Single-called organism that lacks membrane-bound organelles
Do not have nucleus
Has a single chromosome containing its entire DNA (lie free in the cytoplasm in a ring formation, not enclosed within a nuclear membrane)
Found in bacteria & cyanobacteria (kingdom Prokaryotae)
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Structure of prokaryotes cell.
Cell wall– contains peptidoglycan (consists of sugars & polymers which are linked with short polypeptides)  provides rigid framework to support & maintain the shape of the cell, prevents rupture of the cell.
Plasma membrane– made up of phospholipids  controls the exchange of waste of waste materials & nutrients, fully permeable, as receptor of hormones, neurotransmitters & other chemicals
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Mesosomes– infolding of the surface during cell division, organise the separation of 2 daughter cells & help in the formation of the cross wall between daughter cells
Ribosomes– 70S, tiny organelles, consists of 2 subunits, made up of equal amounts of RNA & proteins
Naked DNA – unit of inheritance, usually organised into genes & chromosomes
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Chapter 1 : Introduction To Cellular BiologySub Topic 1.2.2: Eukaryotic
True cells
With nucleus, more advanced cells as found in plants, animal & fungi
Have linear strands of DNA within their nuclei
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Characteristics of a plant cell
A large central vacuole, which is bounded by a specialised membrane called tonoplast
A cell wall(made up of cellulose, pectins, hemicellulose & protein)
Contain a nucleus controls all chemical activities & pass heritable information from 1 generation to next through division of DNA
Nucleus is surrounded by nuclear membrane
Cytoplasm contains organelles
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Characteristics of a plant cell
The plasmodesmata, linking pores in the cell wall that allow each plant cell to communicate with other adjacent cells
Plastids, especially chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll
Plant groups without flagella (including conifers & flowering plants) also lack centrioles that are present in animal cells
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Chapter 1 : Introduction To Cellular BiologySub Topic 1.3 : Human/animal cells
Is bordered by a plasma membrane, but it has no cell wall & contains no large permanent vacuoles
Nucleus
An organelle, called centrosome, consisting of two centrioles, is found beside the nucleus
The cytoplasm may contain food granules, secretory granules & often temporary vacuoles/vesicles
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Chapter 1 : Introduction To Cellular BiologySub Topic 1.3.1 : Characteristics of an animal cells
Types of Human cells
Blastomere
Egg
Embryonic stem cell
Erythrocyte
Fibroblast
Hepatocyte
Myoblast
Myotube (muscle: skeletal, smooth, cardiac)
Neuron
Oocyte
Osteoblast
Osteoclast
T-Cell
Zygote
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Chapter 1 : Introduction To Cellular BiologySub Topic 1.3.1 : Characteristics of an animal cells
Types of Human cells
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Chapter 1 : Introduction To Cellular BiologySub Topic 1.4 : General Structure Of Human Cell
Diagram of a typical animal (eukaryotic) cell, showing subcellular components.Organelles:(1) nucleolus(2) nucleus(3) ribosome(4) vesicle(5) rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)(6) Golgi apparatus(7) Cytoskeleton(8) smooth endoplasmic reticulum(9) mitochondria(10) vacuole(11) cytoplasm(12) lysosome(13) centrioles within centrosome
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Chapter 1 : Introduction To Cellular BiologySub Topic 1.4 .1 :Component Of Cell
Cell membrane / plasma membrane
Cytoplasm (with organelles)
Nucleus
© 2010 Cosmopoint

Chapt 01

by Uthaya Kumar

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