Aspirants Times Magazine Vol. 4 - JULY 2009

Vol.4 July 2009 | Free Http://www.upscportal.com Presents Aspirants Times India’s First Digital Magazine for IAS Aspirants around the world. HOT TOPIC - Section 377 of the IPC CSE Mains 2009 GS Model Paper Solved 1 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

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INDEX Editorial • Strategy Is Indispensable for Success .............................................................04 SECTION - 1: Articles • Strategy For Mains Examination ....................................................................05 • Union Budget 2009-10 ....................................................................................17 • First BRIC Summit .........................................................................................32 • Shanghai Cooperation Organisation summit .................................................41 • Hindi Article ( ) ............................................................50 SECTION - 2: Hot Topics • Section 377 of the IPC .....................................................................................73 SECTION - 3: Current Relevant Facts........................................................78 SECTION -4: Sports.......................................................................................87 SECTION -5: Awards.....................................................................................91 SECTION - 6: CSE Mains 2009, GS Model Paper Part-1.......................94 3 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Editorial: Strategy Is Indispensable for Success… “Before disclosing details of this volume, fi o al l I ext end m cong r at ul at io to al l o rst f y ns ur readers and members on the crossing of 50000 membership. Now I have become more assured about its future and we are working hard to make “Aspirants Times” better to The Best one.” IAS preliminary results have already been declared and mains examination is going to be held in month of October. Aspirant Times will provide indispensable materials for mains from this issue onward. First and foremost is strategy for doing anything and for civil service examination, where we have cut-throat competition and candidates have to fi ght for each m rk; a fool p oof strat egy a r and plan is very crucial. So keeping this fact in mind, we are providing strategy for mains in this very fourth volume. Under this column, there are Ten Mantras for success. How to fetch good marks, importance of Current affairs, syllabus of GS in part-form with past year questions and sources of study also have been described in detail. Along with strategy, solution of model papers are important contents of this issue. These are not only for your practices but also useful from the exam point of view. These questions may be asked this year. Articles on Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Summit, Yekaterinburg Declaration, Counter-Terrorism Convention and First BRIC Summit are available. These articles are written in a way that its useful for long answer type questions, as well as short answer type questions. Our readers will fi d B n udget 2009- 10 in very com r ehe ns iv m nne r. In th s articl e each and every p e a i thing of this year’s budget is described. Budgetary glossary has also been provided. Besides of these, no compromise have been done in regualar traditional features of Aspirants Times. Personality, News makers, Awards, Sports are continued. A very important topic, Section 377 of the IPC, Fundamental Rights vs Acculturation is covered under the Hot Topics column. Read, understand and become ready to do best in the coming battle. I wish all the best. R. K. Pandey Editor, Magazine 4 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -1 (Article Hind Mains Exam Strategy) SECTION - 1 (Article: : CSE Civil Services (Main) Examination-2009 Winning Strategy By R. K. Pandey right decision, right optional, chosen right study materials but ultimately they could not succeed, because of Civil Services in India provide not only jobs for earning their lack in self- confi enc e. D e to lack o sel f-confi- d u f and surviving, but a power seat; from where, one can dence some time they see wrong in choosing options, change the world. Yes, here you can change the face of some time books, some time timing and some time in country, you can eradicate poverty and problems, and their-self. So after deciding, be determined and go for- you can change society. In ward till the process is not completed. this service you execute de- Remember, self confi enc e d d oes n ot cisions and also participate mean over-confi enc e, so be cl ear d in decision making and con- and ready to accept any negative side. tribute in making law. After Self-confi enc e is about b anc e. d al being successful at this exam, your fate is changed Low self-confi enc e a o d nd ver-confi- and the same time you can dent are two extremes. If one is un- change others fate. So ready der-confient , h ll a d taki n risks d e’ voi g to face one of the toughest and stretching himself; and he might hurdle and if you cross it, not try at all. And if he is over-confi- you are the king. dent, he may take on too much risk, stretch himself beyond his capabili- To become a king, you ties, and crash badly. Getting this should have a winning strat- right is a matter of having the right egy, doing hard work systematically and good guidance. amount of confience, fo d unded in r ity. W th th right eal i e Here, through this article, I am trying to make easy the amount of self-confi enc e, o w ll take in o m d ri sks , d ne i f r e toughest examination. Preliminary examination is only stretch oneself and try hard. gateway of mains, nothing more, but main exam is a real test and here each mark not only decide your suc- Time Management: cess but also your ranking. A good ranking means the Last but not least, time management is very important more chance for you to get your dream job. This article to achieve success. It plays very important role in prepa- is useful for those, who are going to appear at main this ration. For this you should divide your study plan in year and it also guides them, who are making plan to parts. Set a goal to complete one or some parts in given appear in coming year. time. If you complete a part in given time you will not feel overburdened and this mental freedom will pro- Ten Success Mantras vide you more understanding and grasping capacity. So make a plan according to your need and convenient Self-Confi enc e: d rather than following others path. Robert Collier says ‘Your chances of success in any un- dertaking can always be measured by your belief in Clarity: yourself.’ Yes self confi enc e p ays m s t im or tant rol e d l o p Candidate must have a clear approach during the prepa- in success of a person. A diffi t and lengt h p ocess cul y r ration and examination. If you have clarity, you will of Civil Services exam demands self-confi enc e b d ecaus e easily overcome of many problems. One should be clear only this can keep you on the right track during the about optionals, study materials, concept, thought, facts long preparation and examination. Many candidates, and at every step. Do not stay in dilemma. After select- who are hard working and intelligent and have taken ing optionals, materials and selection of study portion of syllabus, follow them strictly. 5 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -1 (Article Hind Mains Exam Strategy) SECTION - 1 (Article: : CSE Go through the syllabus and past-year Q papers: Sometimes the questions are ‘conceptual’ in nature, Read syllabus past year questions of GS and your two aimed at testing the comprehension levels of the basic optionals carefully, specially past two years. In this way, concepts. Get a list of standard textbooks from the suc- you will understand what and how to read to tackle the cessful candidates, or other sources and also selective questions and also important and less important part of good notes. The right choice of reading material is im- syllabus. Follow the syllabus instead of reading whole portant and crucial. . For subjects like Mathematics and of the book. Choose only those portions of the book Statistics and Geography maps etc, practice is very im- which are part of your syllabus and especially you have portant. One should also practice other subjects and made guess for this year examination. When ever what should not treat the same examination, as an “experi- ever you read, frame questions on them and try to ence gathering” exercise to get a chance for writing present an ideal answer. In this way you can increase mains is a great thing, which you may not get again. understanding and expression. Go through the unsolved papers of the previous papers and solve them to stimulate the atmosphere of A Balanced Approach: the examination. A balanced approach is needed at every step during preparation. Give equal importance to both of optionals Try not to exceed the word limit, as far as possible. Stick- and compulsory papers. Do not neglect any area of syl- ing to the word limit that will save time. Besides, the labus. To get good marks in the exam, on should take numbers of marks you achieve are not going to increase seriously question number 1 and 5 (short notes). While even if you exceed the word limit. It’s the quality that preparing, one must note down, from where short notes matters not the quantity. Revision is very important. can be asked. It will facilitate you in exam hall. In this Revise after a gap. The reason is that you have been way you can write your complete answer in within the preparing for months or years together. It is a human time frame. Many of you often do not take every part of tendency to forget something after some time. Follow General Studies seriously. paragraph writing rather than essay form. A new point should start with a new paragraph. It is easy to write Such step may futile, so read every portion of GS and and understand.. If the question needs answer in point prepare them well. In your answer, balanced view is format give it a bullet format. Try to maintain unifor- important and at the same time one should give approxi- mity in the writing throughout the paper. Under time mately equal time to all long answer type questions. Do pressure, the script should not go from bad to worse in not write some answer very long and some very short. the later stages of the answer sheets. This may irritate the evaluator. Stick to the time frame. Speed is the very Develop Writing Skill: essence of this examination. Hence, time management Writing skills play an important role in the IAS Mains. is very crucial. For developing the writing skills, write Most of the candidates appearing for the Mains exami- model answers at the time of preparation. This helps nation have a lot of knowledge, but lack writing skills. get into the habit of writing under time pressure in the You should be able to present all the information/knowl- examination. Develop and follow your own style of writ- edge in a coherent and logical manner, as expected by ing. Try not to be repetitive and maintain a ﬂ w in th o e the examiner. For example: Quoting with facts and sub- style of your writing. stantiating your answer with related concepts and em- phasizing your point of view. Prepare a standard answer to the question papers of the previous years. This will also make your task easy in examination hall. Do not neglect the concepts. 6 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -1 (Article Hind Mains Exam Strategy) SECTION - 1 (Article: : CSE Importance of General Studies Language Papers: Though, language papers are of qualifying nature only, Many candidates, particularly those with a professional on should also give some time. Take the last fi e y v ear degree in science, often ignore serious preparation of papers and solve them, later either check yourself or GS and focus mainly on their optional subjects. Such asked to do so to a teacher or any friend. If you get attitude is more like a bad gamble. Economy, Science & more than 50 percent marks, then I think no reason to Technology and Statistical Analysis are the areas that worry. But if you get less than 40 marks, you should can pose problems in scoring. If you have prepared give some time. For this, reading news papers and any economy for your Prelims, doing it for the mains must grammar book is suffi ent . If o is very poor , h or ci ne e not be diffi t. St at istical ana l y is h s to b pr act ised cul s a e she must prepare well on regular basis. with the help of previous years' solved questions given in all the guides as also the NCERT's Statistical Analy- Current Affairs: sis. It plays very decisive role in your success. Why is it decisive? Because, if you are good in current affairs, you One year regular reading of a national daily, India Year can write better answer of Polity, Economy, Science, book relevant NCERT books and magazines for the pur- Geography questions in GS. Beside these it helps you in pose are the basic necessities that you must go through. the optionals like Political Science, Public Administra- Scoring in GS is mathematical and any additional score tion, Sociology, Anthropology and others many gained through serious preparations must be tried. optionals. Do not forget that it also may become a decisive factor in essay writing in the personality test. Pre- Do Not Forget Essay: paring current affairs is very tedious job, so during the Where each number is important to give the shape of whole preparation, you must develop your own meth- your future, how can you miss manage Essay, which odology. But there is some common approach, which carries 200 marks. Essay paper was re-introduced in one must not forget to be good at the current affairs. 1993, created a sort of storm among the aspirants. Ru- mors was spread that the step had been taken to neu- To study current affairs, it is essential to read one na- tralize the scoring pattern which is highly skewed in tional newspaper, Mainstream, one from Frontline, In- favour of some subjects. Though there is no denying dia Today and Outlook and one from any competitive the fact that many subjects like Maths, Physics, Com- magazine. When you are studying the round up of na- merce etc do not encourage the development of lan- tional and international affairs, efforts should not be guage skill. Those of you with such an academic back- merely taking up the information but also to underground but a natural fl r for w i tin d ai r g evel o ped d i n ur g stand the issues involved. Go into the background of school or college days, should be defi i tel y a a a n t n dvan- events. for example, the recent Lok Sabha elections, tage. racial attack in Australia threw up many issues. Get to know these issues and be clear about them so that you Writing an essay is an art and if you are not naturally can answer questions on them. inclined to write that way, you will have to spend at least some time in practising; more so because many of Study Idea for GS the issues asked in the form of essay are the ones that you generally prepare for your GS where you limit your The books published by the NCERT are important preparation upto about 250 words. Candidates are ad- source material. Take up the text-books for classes IX, vised to keep a thorough eye on all the happenings of X, XI and XII. Beside it, some books published by NBT the last one year with critical evaluation of those which and India Year Book is also useful. But only reading could be asked in the form of an essay. 7 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -1 (Article Hind Mains Exam Strategy) SECTION - 1 (Article: : CSE these books will not serve the purpose. What is crucial is that the person taking up self-study must pick up past question papers and write down the answers to questions asked therein. A practice in writing is what is required to attempt the paper. Many students make the mistake of studying for hours but have no practice in writing down the answers, which costs heavily during the exam. The skill required is that of organising the arguments and making a coherent answer from the diverse material. One more thing that must be kept in mind is that the answers must be a little different from others and must have some extra bit that is missed out by others. This is not difﬁ t if o h s u cul ne a nderstood th issue in d h e ept . One important characteristic of the Civil Services Mains Exam is that the questions do not ask for mere information as a reply, but seek analysis backed with opinion from the candidates. Usually, one gets the impression that one knows everything but thoughts do not ﬂ w o Advertise your out naturally as one puts pen to paper. Therefore, writ- Business Here ing down the answers is an important facet of the preparation. Contact Us Online: http://upscportal.com/store/contact Next thing is that one must carefully read the questions in order to make out what the examiner is asking. After this important is to organise one's thoughts before writing and the sequence of the answer should be from the most important/potent aspect to less important aspects. If you do not have someone to check your answers, keep them away and after a gap of time, read them again. You will discover many mistakes, which earlier you could not. Analyse the answers in order to improve them. This exercise of re-analysis of answers improves the ability to be precise. One of the important requirements of this exam is that the answers should be crisp and to-the-point. 