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
Ozone
Depletion
HOx
Cycle
NOx
Cycle
ClOx
Cycle
Methyl
bromide
Hyroden
radical
Mechanism of Ozone
Depletion

 X+O3 XO+O2
 XO+O X+O2
 O+O3 2O2
 Here X = Any specie including Hydroxyl radical,
nitric oxide, chlorine radical or methyl bromide
General Mechanism

 Production of HOx :
• 1. O* + H2O 2OH(free radical)
• 2. H2O+ hν H(free radical)+ OH(Free radical)
• Decomposition of Ozone:
• OH(free radical)+O3 O2 +OOH(free radical)
• OOH(F.R)+ O O2 +OH(F.R)
• O+O3 2O2
HOx cycle

 H(F.R)+O3 OH(F.R)+O2
 OH(F.R)+O H(F.R)+O2
 O+O3 2O2
 NO+O3 NO2+O2
 NO2+O NO+O2
 O+O3 2O2
Hydrogen Radical and
Nitric Oxide

 CFCl3+light CFCl2(F.R)+Cl(F.R)
 CFCl2(F.R) hν CFCl(F.R)+Cl(F.R)
 CFCl(F.R) hν CF(F.R)+ Cl(F.R)
 Cl(F.R)+O3 ClO(F.R)+O2
 ClO(F.R)+O Cl2+O2
 O+O3 2O2
 1st 3 reactions correspond to generation of Chlorine
radical while the next three to the action in ozone
depletion66
Chlorine radical
generation and action

 HOO(F.R)+ClO(F.R) HOCl+O2
 HOCl+hν OH(F.R)+Cl(F.R)
 Cl(F.R)+O3 ClO3+O2
 OH(F.R)+O3 HOO(F.R)+O2
 2O3 3O 2
Chlorine radical
continued

 CFCl3+hν CFCl2(F.R)+Cl(F.R)
 Cl(F.R)+O3 ClO(F.R)+O2
 ClO(F.R)+O3 Cl(F.R)+O2
 BrO(F.R)+ClO(F.R) Br(F.R)+Cl(F.R)+O2
 Br(F.R)+O3 BrO(F.R)+O2
 Cl(F.R)+O3 ClO(F.R)+O2
 2O3 3O2
Alternative proposed
Mechanisms

 Smog formation is centralized around OH(F.R)
 Formation of OH(F.R):
 N2+O2 2NO------------------------------(1)
 2NO+O2 2NO2--------------------------(2)
 NO+O3 NO2+O2------------------------(3)
 NO+OOR(F.R) OR(F.R)+NO2-------(4)
 NO2 +hν NO+O
 O+O2+M O3+M
Smog Formation

 O3+hν O2* +O*
 H2O+O* 2OH(F.R)
 NO2+H2O NO+2OH(F.R)
 NO+NO2+H2O 2HONO
 2HONO+hν 2NO+2OH(F.R)
Formation of OH(F.R)
continued

 OH(F.R)+RCH3 RCH2(F.R)+H2O
 RCH2(F.R)+O2+M RCH2OO(F.R)+M
 RCH2OO(F.R)+NO RCH2O(F.R)+NO2
 RCH2O(F.R)+O2 RCHO+HOO(F.R)
 HOO(F.R)+NO NO2+OH(F.R)
 RCH3+2O2+2NO RCHO+2NO2+H2O
OH(F.R) in Oxidation of
Hydrocarbons

 Aldehyde product of oxidation of hydrocarbons
reacts further as follows:
 CH3CHO+OH(F.R) CH3CO(F.R)+H2O
 CH3CO(F.R)+O2+M CH3COOO(F.R)
 CH3COOO(F.R)+NO(F.R) CH3COOONO2
OH(F.R) in Oxidation of
Hydrocarbons continued

 OH(F.R)+CO H(F.R)+CO2
 OH(F.R)+CH4 CH3(F.R)+H2O
 R2C=CR2+OH(F.R) R2C(OH)-CR2
 R2C(OH)-CR2+O2 R2C(OH)COO(F.R)R2
 R2C(OH)COO(F.R)R2+NO
R2C(OH)CO(F.R)R2+NO2
 R2C(OH)CO(F.R)R2 reaarangement R2COH+R2CO
 R2C=O+OOH(F.R)
OH(F.R) in Oxidation of
VOC’s