8 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -1 (Article Hind Mains Exam Strategy) SECTION - 1 (Article: : CSE PAPER - I (Syllabus, Related Questions and Strategy) (a) Age of Sangam Literature (a) History of Modern India and Indian (b) Bhakti (c) Ashtadhyayi of Panini Culture (d) Charvakas (e) Ajivikas The History of Modern India will cover history of the (f) Gandhara Art Country from about the middle of nineteenth century (g) Mlechchas and would also include questions on important (h) Lingayats personalities who shaped the Freedom Movement and (i) Megasthenes Social reforms. The part relating to Indian Culture (j) R. C. Dutt will cover all aspects of Indian Culture from the (k) Nagarjunakonda ancient to modern times. (1) Pastoralism (m) Rudramadevi Questions (n) Sati (0) Ramanuja 1. Answer anyone of the following questions (in about 250 words): 30---2007 Study Material -Topper’s Choice (a) What was the character of social religious reforms For the complete understanding of India's freedom in the 19th Century and how did they contribute to the struggle, NBT'S, India's freedom struggle by Bipin national awakening in India? Chandra and Barun De's books are important and 12th class N.C.E.R.T. From the period 1939-1947, (b) The crisis of the colonial order during 1919 and 1939 History spectrum is comprehensive, it is also helpful was directly linked to the constitutional reforms, disil- for speciﬁ topi cs such as evol u io o p ess, educa- c t n f r lusionment and militant anti-colonial struggles. Eluci- tion etc. date. This is also handy for ﬁ a l revi sio 2 m rkers - n eds n n. a e 2. Answer any two of the following questions (in to be focused from all the three periods- Ancient, Me- about 150 words each) : 15x2 = 30---2007 dieval and Modern. Now focus should be on art, culture, religion, science, rather than on political person- (a) What are the salient features of the Government of alities. India Acts of 1858 and 1909? (b) Geography of India (b) Do you think Mahatma Gandhi's support to Khilafat Movement had diluted his secular credentials? Give your In this part, questions will be on the physical, economic argument based on the assessment of events. and social geography of India. (c) Evaluate the contribution of revolutionary terror- Questions ism represented by Bhagat Singh to the cause of India’s Struggle of independence. 4. Answer any two of the following questions (in about 125 words each) : l0x2=20--------2007 3. Write about the following (not 20 words each) : 2x15 = 30---------------------2007 (a) Explain how the Himalayan and the Tibetan 9 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -1 (Article Hind Mains Exam Strategy) SECTION - 1 (Article: : CSE highlands play an important role in the development of 7. Answer anyone of the following questions (in about the South West monsoon. 250 words): 30----------------2007 (b) Technological changes have brought in a major shift (a). What is regionalism ? In which way regionalism in the use of roads as transport corridors in India. How has affected the Indian Polity. far do you agree with this view? (b). what are the Main determination of voting behav- (c) Explain the nature and causes of growing slum prob- ior in India? lems in the metropolitan cities of India. 8. Answer any two of the following questions (in 5. Write notes on the following (in about 20 words about 150 words each): 15x2 = 30---------2007 each): 2 x 5= 10-----------------2007 (a) Special Economic Zone (SEZ) (a) What are the exceptions when the President of In- (b) Inceptisol dia is not bound by the aid and advice of the Council of (c) Jarawas Ministers? (d) Indira Point (b) What is pro tem Speaker? (e) Causes of Chambal Ravines (e) Under what circumstances, Parliament may legis- late on State subjects? Study Material -Topper’s Choice 9. Answer the following questions (in about 20 words Class XII books of Geography (NCERT), Mains Guide each): 2 x 5 = 10------------2007 in Geography and a good atlas. (a). What is criminalization of politics? (C) Indian Polity (b). How president of India elected? (c). what is casting vote? (d). what is the difference between council of Minister This part will include questions on the Constitution of and Cabinet? India, Political system and related matters. (e). what is the importance of Right to constitutional remedies? Questions Study Material -Topper’s Choice 6. Answer anyone of the following questions (in about 250 words) : 30 ------------------2007 For polity I had made notes from Vazi Ram material and Magazines. (Special issues of Polity). For particular (a) What is a Constitution? What are the main sources topics, DD Basu is authentic and reliable book. of the Indian Constitution? (b) Bring out the differences between the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles of State Policy. Dis- cuss some of the measures taken by the Union and State Governments for the implementation of the Directive Principles of State Policy. 10 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -1 (Article Hind Mains Exam Strategy) SECTION - 1 (Article: : CSE (d) Current National issues and topics of (b) Prime Minister's 5-point agenda for India's development as a knowledge society. social relevance (c) The Lokpal Bill. This part is intended to test the Candidate's awareness 13. Write short notes on the following ( in about 20 of current national issues and topics of social relevance words each ) 2 x 5 = 10----------2007 in the present-day India, such as the following. (a) Yakshagana Demography & Human Resource & related issues. (h) PACE. Behavioural & Social issues & Social Welfare problems, (c) Footloose Industries such as child labour, gender equality, adult literacy, re- (d) The Statue of Liberty habilitation of the handicapped and other deprived seg- (e) Genome ments of the society, drug abuse, public health etc. Study Material -Topper’s Choice Law enforcement issues, human rights, corruption in public life, communal harmony etc. Internal Security For Current Affairs, National and Social Issues, the need and related issues. Environmental issues, ecological pres- is to read National Newspaper such as Hindu regularly. ervation, conservation of natural resources and national Issues such as child labour, gender inequality, Poverty, heritage. Problems of Senior Citizens, should be focused on, and 2 or 3 pages on each of these above topics should be The role of national institutions, their relevance and prepared. For this Manorama Year Book and Yojna need for change. would be helpful. Questions PAPER - II 10. Answer anyone of the following questions (in about 250 words): 30----------2007 Syllabus, Related Questions and Strategy (a). what were the main recommendations of the Plat- form for Action (PFA) adopted at the Beĳ g W m n in o e Conference 1995? (a) India and the World (b) Discuss the steps to get rid of child labour in India. This part is intended to test candidate's awareness of 11. Answer any two of the following questions (in India's relationship with the world in various spheres, about 125 words each): l0x2=20--------207 such as the following:- Foreign Affairs (a) What is stealth technology? External Security and related matters (b) Differentiate between Natural and Cultural heritage. Nuclear Policy (c) What is value-based politics? Indians abroad 12. Write notes on any two of the following (in about Questions 125 words each) : I0x2=20---------2007 1. Answer any two of the following (answer to each (a) Integrated Child Services (lCDS) Development qu esti on s houl d be in about 1 50 words ): 11 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -1 (Article Hind Mains Exam Strategy) SECTION - 1 (Article: : CSE 15x2=30-2007 Questions (a) Indo-Russian Defence Co-operation 4. Answer anyone of the following (in about 250 (b) India's response, to political crisis In Bangladesh words): 30--2007 (c) Elaborate on India's Nuclear Doctrine (a). What is Dumping? Evaluate the remedial measures 2. Write about the following (answer to each ques- taken by Government of India vis-à-vis WTO provi- tion should be in about 20 words): 2x5=I 0-2007 sions regarding dumping. (a) SAFTA (b) Comment on the relationship between credit avail- (b) India and East Asia Summit (EAS) ability and agricultural growth in India. (c) Shanghai Cooperation Organization, (S.C.O.) (d) Panchsheel in India's Foreign Policy 5. Answer any two of the following (answer to each (e) Relevance of NAM question should be in about 150 words )--2007 3. Write about the following (answer to each ques- (a). What is the meaning and aim of social forestry ? tion should be in about 20 words) : 2x5=10--2007 What are the main weakness noticed in social forestry programme? (a) Pravasi Bhartiya Bima Yojana, 2006 (b) Indian All-Women Contingent to Liberia (b). Bring out the main objective of Rastriya Krishi Bima (c) Madheshis in Nepal Yojana. The scheme is being implemented by which (d) Know India Programme (KIP) agency. (e) Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs (c). Explain Mega Food park Scheme of Government of Study Material -Topper’s Choice India. For International Relations- both related to India and 6. Write about the following (answer to each ques- the world and International Politics, I had, relied on tion should be in about 20 words ) : 2x15=30--2007 coaching class notes, but for comprehensive preparation, 12th Standard N.C.E.R.T. of Political (a) Explain the term Merit Goods Science - particular chapters- related to India's Foreign (b) What is Cheap Money? Policy should be focused. (c) What is Countervailing Duty? (d) What is Hot Money? b) Indian Economy (e). Explain the Concept Trickle Down Theory (f) What is Stagﬂ io at n? (g) What is Engel's Law? In this part, questions will be on the planning and eco- (h) Meaning of CCIL nomic development in India, economic & trade issues, (i) What is Administered Price? Foreign Trade, the role and functions of I.M.F., World (j) What is Venture Capital? Bank, W.T.O. etc. (k) Explain the term Balance on Current Account (I) What is Consolidated Fund? (m) What is Budget Deﬁ t? ci (n) Explain the term Most Favored Nations (0) Meaning of Capital- Output Ratio 12 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -1 (Article Hind Mains Exam Strategy) SECTION - 1 (Article: : CSE (b) BEMs Study Material -Topper’s Choice (c) IAEA (d) BIMSTEC N.C.E.R.T. 11th Standard (New) and Uma Kapila for (e) ECJ understanding the problems of Indian Economy have been very helpful for in depth analysis of Indian Study Material -Topper’s Choice Economy. For two markers - India Year Book and Pratiyogta Darpan special issues are important. The cur- Any Book on International Organization such as UN, rent happening can be studied through Economic sur- Regional Organizations, Human Rights Organization vey and Newspaper. etc, Frontline, World Focus etc (c) International Affairs & Institutions (d) Developments in the ﬁ d o sci enc e el f & technology, communications and This part will include questions on important events in space world affairs and on international institutions. Questions In this part, questions will test the candidate's awareness of the developments in the ﬁ d o sci enc e & tech- el f 7. Write about any two of the following (in about nology, communications and space and also basic ideas 150 words each): 15x2=30 of computers. (a) Impact of globalization on state system and its insti- Questions tutions 10. Answer any one of the following in about 250 (b) SAARC Summit 2007--2007 words: 30 --2007 (a). Explain the phenomenon of ozone depletion, its (c) The UN conference on Environment and Develop- cause and effects . What efforts are needed to reduce it. ment (The Earth Summit) (b). what do you understanding by the term 8. Write about the following (in about 20 words each): ‘biodiversity’? Examine the cause and consequence of 2x5 = 10--2007 degeneration of biodiversity? (a) G-8 Summit 2007 (b) Hyde Act of 2006 11. Answer any two of the following (answer for each (c) Global Governance question should be in about 150 words) : 15x2=30 -- (d) Operation Silence 2007 (e) SAARC Human Rights Report 2006 (a) What are the alterative fuels available for the trans- 9. Write about the following by expanding and export sector? Discuss their characteristics, advantages 'and plaining the objectives (in about 20 Words each): disadvantages in their utilization. 2x5=10 --2007 (b) Explain the objectives and the current achievements (a) ICT4D of human genome project. 13 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -1 (Article Hind Mains Exam Strategy) SECTION - 1 (Article: : CSE (c) Discuss the missile technology initiatives undertaken by India. (i) Put the above information in a proper table with title. 12. Answer all the fi e (in about 20 w r ds each) : v o (ii) Calculate the increase in the percentage of the fe- 2x5=10 --2007 male workers belonging to the union in that fi e y v ear period. (a) What is fi a l l ? rew (b) What is mal ware ? (b) The marks obtained by 20 students in a subject are given: 8 (c) What do the following stand for? 32, 62, 72, 46, 52, 74, 53, 42, 58, 61, 59, 46, 36, 76, 58, (i) MPEG 77, 62, 48, 36, 39. (ii) ISP (iii) HTML Form a frequency distribution table with class interval (iv) ASCII 10. Also Draw the Histogram. (d) What is Root kit? 14. (a) For the following distribution of statistics test (e) What is computer architecture? grades, construct a frequency polygon and answer the following: 8 --2007 Study Material -Topper’s Choice (i) How many test grades are greater than 87 ? Science and Technology from Hindu, Yojna and Vaji Ram Notes. (ii) What percentage of test grades are greater than 83? (e) Statistical analysis, graphs and (iii) What percentage of test grades are lower than72? diagrams (iv) What percentage of test grades are between 72 and 79 (inclusive ) This part will include exercises to test the candidate's ability to draw common sense conclusions from infor- Test Grades: mation presented in statistical, graphical or 73, 92, 57, 89, 70, 95, 75, 80, 47, 88, 47, 48, 64, 86, 79, diagrammatical form and to point out defi enc i es, lim - ci i 72, 71, 77, 93, 55, 75, 50, 53, 75, 85, 50, 82, 45, 40, 82, tations or inconsistencies therein. 60, 89, 79, 65, 54, 93, 60, 83, 59 Questions (b). Construct an appropriate diagram to show the following data of a university: 8 --2007 13. (a) In the year 2000 out of a total 1750 workers of a factory 1200 workers were members of a union. Course No. of Students: The number of women employed was 200 of which Engineering 440 175 did not belong to the union. In 2005 , the num- Arts 220 ber of union workers increased to 1510 of which 1290 Agriculture 120 were men . On the other hand the number of non Home Science 80 union workers fell down to 208 of which 180 were Economic 60 men. 8 --2007 Total = 920 14 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

15. (a) What do you understand by 2 --2007 (i) Primary and secondary data (ii) Data classiﬁ io cat n (iii) Measures of central tendency (iv) Characteristics of good average (b) The mean wage of 100 laborers working in a factory running two shifts of 60 and 40 workers respectively is Rs. 38. The mean wage of 60 labourers working in the morning shift is Rs 40. Find the mean wage of 40 Labourers working in the evening shift. 2 --2007 (c) The mean age of a group of 5 boys is 16 years. Another boy joins the group and then the mean age of the group becomes 18 years. How old is the newcomer? 2 --2007 (d) Arithmetic means of two completely different sets of values may be same. When extreme values are taken into consideration, the arithmetic mean is largely affected. Is it merit or demerit of arithmetic mean and give reasons for your statement? 2--2007 Study Material -Topper’s Choice Spectrum is good. Practice last 10 year questions properly. Time management is the most important thing in Statis- tics. This Article is Available Online Also:- http://upscportal.com/civilservices/mag/vol-4/article/CSE-Mains-Exam-Strategy Advertise your Business Here Contact Us Online: http://upscportal.com/store/contact 15 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Successful Tips » Test you self with the revision-type Model Test Papers. » Do not dishearten by initial low score. » Emphasis on your weak-spots, same time do (IMP) Get UPSCPORTAL , Jobs, Re- not forget to improve your plus portion. sults, Notification Alerts on Email. » Test yourself at a regular interval. Step-1: Fill Your Email address in form be- » Make a mental note of areas you have cov- low. you will get a confirmation email within ered and what remains to be covered. 10 min. » Be analytical in response. » Do not overstretch yourself area of cover- Step-2: Varify your email by clicking on the link in the email. (check Inbox and Spam fold- age-wise. ers) » Revise your stuff a number of times. » A calm mental state is most important. Step-3: Done! Now you will regular Alerts » Since there is negative marking in the exam on your email. now, it is suggested to leave any questions that you are not sure of, unanswered. » Do not get stuck at any question. Move on from question to question and attempt the diffi- cult ones at the end. 16 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -11(Article Hind SECTION - (Article: : Union Budget 2009-10) Union Budget 2009-10 Major Allocations to Boost Up Economy By Sangeeta Gupta ishing of surcharge, fringe benefi tax a c mo d- t nd om Author is an expert of various competitive examina- ity transaction tax. Extension of tax benefi u t nder tions. Sections 10A and 10B are also welcome though this could have been for a longer period of three years, Minister of Finance Sh. Pranab Mukherjee has which would have provided more visibility. The presented Union Budget 2009-10 on July 6, 2009 in industry’s demand for reduction in rates of corpo- the Lok Sabha. This Budget must be looked at rate tax has unfortunately not been accepted this against the larger back- time. The decision to in- drop of the unprec- troduce a full-fl edged edented global economic GST from April 1, 2010 crisis. Finance minister is perhaps the most no- had to do a fi e b anc - n al table announcement in ing act between fi scal the area of indirect taxes. compulsions and the Besides this however, need to provide contin- there is no relief for the Courtesy: PIB.NIC.IN ued stimulus to the struggling medium and economy. In the given heavy commercial ve- circumstances, he has hicle industry and the done reasonably well automotive component though clearly he has not sector. With a time lag, been able to meet the ex- private investment pectations of all sections should resume, marking in the economy. The focus of the Budget has been the return to high economic growth. The worries on infrastructure development, agriculture, exports, in this regard are two-fold. Firstly, the nature of the social sector and education and skill develop- the government’s borrowing programme and its im- ment. The initiatives in these areas are largely aimed pact on the interest rates and the role of private at supporting short-term economic revival. In- investments. The second one arises out of the high creased allocation for highways, urban infrastruc- quantum of the outlay without an attempt to ex- ture, power and the national gas grid are welcome. tract accountability and effi enc y from th im l e- ci e p However, the relief to exporters could have been mentation machinery. The feel good for the people more. comes from lowering of the threshold of personal income tax. Corporate will surely welcome the abo- The fi a nc e m n ster h s pr opos ed m di u - term n i i a e m lition of the irritating and unproductive FBT and stimulus for the economy through institutional re- will not dispute the logic of MAT. A Budget that is forms. We will have to wait for specifi in a cs reas of positive for the economy is good for industry. Ex- petroleum product pricing, taxes, disinvestment and tension of weighted expenditure deduction for in- the proposal to raise the threshold for non promot- house R&D is welcome. ers’ shareholding in listed companies, though. In the area of direct taxes, fi a nc e m n ster h s sig- n i i a The government has shown foresight by provision- nifi ly m t th in try’ s expect at io b abol - cant e e dus n y ing to keep the banks and insurance under public 17 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -11(Article Hind SECTION - (Article: : Union Budget 2009-10) sector control under the present recessionary sce- terim Budget for 2009-10, he had stated that the nario. The emphasis on the social sector develop- new Government would need to anchor its policies ment is in line with the government’s mantra of for 2009-10, in a medium term perspective that inclusive growth. Special emphasis on education is would have to: a welcome step. The provision for the Scheme ‘Mis- sion in Education through ICT’ has been increased (a) sustain a growth rate of at least 9 per cent per to Rs 900 crore and will create a better talent fl wo annum over an extended period of time; in the years to come. The speed of progress —in talent assessment, training needs analysis for a range (b) strengthen the mechanisms for inclusive growth of services sectors including IT and development of for creating about 12 million new work opportuni- a new technology architecture which would sup- ties per year; port learner centric education by connecting campuses, content specialists and the student commu- (c) reduce the proportion of people living below nity will now be possible by the up-gradation for poverty line to less than half from current levels by Polytechnics under the Skill Development Mission 2014; for which allocations have also been increased. The enhancement of overall Plan Budget for higher edu- (d) ensure that Indian agriculture continues to grow cation by Rs 2,000 crore over interim budget esti- at an annual rate of 4 per cent; mates and allocation of Rs 2,113 crore for IITs and NITs is just one of many initiatives our country (e) increase the investment in infrastructure to more needs—especially in J&K, North East, and other than 9 per cent of GDP by 2014; states to reduce digital divide. New projects such as (f) support Indian industry to meet the challenge modernisation of the employment exchanges and of global competition and sustain the growth mo- unique identifi io c cat n ard w th p ic p iv e p i ubl r at art- mentum in exports; nership also focuses on effi enc y o d iv ci f el ery o gf ov- ernment programmes and is an important step in (g) strengthen and improve the economic regula- ushering greater transparency in public decision- tory framework in the country; making process. (h) expand the range and reach of social safety nets Union Budget Speech: In his Budget speech fianc e n by providing direct assistance to vulnerable sections; minister said that the Just 140 days back, he had the privilege to present the Interim Budget for 2009- (i) strengthen the delivery mechanism for primary 10. It is a rare honour that he has been called upon health care facilities with a view to improve the to present the regular budget after the new Gov- preventive and curative health care in the country; ernment assumed offi T C ngres s-led U A ce. he o P Government has come back to power with a re- (j) create a competitive, progressive and well regu- newed mandate. As Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan lated education system of global standards that Singh, said recently It is a mandate for continuity, meets the aspiration of all segments of the society; stability and prosperity. It is a mandate for inclu- and sive growth and equitable development. In the In- 18 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -11(Article Hind SECTION - (Article: : Union Budget 2009-10) (k) move towards providing energy security by pursuing an Integrated Energy Policy. The structure of India economy has changed rapidly in the last ten years. External trade and exter- The Government recognizes the challenges that this nal capital fl w are an i m or tant part of the os p task entails, particularly at a time when the world economy and so is the contribution of the services is still struggling with an unprecedented fi a nc i al n sector to the GDP at well over 50 per cent. The crisis and an economic slowdown that has also af- share of merchandise trade (exports plus imports) fected India . The fi cha l leng e is to l ead th rst e as a proportion of GDP has more than doubled over economy back to the high GDP growth rate of 9 the past decade to 38.9 per cent in 2008-09. Simi- per cent per annum at the earliest. Growth of in- larly, trade in goods and services taken together has come is important in itself, but it is as important also doubled to 47 per cent during this period. Gross for the resources that it brings in. These resources capital fl w ros e to a peak of over 9 per cent of os provide the means to bridge the critical gaps that GDP in 2007-08 before falling in the wake of the remain in our development efforts, particularly with global fi a nc i al crisis. T signi fi n he cant in eas e i n cr regard to the welfare of the vulnerable segments of the infl w of for ei gn capi tal is im or tant , not so o p Indian population. The second challenge is to much for bridging the domestic savings-investment deepen and broaden the agenda for inclusive de- gap, but for facilitating the intermediation of fi an- n velopment; and to ensure that no individual, com- cial resources to meet the growing needs of the munity or region is denied the opportunity to par- economy. ticipate in and benefi from th d t e evel o e nt p o- pm r cess. The third challenge is to re-energize govern- This growing integration of the Indian economy ment and improve delivery mechanisms. Our in- with the rest of the world has brought new oppor- stitutions must provide high quality public services, tunities and also new challenges. It has made the security and the rule of law to all citizens with trans- task of sustaining high growth more complex. Over parency and accountability. the past month, we have critically evaluated Government’s efforts at both short term economic Overview of the Economy: The principal growth recovery as well as medium term economic growth. driver in this period has been private investment, The economic recovery and growth is a coopera- which has been predominantly funded by domes- tive effort of the Central and State Governments. tic resources. During the year 2008-09, there has been a dip in the growth rate of GDP from an aver- Towards Economic Revival age of over 9 per cent in the previous three fi scal year to 6.7 per cent. It has affected the pace of job Short-term measures: To counter the negative fall- creation in certain sectors of the economy and the out of the global slowdown on the Indian economy, investment sentiments of the business community. the Government responded by providing three fo- It has also resulted in considerably lower revenue cused fi scal stim l u packages in th for m of tax u s e growth for the government. Another feature of the relief to boost demand and increased expenditure year 2008-09 was a sharp rise in the wholesale price on public projects to create employment and pub- index to nearly 13% in August 2008 and an equally lic assets. The RBI took a number of monetary eas- sharp fall close to 0% in March 2009. ing and liquidity enhancing measures to facilitate fl w o fu o f nds from th fianci al sy emt ome t th e n st e e 19 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -11(Article Hind SECTION - (Article: : Union Budget 2009-10) needs of productive sectors. This fi scal accom - mo current budget. To improve the lot of the urban dation led to an increase in fi scal deficit from 2 .7 poor, Ministry proposed to enhance the allocation per cent in 2007-08 to 6.2 per cent of GDP in 2008- for housing and provision of basic amenities to ur- 09. The difference between the actuals of 2007-08 ban poor to Rs.3,973 crore in the current years bud- and 2008-09 constituted the total fi scal stim l u . u s get. This includes the provision for Rajiv Awas This fiscal stim l u a 3 5 o G u s t . % f DP a c rent m r- t ur a Yojana (RAY), a new scheme announced in the ket prices for 2008-09 amounts to Rs.1,86,000 crore. address of the President of India. This scheme, the These measures were effective in arresting the fall parameters of which are being worked out, is in- in growth rate of GDP in 2008-09 and we achieved tended to make the country slum free in the fi e v a growth of 6.7 per cent. There are signs of revival year period. in the domestic industry and the foreign investors have also returned to the Indian market in the May- Brihan Mumbai Storm Water Drainage Project jun,2009. (BRIMSTOWA) Infrastructure Development To address the problem of fl odi n in M m ai , o g u b Brihan Mumbai Storm Water Drainage Project To stimulate public investment in infrastructure, (BRIMSTOWA) was initiated in 2007. The entire government has set up the India Infrastructure Fi- estimated cost of the project at Rs.1,200 crore is nance Company Limited (IIFCL) as a special pur- being funded through Central assistance. A sum of pose vehicle for providing long term fi a nc i al as- n Rs.500 crore has been released for this project upto sistance to infrastructure projects. Government will 2008-09. Government have enhanced the provision ensure that IIFCL is given greater fl b lity to a exi i g- for this project from Rs.200 crore in Interim BE to gressively fulfi its m ndat e. l a Rs.500 crore to expedite the completion of the project. Highway and Railways: The allocation during the current year to National Highways Authority of Power: The Accelerated Power Development and India (NHAI) for the National Highways Develop- Reform Programme (APDRP) is an important ment Programme (NHDP) is being stepped up by scheme for reducing the gap between power de- 23 per cent over the 2008-09 (BE). Government mand and supply. Government has proposed to in- have also increased the allocation for the Railways crease the allocation for this scheme to Rs.2,080 from Rs.10,800 crore made in the Interim Budget crore, a steep increase of 160 per cent above the for 2009-10 to Rs.15,800 crore. allocation in the BE of 2008-09. Urban Infrastructure: The Jawaharlal Nehru Na- Gas: With the recent fi d o n t u al g in th K n f a r as e G tional Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) has been Basin on the Eastern offshore of the country, the an important instrument for refocusing the atten- indigenous production of Natural Gas is set to double tion of the State governments on the importance of with natural gas emerging as an important source urban infrastructure. In recognition of the role of of energy. LNG infrastructure in the country is also JNNURM, the allocation for this scheme is being being expanded. Government has proposed to de- stepped up by 87 per cent to Rs.12,887 crore in the velop a blueprint for long distance gas highways leading to a National Gas Grid. This would facili- 20 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -11(Article Hind SECTION - (Article: : Union Budget 2009-10) tate transportation of gas across the length and to make the following changes in the scheme: breadth of the country. » Services received by exporters from goods trans- Agricultural Development port agents and commission agents, where the liability to pay service tax is ab initio on the exporter, Agriculture has been the mainstay of Indian would be exempted from service tax. Thus, there economy with 60 per cent of our population deriv- would be no need for the exporter to fi p th rst ay e ing their sustenance from it. In the recent past, the tax and later claim refund. sector has recorded a growth of about 4 per cent per annum with substantial increase in plan alloca- » For other services received by exporters, the ex- tions and capital formation in the sector. Agricul- emption would be operated through the existing ture credit fl w w s R . 