 Acid deposition either wet or dry
 Acid rain, smog, dew, fog, frost and mist=Wet
deposition
 Dust particles containing sulphates and nitrates= dry
deposition
 It includes acids like Sulfuric acid, nitric acid
Acid Rain

 Formation of HNO3 in atmosphere:
 In day time NO+O3 NO2+O2
 NO2+hν NO+O
 O+O2+M O3+M
 O3+hν O2*+O*
 O*+H2O 2OH(F.R)
 NO2(F.R)+OH(F.R)+M HNO3+M
Acid Rain formation

 After sunset NO2(F.R)+O3 NO3(F.R)+O2
 NO2+NO3 NO+NO2+O2
 NO3+NO 2NO2
 NO3(F.R)+RCHO RCO(F.R)+HNO3
 NO3(F.R)+RH R(F.R)+HNO3
 NO3+NO2 N2O5
 N2O5+H2O 2HNO3
 N2O3+H2O 2HNO2
Acid Rain formation
continued

 Formation of Sulfuric acid:
 H2S+OH(F.R) H2O+SH(F.R)
 CS2+OH(F.R) COS+SH(F.R)
 COS+OH(F.R) CO2+SH(F.R)
 SH(F.R)+O2 SO+OH(F.R)
 SH(F.R)+O3 SHO(F.R)+O2
 SHO(F.R)+O2 SO+OOH(F.R)
Acid Rain Formation
continued

 SO+O2 SO2+other products
 SO+O3 SO2+other products
 SO+NO2 SO2+other products
 SO2+OH(F.R)+M HOSO2(F.R)+M
 HOSO2(F.R)+O2+M OOH(F.R)+SO3+M
 SO3+H2O H2SO4
 NO+OOH(F.R) NO2+OH(F.R)
 NO2(F.R)+OH(F.R)+M HNO3+M
Acid Rain Formation
continued

 Oxidation by radicals:
 SO2+O3 SO3+O2
 SO2+NO2 NO+SO3
 SO2+OOH(F.R) SO3+OH(F.R)
 SO2+OOR(F.R) SO3+OR(F.R)
 SO2+OH(F.R) HOSO4(F.R) RH
 HOSO4(F.R)+NO HOSO3+NO2
 HOSO3 OOH(F.R)+SO2( 3B1) RSO2H H2SO4
Acid Rain Formation
continued

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Mechanisms of reactions causing pollution