2 8 0 cror e in 2 o a s , 7, 00 008- 09. refund mechanism based on self-certificatio o th n f e The target for agriculture credit fl w for th y o e ear documents where such refund is below 0.25 per cent 2009-10 is being set at Rs.3,25,000 crore. To achieve of fob value, and certifi io of docum nt s by a cat n e this, Government has proposed to continue the in- Chartered Accountant for value of refund exceed- terest subvention scheme for short term crop loans ing the above limit. to farmers for loans upto Rs.3 lakh per farmer at the interest rate of 7 per cent per annum. for this Budget Estimate 2009-10 year, the Government shall pay an additional subvention of 1 per cent as an incentive to those farm- » Fiscal defi t as a p ci ercent age o G f DP is p oj ect ed r ers who repay their short term crop loans on sched- at 6.8 per cent compared to 2.5 per cent in B.E. ule. Thus, the interest rate for these farmers will 2008-09 and 6.2 per cent as per provisional accounts come down to 6 per cent per annum. For this, gov- 2008-09. ernment is making an additional Budget provision of Rs.411 crore over Interim BE. » Increase in Non-plan expenditure is mainly due to implementation of Sixth Central Pay Commis- Service tax: It is an international practice to zero- sion recommendations, increased food subsidy and rate exports. To achieve this objective, a scheme higher interest payment arising out of larger fiscal was announced in 2007, granting refund of service defi t in 2 ci 008- 09. tax paid on certain taxable services used after the clearance of export goods from the factory. For some » Interest payments estimated at Rs.2,25,511 crore time now, the exporting community has been ex- constituting about 36 per cent of Non-plan revenue pressing dissatisfaction over the diffi ties faced cul expenditure in B.E. 2009-10. in obtaining such refunds. Several procedural sim- » Subsidies up from Rs.71,431 crore in B.E. 2008- plifi io at tem t ed i n th past ha ve al so not cat ns p e 09 to Rs.1,11,276 crore in B.E. 2009-10. yielded satisfactory results. The solution seems to lie in placing greater trust on the claims fi by led » Outlay for Defence up from Rs.1,05,600 crore in the exporters. B.E. 2008-09 to Rs.1,41,703 crore in B.E. 2009-10. Keeping this in view, Government has proposed » Gross Budgetary Support for Annual Plan 2009- 21 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -11(Article Hind SECTION - (Article: : Union Budget 2009-10) 10 enhanced by Rs.40,000 crore over Interim B.E. pct hike from 2008-09 budgetary allocation 2009-10.. » Service tax imposed on certain legal services » State Governments to be permitted to borrow ad- » Customs duty to be reduced on drugs for heart ditional 0.5 per cent of their GSDP by relaxing the treatment fiscal d eficit target u de r FR f rom 3 .5 per cent n BM » Mobile phone accessories to become cheaper to 4 per cent of their GSDP. This will enable the » Branded jewellery to become cheaper States to borrow Rs.21,000 crore additionally over Interim B.E. 2009-10. » Customs duty on bio-diesel reduced » Tax holiday textile units extended » Gross tax receipts budgeted at Rs.6,41,079 crore » Customs duty on gold and silver import increased in B.E. 2009-10 compared to Rs.6,87,715 crore in » Custom duty on gold re-imposed B.E. 2008-09. » Small businesses exempt from advance tax » Non-tax revenue receipts estimated at Rs.1,40,279 » Overall customs and excise duty structure main- crore in B.E. 2009-10 compared to Rs.95,785 crore tained in B.E. 2008-09. » To impose 5 pct customs duty on set top boxes » Revenue defi t p oj ect ed at 4 8 p cent o G ci r . er f DP » Custom duty on LCD panels halved in B.E. 2009-10 compared to 1 per cent in B.E. 2008- » Tax holiday to natural gas extended 09 and 4.6 per cent as per provisional accounts of » Anonymous funds to charitable bodies get tax 2008-09 relief Union Budget Main Features » MAT rate hiked to 15% of book profi t » Commodities Transaction Tax to be abolished » Total budget expenditure for 2009-10 will be Rs » Effort is to improve tax collection by eliminating 10,28,032 cr distortions in tax system and expanding the base » Exemption limit for income tax raised by Rs 10,000 » Direct Tax code to be released in 45 days along » Hike in IT exemption for women to Rs 1,90,000 with discussion paper » Hike in IT exemption to Rs 2,40,000 for senior » Share of direct taxes has increased to 56 pct in citizens 2008-09 over 41 pct in 2007-08 » No change in corporate tax » Tax holiday for exporters extended until 2012 » Eliminate surcharge on personal Income Tax by » Fringe Benefi T x to b abol ish d t a e e 10 pct » Income tax incentives on education loans ex- » Service tax exempted for exporters on select ser- panded to cover vocational studies after schooling vices » Goods and Services Tax to be introduced from » Defence gets Rs 1,41,703 crore for 2009-10, a 34 April 1, 2010 22 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -11(Article Hind SECTION - (Article: : Union Budget 2009-10) » New tax code to be set up in 45 days » Action initiated to provide social security to » Govt committed to tax reforms unorganised sector workers » Plan expenditure, for Centre and States, to go » Full interest subsidy for students taking courses up by Rs 61,000 cr in approved institutions; fi e l akh stu v dent s to » Fiscal defi t seen at 6 8 p ci . ct benefi t » Higher public investment in infrastructure » To add handloom cluster in Tamil Nadu and » Rs 500 crore allocated for rehabilitation of in- West Bengal ternally displaced Tamils in Sri Lanka » 50 pct of all rural women to be brought into » Rs 1,000 crore for rebuilding infrastructure self-help group programmes damaged by 'Aila' in West Bengal » Rashtriya Mahila Kosh allocation to be raised » Rs 25 cr allocated each for AMU campuses in » to Rs 500 cr Murshidabad, Mallapuram » National Mission for Female Literacy with em- » One lakh dwelling units for paramilitary forces phasis on minorities, SC/ST to be launched personnel to be constructed » Interest subsidy for home loans hiked to Rs 1 » Pension of non-commissioned offi cers to be lakh hiked » Allocation for Bharat Nirman programme » One rank, one pension for ex-servicemen from raised by 45 pct July 1,2009 » Full interest subsidy for poor students for » Rs 2,113 cr for IITs and NITs higher education » Allocation of Rs 50 cr to Chandigarh Univer- » Rs 100 cr one-time grant to expand banks in sity unbanking areas » Commonwealth allocation hiked to Rs 16,300 » Work on National Food Security scheme for cr providing food at cheaper rates to the poor has » Govt to hike allocation to National Ganga begun Project to Rs 562 cr » Indira Awaas Yojna hiked by 63 pct to Rs 8,883 » First Unique ID to citizens to roll out in 12-18 cr months; Rs 120 crore proposed for the project » Rs 31,100 crore allocated to NREGA » Allocation for National Rural Health Mission » NREGA gave employment opportunities to to be raised by Rs 257 cr more than 4.479 cr households in last fi scal » National action plan on climate change » To return to FRBM target for fi scal d sci p in i l e » Allowances to para-military forces at par with at the earliest defence forces » Subsidy regime for fertilisers to change to nu- » Modernisation of national employment ex- trient-based rather than price-based changes to be carried out 23 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -1 (Article Hind SECTION - 1 (Article: : Union Budget 2009-10) » Banking network to be expanded » Uncertainties of global economy remain » Banks and insurance fi s to rem i n in p ic rm a ubl » IIFCL to be given greater fl b lity exi i sector » Govt took 3 stimulus packages to fi slo d ow ght w n » Threshold for non-promoter public listed com- » Trade in goods and services doubled in 2008 panies raised » Significant h k in for ei gn capi tal i e » Saral-II forms to simplify taxation process » Infra investment to exceed 9% of GDP by 2014 » Move towards energy security via Integrated En- » Policy target to revive agriculture and industrial ergy Act growth » An expert group to look into petroleum product » Ensure 4 pct growth for agriculture pricing » Increase investment in infrastructure » Export Credit Guarantee scheme extended till » Growth Target at 9 pct per annum March 2010 Budget Aims At Inclusive Growth » Print media stimulus package extended by 6 months National Food Security Act: » Target for agriculture credit raised to Rs 3,25,000 » National Food Security Act to be brought in to cr in FY10 ensure entitlement of 25 kilo of rice or wheat per month at Rs.3 per kilo to every family living below » Allocation of Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojna the poverty line in rural or urban areas. Food Secu- stepped up by 30 pct rity Bill to be put on the website of the Depart- » Will create close to 12 million jobs ment of Food and Public Distribution for public » Farmers loan interest to come down to 6 pct debate. » Total fiscal stim l u d in F 9 is R 1 8 0 u s ur g Y0 s , 6, 00 National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme cr (NREGS) » Fund allocation for urban poor accommodation is 3,973,000 cr » Allocation under NREGS increased by 144 per cent to Rs.39,100 crore in B.E. 2009-10 over B.E. 2008- » Housing allocation hiked under Rajiv Awaas 09. Yojana » Mumbai fl od m na gem nt a lo io h k to o a e l cat n i ed » To increase productivity of assets and resources Rs 500 cr under NREGA, convergence with other schemes relating to agriculture, forests, water resources, land » IIFCL will re-fia nc e 6 p o c me rci al b n 0 ct f om ank resources, rural roads initiated. In the fi stage 1 rst 15 loans in PPP pilot districts selected for convergence. » Share of trade has doubled to 38 % of GDP 24 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -11(Article Hind SECTION - (Article: : Union Budget 2009-10) Pradhan Mantri Adarsh Gram Yojana ter infrastructure to the people of Chandigarh. (PMAGY) » Rs.2,113 crore allocated for IITs and NITs which » New scheme Pradhan Mantri Adarsh Gram Yojana includes a provision of Rs.450 crore for new IITs (PMAGY) with an allocation of Rs.100 crore and NITs. launched on pilot basis for integrated development of 1000 villages having population of scheduled » Rs.827 crore allocated for opening one Central castes above 50 per cent. University in each uncovered State. Welfare of Minorities: Direct Taxes: » Rs.25 crore each allocated for establishing new » Scope of presumptive taxation to be extended to campuses at Murshidabad in West Bengal and all small businesses with a turnover upto Rs. 40 lakh. Malappuram in Kerala by Aligarh Muslim Univer- All such taxpayers to have option to declare their sity. income from business at the rate of 8 percent of their turnover and simultaneously enjoy exemption » Allocations made for the new schemes of National from the compliance burden of maintaining books Fellowship for Students from minority community of accounts. As a procedural simplifi n, th y a catio e re and Grants-in-aid to Central Wakf Council for com- also to be exempted from advance tax and allowed puterization of records of State Wakf Boards. to pay their entire tax liability from business at the time of fi g th i r ret u n T s n sche m to c e lin e r . hi ew e om » Plan outlay of Ministry of Minority Affairs en- into effect from the fi a nc i al y n ear 2010- 11. hanced from Rs.1,000 crore in B.E. 2008-09 to Rs.1,740 crore in 2009-10 registering an increase of » Deduction under section 80E of the Income-tax 74 per cent. This includes Rs.990 crore for Multi- Act allowed in respect of interest on loans taken Sectoral Development Programme for Minorities, for pursuing higher education in specifi fi ed elds of Grants-in-aid to Maulana Azad Education Founda- study to be extended to cover all fi d of stu el s dy, tion, National Minorities Development and Finance including vocational studies, pursued after comple- Corporation and pre and post matric scholarship for tion of schooling. minorities. » Donations to electoral trusts to be allowed as a Education: 100 percent deduction in the computation of the » Provision for the scheme Mission in Education income of the donor. through ICT substantially increased to Rs.900 crore and the provision for setting up and up-gradation » Commodity Transaction Tax (CTT) to be scrapped. of Polytechnics under the Skill Development Mis- Alternative dispute resolution mechanism to be cre- sion enhanced to Rs.495 crore. ated within the Income Tax Department for the resolution of transfer pricing disputes. Minimum » Rs.50 crore allocated for Punjab University, Alternate Tax (MAT) to be increased to 15 per cent Chandigarh. Plan allocation for Chandigarh to be of book profi from 1 p c . T p d a lo e d ts 0 er ent he erio l w suitably enhanced during the year to provide bet- to carry forward the tax credit under MAT to be extended from seven years to ten years. 25 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -11(Article Hind SECTION - (Article: : Union Budget 2009-10) Indirect Taxes: Union Budget 2009-10 Highlights » Proposals on indirect taxes to seek to achieve stable framework by maintaining the overall rate struc- » Budget spells out the target for the UPA: To bring ture for customs and central excise duties as well as back the 9% growth service tax. » Commodities Transaction Tax (CTT) to be » Full exemption from 4% special CVD on parts for scrapped manufacture of mobile phones and accessories to » 10% surcharge on personal Income tax scrapped be reintroduced for one year. » Fringe Benefi T x (F t a BT) to b scrapped e » Customs duty of 5% to be imposed on Set Top » IT exemption limit for Women hiked to Rs Box for television broadcasting. 190,000 » Customs duty on bio-diesel to be reduced from » IT exemption limit for Senior Citizens hiked to 7.5% to 2.5%. Rs 240,000 » Concessional customs duty of 5% on specifi m - ed a » Rs 12000 crore earmarked for expenditure on ru- chinery for tea, coffee and rubber plantations to be ral roads in FY 2010 reintroduced for one year, upto 06.07.2010. » Drugs related to heart diseases to be cheaper Excise duty on Special Boiling Point spirits to be » Service Tax to be now applicable on law fi s rm reduced to 14%. » Bio-diesel custom duty lowered » Excise duty on manmade fi r e and y b arn to b in e - » Customs Duty on import of Gold and Silver increased from 4% to 8%. creased » Branded women's jewellery to be cheaper » Full exemption from excise duty to be provided on goods of Chapter 68 of Central Excise Tariff » Rs 16300 Crore to be set aside for the upcoming manufactured at the site of construction for use in Commonwealth Games construction work at such site. » IITs and NITs to get Rs 2113 crore » Corporate Tax unchanged » Export Promotion Councils and the Federation of Indian Export Organizations (FIEO) to be exempt » One rank-one pension scheme to be in place for from service tax on the membership and other fees Ex-Servicemen collected by them till 31st March 2010. » National Ganga Project allocation to go up to Rs 562 Crore » Unique Identifi io (U D p oj ect u cat n I ) r nder N ndan a M. Nilekani to be out in 12-18 months » NRHM allocation to be raised by Rs 257 crore This Article is Available Online Also:- http://upscportal.com/civilservices/mag/vol-4/article/Union-Budget-2009-10 26 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -1 (Article Hind SECTION - 1 (Article: : Union Budget 2009-10) » A national level action plan in place for climate change » National Employment Exchanges to be modernised » Interest subsidy for home loans up to 1 lakh Courtesy: WN.COM » Indira Awaas Yojna bolstered up by 63% to Rs 8883 crore » Saral 2 forms to simply tax fi g p oces s lin r » Emphasis on fertiliser subsidy reaching out directly to farmers » Petroleum price expert panel to set petroleum prices which would be in sync with the global levels » Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojna allocation increased by 30% » IIFCL, a new company would look into the infrastructure needs » Extension of farm loan waiver scheme by 6 months » Allocation of National Highway Authority of India (NHAI) increased by 23% » Fiscal stimulus at 3.5% pf the GDP » Small scale businesses to be exempted from advance tax » 50% reduction in the Custom Duty on LCD panels » Set top boxes to be costlier » Goods and Services Tax (GST) to be in effect from April, 2010 » Textile units to enjoy continued tax holidays » Government has praised the 3 stimulus packages which were rolled out by the UPA to fi th g o ght e l bal economic meltdown Rail Budget 2009-10 Ms Mamta Banerjee has presented the fi R i l B rst a udget of the newly elected government and acknowledged a need to put in more efforts towards development of facilities like passenger amenities, cleanliness, security and catering services. Main features of rail budget 2009-10 are following: » No change in Passenger Fares. » Freight Rates untouched. » One Doctor to be available on long distance trains to attend to passenger/staff medical emergencies. » Ticket booking services to open in 800 new locations. 