  • 1.
  • 3.   X+O3 XO+O2  XO+O X+O2  O+O3 2O2  Here X = Any specie including Hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide, chlorine radical or methyl bromide General Mechanism
  • 4.   Production of HOx : • 1. O* + H2O 2OH(free radical) • 2. H2O+ hν H(free radical)+ OH(Free radical) • Decomposition of Ozone: • OH(free radical)+O3 O2 +OOH(free radical) • OOH(F.R)+ O O2 +OH(F.R) • O+O3 2O2 HOx cycle
  • 5.   H(F.R)+O3 OH(F.R)+O2  OH(F.R)+O H(F.R)+O2  O+O3 2O2  NO+O3 NO2+O2  NO2+O NO+O2  O+O3 2O2 Hydrogen Radical and Nitric Oxide
  • 6.   CFCl3+light CFCl2(F.R)+Cl(F.R)  CFCl2(F.R) hν CFCl(F.R)+Cl(F.R)  CFCl(F.R) hν CF(F.R)+ Cl(F.R)  Cl(F.R)+O3 ClO(F.R)+O2  ClO(F.R)+O Cl2+O2  O+O3 2O2  1st 3 reactions correspond to generation of Chlorine radical while the next three to the action in ozone depletion66 Chlorine radical generation and action
  • 7.   HOO(F.R)+ClO(F.R) HOCl+O2  HOCl+hν OH(F.R)+Cl(F.R)  Cl(F.R)+O3 ClO3+O2  OH(F.R)+O3 HOO(F.R)+O2  2O3 3O 2 Chlorine radical continued
  • 8.   CFCl3+hν CFCl2(F.R)+Cl(F.R)  Cl(F.R)+O3 ClO(F.R)+O2  ClO(F.R)+O3 Cl(F.R)+O2  BrO(F.R)+ClO(F.R) Br(F.R)+Cl(F.R)+O2  Br(F.R)+O3 BrO(F.R)+O2  Cl(F.R)+O3 ClO(F.R)+O2  2O3 3O2 Alternative proposed Mechanisms
  • 9.   Smog formation is centralized around OH(F.R)  Formation of OH(F.R):  N2+O2 2NO------------------------------(1)  2NO+O2 2NO2--------------------------(2)  NO+O3 NO2+O2------------------------(3)  NO+OOR(F.R) OR(F.R)+NO2-------(4)  NO2 +hν NO+O  O+O2+M O3+M Smog Formation
  • 10.   O3+hν O2* +O*  H2O+O* 2OH(F.R)  NO2+H2O NO+2OH(F.R)  NO+NO2+H2O 2HONO  2HONO+hν 2NO+2OH(F.R) Formation of OH(F.R) continued
  • 11.   OH(F.R)+RCH3 RCH2(F.R)+H2O  RCH2(F.R)+O2+M RCH2OO(F.R)+M  RCH2OO(F.R)+NO RCH2O(F.R)+NO2  RCH2O(F.R)+O2 RCHO+HOO(F.R)  HOO(F.R)+NO NO2+OH(F.R)  RCH3+2O2+2NO RCHO+2NO2+H2O OH(F.R) in Oxidation of Hydrocarbons
  • 12.   Aldehyde product of oxidation of hydrocarbons reacts further as follows:  CH3CHO+OH(F.R) CH3CO(F.R)+H2O  CH3CO(F.R)+O2+M CH3COOO(F.R)  CH3COOO(F.R)+NO(F.R) CH3COOONO2 OH(F.R) in Oxidation of Hydrocarbons continued
  • 13.   OH(F.R)+CO H(F.R)+CO2  OH(F.R)+CH4 CH3(F.R)+H2O  R2C=CR2+OH(F.R) R2C(OH)-CR2  R2C(OH)-CR2+O2 R2C(OH)COO(F.R)R2  R2C(OH)COO(F.R)R2+NO R2C(OH)CO(F.R)R2+NO2  R2C(OH)CO(F.R)R2 reaarangement R2COH+R2CO  R2C=O+OOH(F.R) OH(F.R) in Oxidation of VOC’s
  • 14.   Acid deposition either wet or dry  Acid rain, smog, dew, fog, frost and mist=Wet deposition  Dust particles containing sulphates and nitrates= dry deposition  It includes acids like Sulfuric acid, nitric acid Acid Rain
  • 15.   Formation of HNO3 in atmosphere:  In day time NO+O3 NO2+O2  NO2+hν NO+O  O+O2+M O3+M  O3+hν O2*+O*  O*+H2O 2OH(F.R)  NO2(F.R)+OH(F.R)+M HNO3+M Acid Rain formation
  • 16.   After sunset NO2(F.R)+O3 NO3(F.R)+O2  NO2+NO3 NO+NO2+O2  NO3+NO 2NO2  NO3(F.R)+RCHO RCO(F.R)+HNO3  NO3(F.R)+RH R(F.R)+HNO3  NO3+NO2 N2O5  N2O5+H2O 2HNO3  N2O3+H2O 2HNO2 Acid Rain formation continued
  • 17.   Formation of Sulfuric acid:  H2S+OH(F.R) H2O+SH(F.R)  CS2+OH(F.R) COS+SH(F.R)  COS+OH(F.R) CO2+SH(F.R)  SH(F.R)+O2 SO+OH(F.R)  SH(F.R)+O3 SHO(F.R)+O2  SHO(F.R)+O2 SO+OOH(F.R) Acid Rain Formation continued
  • 18.   SO+O2 SO2+other products  SO+O3 SO2+other products  SO+NO2 SO2+other products  SO2+OH(F.R)+M HOSO2(F.R)+M  HOSO2(F.R)+O2+M OOH(F.R)+SO3+M  SO3+H2O H2SO4  NO+OOH(F.R) NO2+OH(F.R)  NO2(F.R)+OH(F.R)+M HNO3+M Acid Rain Formation continued
  • 19.   Oxidation by radicals:  SO2+O3 SO3+O2  SO2+NO2 NO+SO3  SO2+OOH(F.R) SO3+OH(F.R)  SO2+OOR(F.R) SO3+OR(F.R)  SO2+OH(F.R) HOSO4(F.R) RH  HOSO4(F.R)+NO HOSO3+NO2  HOSO3 OOH(F.R)+SO2( 3B1) RSO2H H2SO4 Acid Rain Formation continued