27 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -11(Article Hind SECTION - (Article: : Union Budget 2009-10) » 5000 Post Ofﬁ p In a to p ovi d R i lw y ces an di r e a a troduced on select routes. ticket booking facility. » Railways will no longer be guided by economic » 'Turant AC' sleeper trains to be introduced be- viability but social commitment said Mamta tween major metros. Banerjee. » Rs 1750 crore to be spent on Gauge conversion. » Cold storage facilities to be developed for farmers » Students to receive a 60% concession on train tick- storing vegetables and fruits. ets. » New Hospitals to be Opened up for Hospital Staff. » Non-stop trains to be operational soon on select » Indian Railways to lease out land for commercial routes. purposes to increase revenue » 50 Railway Stations to be built at par with inter- New Trains national standards. » Extension of 'Ladies Special' trains to major metros Vishakhapatnam - Secunderabad -Mumbai Super- like Delhi, Kolkata Chennai. fast (Bi-weekly) » 50% concession for Scribes. » Rs 81685 crore to be the estimated working ex- » Bangalore- Hubli -Solapur Superfast (Tri-weekly) penditure. » Howrah - Bangalore Superfast (Weekly) » Kachrapara, Bengal to get new coach factory. » Kamakhya - Puri Express (Weekly) » Scholarship schemes for Girl child of Group B Rail- » Gandhidham- Howrah Superfast (Weekly) way employees. » Delhi - Sadulpur Express (Tri-weekly) » Women commandos to be increased in key routes. » Mumbai - Karwar Superfast (Tri-weekly) » Physically challenged passengers to be accommo- » Durg- Jaipur Express (Weekly) dated in specially designed coaches. » Hazrat Nizammudin -Bangalore Rajdhani Express » Increase in utility stores such as PCO/STD/ISD (Tri-weekly) via Kacheguda booths and book stores. » Mumbai-Varanasi Superfast (Daily) » Increased emphasis on security (platform and » Varanasi- Jammu Tawi Superfast (Daily) train). » Mumbai - Jodhpur Express (Weekly) » Catering facilities to be upgraded in order to ad- » Bangalore - Kochuveli Superfast (Weekly) dress growing number of passenger complaints/ feedback. Train Frequency Increased: » SMS updates for waiting list status. » 2685/2686 Chennai- Mangalore from 3 days to » Tatkal booking scheme reduced from 5 days to 2 daily days. » 2443/2444 New Delhi- Bhubaneswar Rajdhani Ex- » Setting up of ATMs on 200 stations identiﬁ ed. press from 2 days to 4 days » High capacity double decker AC trains to be in- 28 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -11(Article Hind SECTION - (Article: : Union Budget 2009-10) » 2111/2112 Amravati-Mumbai Express from 3 days to daily » Permission to access private sidings will be given to containers which will help in attracting piece- » 2149/2150 Pune - Patna Express from 4 days to meal trafﬁ p es ent ly n b n c c r ot ei g arried b R i lw ys y a a daily » 2487/2488 Jogbani- Delhi Express from 5 days to » A premium service for container movement with daily assured transit time is being considered for time sen- sitive cargo. » 2905/2906 Porbander - Howrah (via Hapa) from 2 days to 3 days » Private ownership of special purpose rolling stock » 4207/4208 Delhi - Pratapgarh Padmavat Express for commodities and private operation of freight from 3 days to daily terminals will be encouraged. » 2423/2424 New Delhi- Guwahati Rajdhani Ex- » A new policy would be unveiled to allow con- press from 5 days to 6 days struction and operation of private freight terminals » 7091/7092 Secunderabad -Patna from 2 days to and multi-modal logistic parks. daily Mega logistics hubs are being planned alongside the proposed Eastern and Western Dedicated Freight » 2739/2740 Secunderabad - Vishakapatnam Express Corridors. from 4 days to daily » 2957/2958 Ahmedabad - New Delhi Rajdhani Ex- Facilities: press from 6 days to daily » Passenger amenities to be improved » 2487/2488 Jogbani- Delhi Express from 5 days to » Emphasis on cleanliness inside trains and on plat- daily forms » 2823/2824 Nizammudin-Durg Chhatisgarh » Quality of Railway catering to be improved Sampark Kranti from 2 days to 3 days » Safety and security to be bettered » Train timings to be adhered to with punctuality Infrastructure: Budget Glossary » New lines to be introduced » Gauge conversion at Chhindwara, Ahmedpur and Appropriation Bill: This Bill enables withdrawal Naghbir of money from the Consolidated Fund to pay off » Doubling at Tala, Secunderabad, Sahibganj, Ara, expenses. These are instruments that Parliament clears after the demand for grants has been approved » » Ghumani, Hissar, Dankuni, Bibinagar, by the Lok Sabha. Krishnanagar, Rajkot, Bandel and Jhansi. Bank Credit: It includes loans, cash credit and over- Freight: drafts, and inland bills and foreign bills purchased » Several measures to improve the proportion of and discounted. freight trafﬁ m vi n o R i lw ys c o g n a a 29 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -1 (Article Hind SECTION - 1 (Article: : Union Budget 2009-10) Gross National Product: GDP plus income of resi- Bill: A draft legislative proposal which becomes an dents from investments made abroad minus income Act when passed by both Houses of Parliament and earned by foreigners in domestic market leads to assented to by the President. the Gross National Product. Budgetary Defi t: Time when the expenses ex- ci Indirect Taxes: These are charged on goods pro- ceed the revenues is known as Budgetary Defi t. ci duced, imported or exported in the country. These taxes include Excise and Customs duties. Budget Estimate: These are the estimate of Fiscal Defi t and th R venue D ficit fo th year. Te ci e e e r e h Infl io at n: Infl io rat e is th percent age rat e of at n e term is associated with the estimates of Center's change in the price level. spending during the fi a nc i al y n ear a th in om nd e c e received as proceeds of tax revenues. Per Capita Income: The national income of a country, or region, divided by its population. Finance Bill: Government proposals for modifi cation or continuance of existing tax structure beyond Progressive Tax Structure: A tax structure in which a period earlier approved by Parliament. the marginal tax rate increases as the level of income increases. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): FDI is made in India by a company incorporated abroad, through Revenue Expenditure: Expenses incurred for func- a branch or a subsidiary company set up in India. tioning of government departments, interest on debt, subsidies etc. Foreign Institutional Investor (FII): An institution established outside India, which proposes to Sales Tax: A tax levied as a percentage of retail sales. invest in India. Vote on Account: It is a sort of interim budget Fiscal Defici t: Fiscal defi t occur s w e n t h ci h e where the government presents accounts required government's non-borrowed receipts fall short of to keep the machinery running until the next gov- its entire expenditure, it has to borrow money from ernment takes over. the public to meet the shortfall. The excess of total expenditure over total non-borrowed receipts is Wholesale Price Index: Prices of goods that are called the fi scal d eficit . dealt with wholesale (mostly inputs to production, rather than fi i sh d com di ties ). n e mo GDP: Total market value of fi i sh d g n e oods a ser- nd vices produced in the country in a given year. This Article is Available Online Also:- http://upscportal.com/civilservices/mag/vol-4/article/Rail-Budget-2009-10 30 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

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Section -11(Article Hind BRIC Summit) SECTION - (Article: : First First BRIC Summit Developing World Rendered New Power By R.K.Pandey The range of topics on the agenda and the line-up of presidents attending showed the growing eco- Brazil, Russia, India and China ended the fi B Crst RI nomic and political power of the world's emerging summit at Yekaterinburg in Russia by calling for nations, including India and China, and their dean increased role in global fi a nc i al in titu io b n s t ns y sire to forge new levers of infl enc e. H s t pr es i- u o emerging economies and developing nations. At the dent Dmitry Medvedev of Russia hailed the Urals conclusion of the fi B C sum t o ju 16, 2 rst RI mi n ne 009 city of Yekaterinburg as the epicenter of world poli- BRIC countries issued a tics. joint statement calling for increased economic re- BRICs New Affi a t io rm n form. The four nations, The so-called BRIC nations representing emerging of Brazil, Russia, India and economic powers, de- China called for reform of manded that developing international fi a nc i al i n n - economies have a greater stitutions, sweeping voice and representation in changes to the United Na- international fi a nc i al in n - tions to give a bigger role stitutions, and their heads to Brazil and India and a and senior leadership stable and predictable cur- Courtesy : Novinite.Com should be appointed rency system. Iran's presi- through an open, transparent and merit-based se- dent, re-elected in a disputed vote, fi a sal v at red o lection process. BRIC countries said that they also the United States, the leaders of India and Pakistan believe there is a strong need for a stable, predict- had their fi one - to- one m et in si n e t he rst e g c able and more diversifi in erna t io l m ne t ary ed t na o Mumbai attacks and the four top emerging market system, it showed a warning against the global economies held their fi sum t. rst mi domination of the US dollar as the world’s standard reserve currency. A common thread running through the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) summit and a sepa- Russian President Dmitry Medvedev had voiced rate meeting between Brazil, Russia, India, and similar sentiments before the summit, saying the China (BRIC) was discussion of a new world order current reserve policies have not managed to per- less dependent on the United States. President of form their functions. Chief economic aide, Arkady Russia told that existing reserve currencies, includ- Dvorkovich, suggested that the International Mon- ing the U.S. dollar, had not performed their func- etary Fund (IMF) should revise the basket of cur- tion and said it was time for change and countries rencies used to value its fi a nc i al pr oduct s to in n - should use their national currencies more for trade. clude the Russian ruble and Chinese Yuan. At the The BRIC summit ended with a statement by moment the currencies included are the dollar, euro, Medvedev and a communique which demanded yen and sterling. more power for developing nations. It did not mention two key Moscow initiatives a smaller role for the U.S. dollar and a supranational reserve currency. 32 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -1 (Article Hind BRIC Summit) SECTION - 1 (Article: : First The Kremlin's top economic aide, Arkady Campaigning for Economic Modifi io cat n Dvorkovich, said the International Monetary Fund Those divisive issues are mainly political in nature (IMF) should expand the basket of its Special Draw- which is why most observers correctly predicted ing Right (an international reserve asset) to includ- that the BRIC summit would focus predominantly ing the Chinese yuan, the Russian rouble and gold. on economic issues. Combined, the BRIC countries The dollar fell 0.9 percent against a basket of major currently have a 15-percent share of the world currencies on world markets after Medvedev's com- economy and a 42-percent share of global currency ments. Since the four BRIC nations represent reserves. Their increased economic power was un- around 40 percent of the world's population and 15 derscored when Brazil and Russia joined China in percent of its GDP. Russia and China lead the SCO, announcing they would shift some $70 billion (50 a security and economic co-operation forum which billion euros) of reserves into multicurrency bonds also includes four Central Asian states, plus Iran, issued by the International Monetary Fund. The Mongolia, India and Pakistan as observers. It can move was interpreted by some as an attempt to be say that such a type of coordination will allow topple the dollar in part because the Russian presi- developing nations to better explain their positions dent said at the time that his proposal to create a to each other and work out a novel path to resolv- new world currency could be discussed at the sum- ing international fi anc i al p obl em a th ref o m n r s nd e r mit. of international fi a nc i al rel at io . n ns But fi scal experts sai d th t B C w ll tread care- a RI i Underlining its growing economic inflence a oad, u br fully where the dollar is concerned, as triggering a Chinese President Hu Jintao offered Central Asian dollar crisis would be akin to shooting themselves states $10 billion of credit support to help counter in the foot. The BRIC’s are putting the US on no- the global economic slump, though he did not men- tice that there has to be a cutback on spending and tion the proposals for diluting dollar dominance. In that they need to get their house in order any at- another ignore to the West, the SCO leaders wel- tack on the dollar will hurt them. But they want to comed Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, make sure this kind of mess doesn't happen again. making his fi for ei gn trip to at tend th sum t rst e mi Clearly though, BRIC is using its new infl enc e to u since his disputed re-election. Ahmadinejad arrived put pressure on the IMF to reshape its voting struc- a day late in Yekaterinburg after mass protests ture to better refl th sh ft in econom c p e r. ect e i i ow against his disputed victory in Tehran but the SCO Brazil, for example, is the world's 10th largest presidents had congratulated Ahmadinejad on his economy, but has just 1.38 percent of the IMF victory. board's votes, compared to 2.09 percent for Belgium, an economy one-third the size. On the sidelines, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh met Pakistani leader Asif Ali Zardari for the Joint Statement of the BRIC Countries’ Leaders fi tim sin e th M m ai a tacks a asked h m rst e c e u b t nd i Leaders of the Federative Republic of Brazil, the to ensure that Islamist militants could not operate Russian Federation, the Republic of India and the from Pakistani territory. His tough words offered People’s Republic of China, have discussed the cur- little hope for a breakthrough in relations between rent situation in global economy and other press- the two nuclear-armed Asian powers. ing issues of global development, and also prospects 33 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -1 (Article Hind BRIC Summit) SECTION - 1 (Article: : First for further strengthening collaboration within the • Strengthening of risk management and supervi- BRIC. sory practices. BRIC have arrived at the following conclusions: » BRIC countries recognise the important role » BRIC stressed the central role played by the G20 played by international trade and foreign direct in- Summits in dealing with the fi a nc i al crisis. T y n he vestments in the world economic recovery. BRIC have fostered cooperation, policy coordination and countries call upon all parties to work together to political dialogue regarding international economic improve the international trade and investment and fi a nc i al m t ters. n a environment. They urge the international community to keep the multilateral trading system stable, » BRIC called upon all states and relevant interna- curb trade protectionism, and push for comprehen- tional bodies to act vigorously to implement the de- sive and balanced results of the WTO’s Doha De- cisions adopted at the G20 Summit in London on velopment Agenda. April 2, 2009. BRIC shall cooperate closely among them and with other partners to ensure further » The poorest countries have been hit hardest by progress of collective action at the next G20 Sum- the fi a nc i al crisis. T in erna t io l com ni ty n he t na mu mit to be held in Pittsburgh in September 2009. needs to step up efforts to provide liquid fi a nc i al n BRIC countries are committed to advance the re- resources for these countries. The international form of international fi a nc i al in titu io , so a to n s t ns s community should also strive to minimise the im- refl c nges in th g o ect ha e l bal e conom . T e e rg- y he m pact of the crisis on development and ensure the ing and developing economies must have greater achievement of the Millennium Development voice and representation in international fi a nc i al n Goals. Developed countries should fulfi th i r c - l e om institutions, whose heads and executives should be mitment of 0.7% of Gross National Income for the appointed through an open, transparent, and merit- Offi al D vel o e nt A sistanc e a m ke fu th r ci e pm s nd a r e based selection process. BRIC also believe that there efforts in increasing assistance, debt relief, market is a strong need for a stable, predictable and more access and technology transfer for developing coun- diversifi in erna t io l m ne t ary sys tem ed t na o . tries. » BRIC countries are convinced that a reformed fi- » The implementation of the concept of sustain- nancial and economic architecture should be based, able development, comprising, inter alia, the Rio inter alia, on the following principles: Declaration, Agenda for the 21st Century and multilateral environmental agreements, should be a • Democratic and transparent decision-making and major vector in the change of paradigm of economic implementation process at the international fi a n- n development. cial organisations; • Solid legal basis; » BRIC countries stand for strengthening coordi- • Compatibility of activities of effective national nation and cooperation among states in the energy regulatory institutions and international standard- fi d in l u n a o ngs t e el , c di g m nergy p oducers a c r nd on- setting bodies; sumers and transit states, in an effort to decrease 34 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -11(Article Hind BRIC Summit) SECTION - (Article: : First uncertainty and ensure stability and sustainability. all its forms and manifestations and reiterate that They support diversifi n o e catio f nergy r esour ces a nd there can be no justifi io for any act o terror - cat n f supply, including renewable energy, security of ism anywhere or for whatever reasons. They note energy transit routes and creation of new energy that the draft Comprehensive Convention against investments and infrastructure. International Terrorism is currently under the consideration of the UN General Assembly and call for » BRIC countries support international cooperation its urgent adoption. in the fi d o ene rgy ef fi cy. Te y s tan r eady el f cien h d for a constructive dialogue on how to deal with cli- » BRIC countries expressed their strong commit- mate change based on the principle of common but ment to multilateral diplomacy with the United differentiated responsibility, given the need to com- Nations playing the central role in dealing with glo- bine measures to protect the climate with steps to bal challenges and threats. In this respect, They fulfi o soci o econom c d ll ur - i evel o e nt tasks . pm reaffi e d th n ed for a c p r ehe ns iv ref or m o rm e e om e f the UN with a view to making it more effi ent so ci » BRIC countries reaffi e d to enha nc e coopera- rm that it can deal with today’s global challenges more tion among our countries in socially vital areas and effectively. They reiterated the importance that to strengthen the efforts for the provision of inter- attach to the status of India and Brazil in interna- national humanitarian assistance and for the reduc- tional affairs, and understand and support their as- tion of natural disaster risks. They take note of the pirations to play a greater role in the United Na- statement on global food security issued today as a tions. major contribution of the BRIC countries to the multilateral efforts to set up the sustainable condi- » BRIC countries have agreed upon steps to pro- tions for this goal. mote dialogue and cooperation among our countries in an incremental, proactive, pragmatic, open » BRIC countries reaffi e d to advanc e coopera- rm and transparent way. The dialogue and cooperation tion among our countries in science and education of the BRIC countries is conducive not only to serv- with the aim, inter alia, to engage in fundamental ing common interests of emerging market econo- research and development of advanced technolo- mies and developing countries, but also to building gies. a harmonious world of lasting peace and common prosperity. » BRIC countries underlined their support for a more democratic and just multi-polar world order » Russia, India and China welcomed the invitation based on the rule of international law, equality, of Brazil to the next BRIC summit where it will mutual respect, cooperation, coordinated action and host in 2010. collective decision-making of all states. BRIC countries reiterate their support for political and diplo- Cooperation Within BRIC matic efforts to peacefully resolve disputes in international relations. BRIC is a loose group of countries including Brazil, Russia, India and China, the largest economic » BRIC countries strongly condemn terrorism in growth and political infl e nc e cent res am ng u o emerging economies. These countries have a sub- 35 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -1 (Article Hind BRIC Summit) SECTION - 1 (Article: : First stantial integration potential in their respective re- BRIC countries to become a major factor of multi- gions. The global problems of international terror- lateral diplomacy and to make a substantial contri- ism and multinational crime, environmental deg- bution to promoting the nascent multipolarity and radation and climate change, plus food and energy development of collective leadership by the world’s security cannot be effectively solved without the leading countries. By some predictions, the four involvement of the BRIC countries. BRIC partner- nations, Brazil, Russia, India and China, a group ship is becoming increasingly important amid the referred to as the BRIC group, will surpass the cur- global economic and fi a nc i al d n t u n, w e n th n ow r h e rent leading economies by the middle of this cen- four countries should coordinate their efforts with tury, a tectonic shift that by this reckoning will the international community to weather the crisis eventually nudge the United States and Western on global fi a nc i al m rket s and ref or m th w r ld n a e o Europe away from the center of world productiv- fi a nc i al sys tem n . ity and power. Political dialogue within the BRIC format began in Russia’s president, Dmitri A. Medvedev, said the New York in September 2006, when their foreign main point of the meeting was to show that the ministers conferred during the 61st UN General As- BRIC should create conditions for a more just world sembly. Since then, the BRIC foreign ministers have order. The four countries produce about 15 percent met four times, including at a full-scale meeting in of the world’s gross domestic product and hold about Yekaterinburg on May 16, 2008. The joint state- 40 percent of the gold and hard currency reserves, ment adopted as a result of the latter meeting for- but they are not a unifi b o a d n d e ed l c nd o ot o nough mulated common approaches to crucial issues on business among themselves to justify a trade alli- the international agenda. ance. Russia and Brazil export natural resources, China exports manufactured goods and India bases Ties between the BRIC foreign ministers were com- its growth primarily on domestic demand. As such, pleted by the meetings between their fi a nc e m n n i - India is not as concerned with the status of the dol- isters in Sao Paulo, Brazil, on November 7, 2008 lar and is by no means as intent on scoring ideo- and in London on March 13, 2009. The fi a nc en logical points against the United States as is Russia. ministers adopted joint statements on their meetings, which refl ed c mo n v ew o g o ect om i s f l bal e co- The acronym BRIC was coined by a Goldman Sachs nomic problems, including the reasons for and ways economist in 2001 to describe the four countries to weather the global fi a nc i al crisis. n that were expected to surpass today’s largest economies by 2050, owing to their faster growth rate. A At the initiative of Russia, the four leaders had a communiqué issued after the meeting highlighted short meeting on July 9, 2008, during the G8 sum- the common goals of a greater voice in international mit in Japan, to agree on drafting a full-scale BRIC fi a nc i al in titu io and a m r e d v n s t ns o i ersifi glob ed al summit. Offi al c act s in th B C for m t h ve ci ont e RI a a monetary system. They agreed to meet again in been buttressed by interaction between the respec- 2010, in Brazil. The gathering was the second of tive regional authorities and public organisations. back-to-back summit meetings sponsored by Rus- sia in this city in the Ural Mountains on the divide Russia would like the cooperation between the between Europe and Asia. 36 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -1 (Article Hind BRIC Summit) SECTION - 1 (Article: : First The Shanghai Cooperation Organization, a regional The Path To 2050 security alliance intended loosely as a counterweight to NATO, met in an expanded format with many The BRIC dissertation (defended in the paper Eurasian nations holding observer status. It even Dreaming with BRICs: The Path to 2050) recog- included a brief appearance by the president of Iran, nizes that Brazil, Russia, India and China have Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, whose disputed re-elec- changed their political systems to embrace global tion last week has touched off street demonstra- capitalism. Goldman Sachs predicts China and In- tions in Tehran. In a sign of regional economic india, respectively, to be the dominant global suppli- tegration, China’s president, Hu Jintao, pledged $10 ers of manufactured goods and services while Bra- billion in aid to Central Asian nations in the group, zil and Russia would become similarly dominant as which consists of China, Russia and four former suppliers of raw materials. Cooperation is thus hy- Soviet states: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan pothesized to be a logical next step among the BRICs and Uzbekistan. Mr. Hu and Mr. Medvedev then because Brazil and Russia together form the logical met separately with India’s prime minister, commodity suppliers to India and China. Thus, the Manmohan Singh, and the Brazilian president, Luiz BRICs have the potential to form a powerful eco- Inácio Lula da Silva. nomic bloc to the exclusion of the modern-day states currently of "Group of Eight" status. Mr. Medvedev encouraged China, the world’s largest holder of dollar reserves, and other nations to Brazil is dominant in soy and iron ore while Russia put their money in some other currency or ﬁ a n- n has enormous supplies of oil and natural gas. cial mechanism. He also urged members of the Goldman Sachs' thesis thus documents how com- Shanghai Cooperation Organization to use their modities, work, technology, and companies have national currencies in conducting bilateral trade. diffused outward from the United States across the world. Following the end of the Cold War or even There can be no successful currency system, and before, the governments comprising BRIC all initi- particularly a global system, if the ﬁ a nc i al in tru- n s ated economic or political reforms to allow their ments that are used are denominated in only one countries to enter the world economy. In order to currency, Mr. Medvedev said. A top economic compete, these countries have simultaneously policy aide to Mr. Medvedev, Arkady Dvorkovich, stressed education, foreign investment, domestic said Russia would like to diversify its currency re- consumption, and domestic entrepreneurship. serves away from dollars by buying bonds from Brazil, China and India, but only if they bought According to the study, India has the potential to Russian rubles as a reserve. The dollar fell slightly grow the fastest among the four BRIC countries over against the euro and other currencies on Tuesday, the next 30 to 50 years. A major reason for this is though some traders quoted by Bloomberg News that the decline in working age population will cited a more workaday cause: good results on new happen later for India and Brazil than for Russia American housing starts were encouraging inves- and China. tors to move out of Treasury bonds and into equi- ties. 37 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -1 (Article Hind BRIC Summit) SECTION - 1 (Article: : First Analysis The economic emergence of the BRICs will have unpredictable consequences for the global environ- The Economist published an annual table of social ment. Indeed, proponents of a set carrying capac- and economic national statistics in its Pocket World ity for the Earth may argue that, given current tech- in Figures. Extrapolating the global rankings from nology, there is a fi i te l im t to how m ch th n i u e their 2008 Edition for the BRIC countries and BRICs can develop before exceeding the ability of economies in relation to various categories provides the global economy to supply. an interesting touchstone in relation to the economic underpinnings of the BRIC thesis. It also il- Academics and experts have suggested that China lustrates how, despite their divergent economic is in a league of its own compared to the other BRIC bases, the economic indicators are remarkably simi- countries. BRIC are the one with the big reserves. lar in global rankings between the different econo- They are the biggest potential market. They are the mies. It also suggests that whilst economic argu- U.S. partner in the G2 (imagine the coverage a G2 ments can be made for linking Mexico into the BRIC meeting gets vs. a G8 meeting) and the E2 (no cli- thesis, the case for including South Africa looks mate deal without them) and so on. Deutsche Bank considerably weaker. Research said in a report that economically, fi a n- n cially and politically, China overshadows and will A Goldman Sachs paper published later in Decem- continue to overshadow the other BRICs. It added ber 2005 explained why Mexico wasn't included in that China's economy is larger than that of the three the original BRICs. According to the paper, among other BRIC economies (Brazil, Russia and India) the other countries they looked at, only Mexico and combined. Moreover, China's exports and its offi - perhaps Korea have the potential to rival the BRICs, cial forex reserve holdings are more than twice as but they are economies that they decided to ex- large as those of the other BRICs combined. clude initially because they looked at them as already more developed. According to that paper, Another criticism is the understatement of GDP Mexico becomes the fi - largest e fth conom b 2 y y 050, growth in China over the next 45 years; which pre- ahead of Russia. dicts growth falling far below normal development. This contradicts the rapid economic growth that A criticism is that the BRIC projections are based has already taken place in the country and the ex- on the assumptions that resources are limitless and perience of countries like South Korea catching up endlessly available when needed. In reality, many with western GDP per capita, which China has been important resources currently necessary to sustain growing faster than in a similar period of develop- economic growth, such as oil, natural gas, coal, other ment. There are many uncertainties and assump- fossil fuels, and uranium might soon experience a tions in the BRIC thesis that could mean that any peak in production before enough renewable en- or all of these four countries will not live up to their ergy can be developed and commercialized, which promise. The preeminence of China and India as might result in slower economic growth than an- major manufacturing countries with unrealised po- ticipated, thus throwing off the projections and their tential has been widely recognised, but some com- dates. mentators state that China's and Russia's disregard for human rights and democracy could be a prob- 38 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -1 (Article Hind BRIC Summit) SECTION - 1 (Article: : First lem in the future, as is the possibility of conflict are all factors that are diffi t to p edi ct and th t cul r a over Taiwan in the case of China. could have an effect on the destiny of any country. Likewise, the population of Russia is steadily de- Other critics suggest that BRIC is nothing more than clining and aging, and Brazil's and China's popula- a neat acronym for the four largest emerging mar- tions will begin to decline in several decades, and ket economies, but in economic and political terms with their demographic windows closing in sev- nothing else (apart from the fact that they are all eral decades as well. This may have implications big emerging markets) links the four. Two are for those countries' future, for there might be a manufacturing based economies and big importers decrease in the overall labor force and a negative (China and India), but two are huge exporters of change in the proportion of workers to retirees. natural resources (Brazil and Russia). Two have growing populations (Brazil and India), and two Brazil's economic potential has been anticipated for have shrinking populations (China and Russia). The decades, but it had until recently consistently failed Economist, in its special report on Brazil, expressed to achieve investor expectations. Only in recent the following view: In some ways Brazil is the years has the country established a framework of steadiest of the BRICs. Unlike China and Russia it political, economic, and social policies that allowed is a full-blooded democracy; unlike India it has no it to resume consistent growth. The result has been serious disputes with its neighbors. It is the only solid and paced economic development that rival BRIC without a nuclear bomb. The Heritage its early 70's miracle years, as refl ed in its ex- ect Foundation's Economic Freedom Index, which mea- panding capital markets, lowest unemployment sures factors such as protection of property rights rates in decades, and consistent international trade and free trade ranks Brazil (moderately free) above surpluses - that led to the accumulation of reserves the other BRICs (mostly unfree). and liquidation of foreign debt (earning the country a coveted investment grade by the S&P and Fitch In a not-so-subtle dig critical of the term as noth- Ratings in 2008). How long such positive factors ing more than a shorthand for emerging markets will stay in place remains to be seen. generally, critics have suggested a correlating term, CEMENT (Countries in Emerging Markets Excluded Finally, India's relations with one of its neighbors, by New Terminology). Whilst they accept there Pakistan, have always been frosty. In 1998, there has been spectacular growth of the BRIC econo- was a nuclear standoff between Pakistan and India. mies, these gains have largely been the result of Border confl s w th P ki stan, m s tly over th ict i a o e the strength of emerging markets generally, and longheld dispute over Kashmir, has further aggra- that strength comes through having BRICs and CE- vated any economic ties. The BRIC countries have MENT. enormous populations of extremely impoverished people. This impedes progress by limiting government fi a nc es , in reasin soci al u es t, and lim t- n c g nr i ing potential domestic economic demand. Factors such as international confl , ci v l u es t, u i se ict i nr nw political policy, outbreaks of disease and terrorism This Article is Available Online Also:- http://upscportal.com/civilservices/mag/vol-4/article/First-BRIC-Summit 39 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -11(Article Hind SECTION - (Article: : Shanghai Cooperation Organisation summit) Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Summit Yekaterinburg Declaration and Counter-Terrorism Convention taken to a new level. The approval of the SCO Regu- By Avadhesh Pandey lations on Political Diplomatic Measures and Author is an Expert of Economic and political Is- Mechanisms of Response to Events Jeopardising sues and working as a Freelance Editor Regional Peace, Security and Stability will help further enhance a mechanism of consultations, agree On 15 and 16 June 2009, a meeting of the Council positions and interaction in international affairs. of Heads of Member States of the Shanghai Coop- eration Organisation (SCO CHS) took place in For the fi tim th for m t o th sum t, b id rst e e a f e mi es es Yekaterinburg(Russia) in which President of the a restricted-attendance meeting of the heads of the Russian Federation D.A.Medvedev chaired the SCO member states and a plenary session with the meeting. President of the Republic of Kazakhstan participation of the heads of all delegations, included N.A.Nazarbaev, Chairman of the People’s Repub- a separate narrow-format meeting with the partici- lic of China Hu Jintao, President of the Kyrgyz Re- pation of the heads of the member states of the public K.S.Bakiev, organisation and President of the leaders of the ob- Republic of server states. Tajikistan E.Rakhmon, Exchange of President of the opinions took Republic of place on the is- Uzbekistan sues of interna- I.A.Karimov were tional and re- participated and gional situation. Secretary-General Common ap- of the SCO proaches of the B.K.Nurgaliev organisation and Director of the Executive Committee of the SCO members to building a more just and rational sys- Regional Counter-Terrorism Structure (RCTS) tem of interstate relations in conditions of the cri- M.U.Subanov participated in the meeting also. sis of the traditional structures of ensuring security Heads of delegations from the SCO observer states and fianci al stabi lity a reflect ed i nYe at eri nb g n re k ur – Prime Minister of the Republic of India M.Singh, Declaration signed by the heads of the SCO mem- President of the Islamic Republic of Iran ber states. The Declaration also outlines priority M.Ahmadinejad, First Vice Premier of the Govern- areas of joint activity in the framework of the ment of Mongolia N.Altankhuyag, President of the organisation. Plenipotentiary representatives of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan A.Zardari were also in member states of the organisation signed the Agree- attendance. ment among the Governments of the SCO Mem- ber States on Cooperation in the Field of Ensuring The heads of state signed the SCO Counter-Terror- International Information Security and the Agree- ism Convention which cements the legal base for ment on Training of Offi cers for C unt er-T rror - o e counter-terrorism interaction in the SCO frame- ism Agencies of the SCO Member States. work and its potential, cooperation in this fi d w s el a 41 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -11(Article Hind SECTION - (Article: : Shanghai Cooperation Organisation summit) active transition from the mainly bilateral coopera- During the meeting main achievements of the action to the implementation of multilateral projects. tivity of the Organisation in the period following The next meeting of the SCO Heads of State Coun- 2008 Dushanbe summit were considered, immedi- cil will be held in 2010 in Tashkent. According to ate and long-term areas of joint work on the devel- the SCO Charter the duties of a state holding chair- opment of multifaceted cooperation were deter- manship of the Organisation in the coming period mined. It was stated with satisfaction that since the are to be taken over by the Republic of Uzbekistan. previous meeting targeted steps had been taken to enhance and, streamline the SCO activity, Yekaterinburg Declaration strengthen the international prestige of the Organisation. The heads of state approved the re- In accordance with the outcome of meeting the port of the SCO Secretary-General on the work of heads of the member states of the Shanghai Co- the Organisation in the past year and the report of operation Organisation stated the following: the RCTS Council on the work of the Regional » Serious changes are taking place in the Counter-Terrorism Structure in 2008.The heads of contemporary international environment. Aspira- state underlined that in conditions of the global fi - tion to peace and sustainable development, promo- nancial crisis ensuring security and maintaining sta- tion of equal cooperation became the spirit of the bility in the SCO region was assuming paramount times. The SCO member reaffi e d th i r c mi t- rm e om signifi e. canc ment to common development on the basis of the principles and provisions of the Charter of the The parties stated that the economic component in Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Treaty the SCO activity was showing signifi cant d m yna - on Long-Term Good-Neighbourly Relations, ics, the legal base and organisational structure of Friendship and Cooperation among the SCO Mem- trade and economic cooperation were being im- ber States, considered as a priority task maintain- proved, the updated Action Plan on implementa- ing constructive dialogue and deepening close in- tion of the Programme of Multilateral Trade and teraction and partnership to jointly seek effective Economic Cooperation of the SCO Member States ways of resolving global and regional problems with approved by the Heads of Government Council the use of the growing potential and international (Astana, 30 October 2008) was being gradually car- prestige of the SCO. ried out. » The member states of the Organisation together The parties acknowledged the expediency of tak- with the international community will intend to ing effective measures aimed to minimise the con- make efforts for the formation of a more just, equal, sequences of the global fi a nc i al c n risis a e our - nd nc all-embracing and well-regulated international fi - age a closer regional trade, economic and invest- nancial regime which takes into account a true bal- ment cooperation in the SCO region. ance of interests of all its participants and gives all States equal access to the advantages of globalisation. The SCO Business Council and Interbank Consor- To that end interaction and sharing of information tium are designed to play an increasing role in this must be strengthened as regards the international fi d a a sed to p oceed from th n ed o m r e el nd dvi r e e f o 42 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -1 (Article Hind SECTION - 1 (Article: : Shanghai Cooperation Organisation summit) fi a nc i al sect or and th issues o tackl in th con- n e f g e mation security as one of the key elements of the sequences of the global fi a nc i al crisis in th S n e CO common system of international security. region. » The SCO member states, reaffi e d the i r com rm - » The parties noted the need to speed up the imple- mitment to a dialogue of civilisations, values of mentation of major projects which are designed to peace, tolerance, mutual respect and consent in in- ensure the expansion of transport communication ternational and interdenominational relations, ir- capabilities of the region and access to world mar- respective of ethnic origin, religious and other be- kets, development of social infrastructure, forma- liefs, oppose drawing parallels between the fi ght tion of modern international centres for logistics, against international terrorism and confrontation trade and tourism, construction of new factories, against any particular religion. introduction of innovative and energy-saving technologies, including renewable sources of energy. » The SCO member states noted that proliferation The implementation of these projects, arrangement of nuclear weapons poses a serious threat to inter- of international transport corridors, modernisation national peace and security. The Treaty on the Non- of railways and motorways will create precondi- Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NNPT) is the tions for strengthening the potential of the region basic element of the international regime on the as a transcontinental bridge and giving a new im- prevention of proliferation of nuclear weapons. The pulse to the development of economic links between SCO member states will reiterate their intention to Europe and Asia. assist further implementation of the Russia – U.S. initiative on fi in a n t a s o n ear terror - ght g gai s ct f ucl » The SCO member states, noting the key signifi- ism, and also welcomed the coming into effect on cance of energy sector for successful economic de- 21 March 2009 of the Treaty on Establishing a velopment and creation of favourable preconditions Nuclear Free Zone in Central Asia. for improving the living standards of their citizens, express determination to further advance mutually » The SCO member states welcomed the start of benefi al cooperat io in th s fi on t h bas i s of ci n i eld e Russo-American negotiations on drafting a Treaty equality with the aim of ensuring effective, reli- on the Reduction of Offensive Strategic Arms. able and environmentally safe energy supplies. » The SCO member states stand up for resuming » The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation will pro- the process of negotiations on the denuclearisation ceed from the need to further cement the legal foun- of the Korean peninsula. They will call to show re- dations of international relations determined by straint and continue the search for mutually accept- generally accepted principles and norms of the in- able solutions on the basis of the previously reached ternational law and international obligations of agreements. States. » The SCO member states expressed grave concern » The SCO member states will stress the signifi- over the complicated situation in Afghanistan re- cance of the issue of ensuring international infor- lated to illicit drug traffi n , ter ror i sm and cki g 43 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -11(Article Hind SECTION - (Article: : Shanghai Cooperation Organisation summit) transnational organised crime which pose a threat organisation creation of which was proclaimed on to the whole international community. In this re- 15 June 2001 in Shanghai (China) by the Republic gard the parties acknowledged the need to increase of Kazakhstan, the People’s Republic of China, the interaction with the SCO observer states, Afghani- Kyrgyz Republic, the Russian Federation, the Re- stan and other states concerned, as well as with republic of Tajikistan and the Republic of Uzbekistan. gional and international organisations, fi a fo rst nd re- Its prototype is the Shanghai Five mechanism. most, the UN and its specialised institutions. The main goals of the SCO are strengthening mu- » The SCO member states welcomed the end of an tual confi enc e and good- ne i ghbour l y rel at io d ns internal military confl in S L nka, and expr es s ict ri a among the member countries; promoting effective hope for establishing a fi peace, strengt h ni n rm e g cooperation in politics, trade and economy, science security and stability in the country on the basis of and technology, culture as well as education, en- ensuring its state sovereignty and territorial integ- ergy, transportation, tourism, environmental pro- rity, guaranteeing the rights of all ethnic and reli- tection and other fi d ; m ki n j o n ef for ts to el s a g i t gious groups. maintain and ensure peace, security and stability in the region, moving towards the establishment » The SCO member states considered as a priority of a new, democratic, just and rational political and task enhancing the effectiveness of interaction in economic international order. the fi d o a tim l y jo n res pons e to n t u al and el f e i t a r Proceeding from the Spirit of Shanghai the SCO manmade emergency events, implementing a set pursues its internal policy based on the principles of measures aimed to diminish their impact on so- of mutual trust, mutual benefi equal right s, con- t, ciety and economy. sultations, respect for the diversity of cultures and aspiration towards common development, its ex- » The SCO member states attached special impor- ternal policy is conducted in accordance with the principles of non-alignment, non-targeting anyone tance to strengthening cooperation in the fi d o el f and openness. effective counteraction against the threat of dangerous infections and other infectious diseases. To The Heads of State Council (HSC) is the highest that end the parties acknowledged the need to decision-making body in the SCO. It meets once mobilise available resources and launch joint work every year to take decisions and give instructions on preventing the spread of epidemic diseases. on all important issues of SCO activity. The Heads of Government Council (HGC) meets once every » The SCO member states will open to dialogue aim- year to discuss a strategy for multilateral coopera- ing to bring States closer together and facilitate the tion and priority directions within the building of a more just world order, to cement glo- Organisation’s framework, to solve some important bal stability and economic development. and pressing issues of cooperation in economic and other areas as well as to adopt the Organisation’s What is Shanghai Cooperation Organisation? annual budget. Besides sessions of the HSC and the The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is a HGC there are also mechanisms of meetings on the permanent intergovernmental international level of Speakers of Parliament, Secretaries of Se- 44 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -11(Article Hind SECTION - (Article: : Shanghai Cooperation Organisation summit) curity Councils, Foreign Ministers, Ministers of 1997, respectively. Defence, Emergency Relief, Economy, Transpor- tation, Culture, Education, Healthcare, Heads of The SCO Foundation Declaration was signed at the Law Enforcement Agencies, Supreme Courts and summit of the heads of the six states held in Shang- Courts of Arbitration, Prosecutors General. hai on June 15, 2001. The SCO Charter was accepted at the summit held in St.Petersburg on June The Council of National Coordinators of SCO Mem- 7, 2002. The SCO Charter became effective on Sep- ber States (CNC) is in charge of coordinating inter- tember 19, 2003. The SCO Charter is the basic action within the SCO framework. The founding document specifying the goals, the prin- Organisation has two permanent bodies – the Sec- ciples, the structure and the main areas of activities retariat in Beĳ g and th R gi o l C unt er-T r- in e e na o e of the Organisation. The Treaty of Long-Term rorism Structure in Tashkent. SCO Secretary-Gen- Neighbourliness, Friendship and Cooperation ex- eral and RCTS Executive Committee Director are ecuted in Bishkek on August 16, 2007, that sets the appointed by the HSC for a period of three years. stage for a qualitative leap of diversifi in erac- ed t From 01 January 2007 these posts are held by Bolat tions, has substantially solidifi th legal founda- ed e K.Nurgaliev (Kazakhstan) and Myrzakan U.Subanov tion of the Organisation. By now, the Treaty rati- (Kyrgyzstan) respectively. fi io for m l ities ha ve been com l et ed by th cat n a p e Kyrgyz Republic, the People’s Republic of China, The SCO member states occupy a territory of around and the Russian Federation. 30 million 189 thousand square kilometers, which makes up three fi s o th E asian c in , a fth f e ur ont ent nd The Council of the heads of the SCO member states have a population of 1.5 billion, which makes up a acts as the supreme authority of the Organization. quarter of the planet’s population. Its mission is to set the priorities and to identify the main areas of activities of the Organization, to Background of The Shanghai Cooperation outline its basic structure and functions, to identify Organisation the issues of interaction with other states and organizations, and to consider the most vital interna- The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (“The tional problems. The Council of the heads of the SCO”) has united the Russian Federation, the governments (prime ministers) of the SCO mem- People’s Republic of China, the Republic of ber states adopts the budget of the Organization, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Republic of considers and resolves the principal issues of inter- Tajikistan and the Republic of Uzbekistan. The SCO action, particularly, in the area of economic activ- dates back to the Treaty on Strengthening of Trust ity. The Council of ministers of foreign affairs of between Military Authorities in Border Territories the SCO member states is responsible for the prepa- and to the Treaty on Mutual Reduction of Armed ration of summits (sessions) of the Council of the Forces in Border Territories entered into by and heads of states, issues resolutions authorizing per- between the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz formance within the Organization of any consulta- Republic, the Russian Federation, and the Repub- tions on international problems. lic of Tajikistan, on the one hand, and the People’s Republic of China, on the other hand, in 1996 and Conferences (sessions) of ministers and directors of 45 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -1 (Article Hind SECTION - 1 (Article: : Shanghai Cooperation Organisation summit) other authorities of SCO member states are desig- appointed by virtue of a resolution of the Council nated to ensure cooperation in specifi areas. C - c o of the heads of states for a term of three years, on ordination assurance vehicles are in place to ensure the basis of rotation. Since January 1, 2007, posi- optimization of the joint efforts of ministers respon- tion of the General Secretary has been occupied by sible for foreign economic operations, particularly, B.K. Nourgaliev, representative of the Republic of foreign trade, as well as transport, education, cul- Kazakhstan. The Executive Committee of the Coun- ture, defense, and emergencies management. Com- cil of the Regional Antiterrorist Structure is based missions of senior offi cers and w r kgroups of ex- o in Tashkent, Republic of Uzbekistan. The Execu- perts are also in place. Summits of general prosecu- tive Committee is headed by Director, appointed tors, chiefs of drug control authorities, customs ser- by virtue of a resolution of the Council of the heads vices, supreme and arbitration courts are held on of states for a term of three years, on the basis of an ongoing basis. The fi m et in o h ads o p rst e g f e f ar- rotation. Since January 1, 2007, position of Direc- liaments of the SCO member states was held in tor of the Executive Committee has been occupied Moscow in 2006. The Council of National Coordi- by M.U. Soubanov, representative of the Kyrgyz nators coordinates day-to-day operations of the Republic. Any resolutions of the SCO authorities Organization as well as the interaction between the require consensus of all member states. Permanent ministries and other authorities of the SCO mem- representatives of the SCO member states are del- ber states. Mr. L.P. Moiseyev, Ambassador-at-Large, egated into the SCO Secretariate and into the Special Representative of the Russian Federation in Executive Committee of the Council of the Regional charge of the SCO affairs, acts as the National Co- Antiterrorist Structure based in Tashkent, Repub- ordinator for the Russian Federation. The Regional lic of Uzbekistan. Antiterrorist Structure is a permanent body that coordinates cooperation between competent au- Mongolia obtained the status of an SCO observer thorities of the SCO member states under the in 2004, and India, Iran and Pakistan - in 2005. Shanghai Convention on Terrorism, Separatism and Their involvement is governed by Provisions of the Extremism of June 15, 2001, other agreements and SCO Observer Status issued in 2004, and by Proce- documents executed by SCO member states. The dures for Interactions between SCO and Observers constituent authorities of the Regional Antiterror- ist Structure include the Council and the Executive Committee of the Council of the Regional Antiter- Members and Participants rorist Structure. Meetings (sessions) of Secretaries of Security Councils of the SCO member states rep- » Members: China, Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan, resent an effi ent cons ul tat io and coor di n t io ci n a n Russia,Tajikistan, Uzbekistan facility. Their mission is to respond to new chal- » Observers: India, Iran, Mongolia, Pakistan lenges and threats. » Dialogue Partners: Sri Lanka, Belarus Permanent Administrative Bodies: The SCO » Guest Attendances: Afganistan, ASEAN, Secretariate is based in Beĳ g, P opl e’ s R publ ic in e e CIS of China. The SCO Secretariate is headed by the General Secretary and SCO Chief Executive Offi cer 46 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -11(Article Hind SECTION - (Article: : Shanghai Cooperation Organisation summit) issued in 2006. In 2008, Regulations governing in- curity-related concerns, often describing the main teractions between the Regional Antiterrorist Struc- threats it confronts as being terrorism, separatism ture, on the one hand, and States and International and extremism. However evidence is growing that Intergovernmental Organizations (Forums) as SCO its activities in the area of social development of its Observers, on the other hand, were adopted. SCO member states is increasing fast. At the June 16-17 Provisions governing the status of a partner in a 2004 SCO summit, held in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, dialogue were approved at the SCO summit in the Regional Antiterrorism Structure (RATS) was Dushanbe on August 28, 2008. established. On 21 April 2006, the SCO announced plans to fi cros s-bor der d ug crim s u ght r e nder th e Following the existing practice, the SCO chairman- counter-terrorism rubric. Grigory Logninov claimed ship responsibilities are performed within a term in April 2006 that the SCO has no plans to become of one year as of completion of a summit of the a military bloc; nonetheless he argued that the in- SCO heads of states and through the next summit creased threats of terrorism, extremism and sepa- of the heads of states held in the SCO chairman ratism make necessary a full-scale involvement of state. In 2008 – 2009, the Russian Federation per- armed forces. forms responsibilities of the SCO chairman state. There have been a number of SCO joint military exercises. The fi o th s e w s h l d in 2 rst f e a e 003, w th i India’s Role the fi p se taki n p ace in K zakhs tan and th rst ha g l a e second in China. On a larger scale, but outside the India currently has observer status in the SCO. SCO SCO framework, the fi ever jo n m litary exer- rst i t i members have encouraged India to join the organi- cise between the PRC and Russia, called Peace Mis- zation as a full-time member, because they see it as sion 2005 started on August 19, 2005. Following a crucial future strategic partner. Additional fac- their successful completion, Russian offi al s h ve ci a tors working in favor of India joining the SCO are begun speaking of India joining such exercises in its major military presence in Central Asia, its close the future and the SCO taking on a military role. In military ties with several Central Asian countries October 2007, the SCO signed an agreement with (especially Tajikistan and Russia) and also its deep the Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO), interest in the region's energy resources. Factors in the Tajik capital Dushanbe, to broaden coopera- working against India's joining the SCO as a mem- tion on issues such as security, crime, and drug traf- ber include India's persistent military rivalry with ficki n . J oi n act ion pl ans be t w en t he t w g t e o fellow SCO-observer Pakistan and its general re- organisations are planned to be signed by early 2008 luctance to make binding ties to groups that could in Beĳ g. in compromise its strategic independence. Economic Cooperation: All SCO members but Cooperation On Security, Economy China are also members of the Eurasian Economic And Culture Community. A Framework Agreement to enhance economic cooperation was signed by the SCO mem- Security Cooperation: The SCO is primarily cen- ber states on 23 September 2003. At the same meet- tered around its member nations' Central Asian se- ing the PRC's Premier, Wen Jiabao, proposed a long- 47 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -11(Article Hind SECTION - (Article: : Shanghai Cooperation Organisation summit) term objective to establish a free trade area in the SCO, while other more immediate measures would be taken to improve the fl w o g o f oods in th regi o A fol lo u p an w th 1 speci fi ac i on w sign on e n. w p l i 00 c t s a s ed e year later, on September 23, 2004. On 26 October, 2005, the Moscow Summit of the SCO, the Secretary General of the Organisation said that the SCO will prioritise joint energy projects; such will include the oil and gas sector, the exploration of new hydrocarbon reserves, and joint use of water resources. The creation of an Inter-bank SCO Council was also agreed upon at that summit in order to fund future joint projects. The fi m et in o th S rst e g f e CO Interbank Association was held in Beĳ g o 2 22 F uary 2 in n 1- ebr 006. O 3 N vem er 2006, at T S n 0 o b he CO: Results and Perspectives, an international conference held in Almaty, the representative of the Russian Foreign Ministry announced that Russia is developing plans for an SCO "Energy Club". The need for this club was reiterated by Moscow at an SCO summit in November 2007. Other SCO members, however, have not committed themselves to the idea. However on 28 August 2008 summit it was stated that Against the backdrop of a slowdown in the growth of world economy pursuing a responsible currency and fi a n- n cial policy, control over the capital fl w n ens ur in food and ene rgy secur ity h ve b o i g, g a een g n n speci al ai i g signifi e. O Ju 1 2 canc n ne 6, 009, a th Y kat erin g S mi t, C n a t e e bur um hi a nnounc ed p ans to p ovi d a U $10 l r e S billion loan to SCO member states to shore up the struggling economies of its members amid the global fi a nc i al crisis. T sum t w s h l d toget h r w th th fi B I C s u m t , an t h Ch na- R s ia j oint n he mi a e e i e rst R mi d e i us statement said that they want a bigger quota in the IMF. Cultural cooperation: Cultural cooperation also occurs in the SCO framework. Culture ministers of the SCO met for the fi tim in B ĳin on 12 Ar i l 202, sign ng a j o statem t fo co i n e d co rst e e g p 0 i int en r nt u oper ati on . The third meeting of the Culture Ministers took place in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, on 27-28 April 2006. An SCO Arts Festival and Exhibition was held for the fi tim d in th A tana S mi t in 2 rst e ur g e s um 005. K zakhs tan a has also suggested an SCO folk dance festival to take place in 2008, in Astana. This Article is Available Online Also:- http://upscportal.com/civilservices/mag/vol-4/article/Shanghai-Summit 48 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

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SECTION - 1 (Article: Hind Section -2 (Hot Topis: Section 377 of the IPC) Section 377 of the IPC Fundamental Rights Vs Acculturation A Division Bench of Justice A.P. Shah and Justice S. Would Legalise Homosexuality? Muralidhar of Delhi High Court in its order on Jul 02, High court bench said that Indian Constitutional Law 2009, said that Section 377 of the IPC, insofar as it does not permit the statutory criminal law to be held criminalises consensual sexual captive by the popular mis- acts of adults in private, is vio- concept ion of who t he lative of Articles 21 [Right to LGBTs (lesbian gay bisexual Protection of Life and Per- transgender) are. It cannot be sonal Liberty], 14 [Right to forgotten that discrimination Equality before Law] and 15 is antithesis of equality and [Prohibition of Discrimination that it is the recognition of on Grounds of Religion, Race, equality which will foster dig- Caste, Sex or Place of Birth] nity of every individual. It of the Constitution. observed that the inclusiveness that the Indian society However, the court clarified traditionally displayed in ev- that “the provisions of Section ery aspect of life manifested 377 will continue to govern Courtesy : UU-UNO.ORG in recognising a role in soci- non-consensual penile non- ety for everyone. "Those per- vaginal sex and penile non-vaginal sex involving mi- ceived by the majority as deviants or different are not nors.” The judges also said that by adult they meant on that score excluded or ostracised," the Chief Jus- “everyone who is 18 years of age and above.” Ac- tice writing the judgement for the Bench, said. Where cording to them “A person below 18 would be pre- society can display inclusiveness and understanding, sumed not to be able to consent to a sexual act,” The such persons can be assured of a life of dignity and Bench further said that “this clarification will hold till, non-discrimination, it said. "This was the spirit behind of course, Parliament chooses to amend the law to the resolution of which Jawaharlal Nehru spoke so effectuate the recommendation of the Law Commis- passionately," the Bench said referring to the Objec- sion of India in its 172nd Report which, which would tive Resolution moved by him on December 13, 1946 remove a great deal of confusion.” The judgment also at the Constituent Assembly debate. made it clear that it would not result in re-opening of criminal cases involving Section 377 that had already Quoting Nehru, Justice Shah said "words are magic attained finality. things often enough, even the magic of words sometimes cannot convey magic of human spirit and of a The verdict came on a PIL plea by Delhi-based non- nation's passion ...(this resolution seeks very feebly to governmental organisation Naz Foundation that the tell the world of what we have thought or dreamt of Section 377 provision criminalising sexual acts be- so long, and what we now hope to achieve in near tween consenting adults in private violated Articles future)". He said Nehru was of the view that the House 14, 15, 19 and 21 of the Constitution. The Founda- should consider the resolution not in a spirit of nar- tion works among sex workers in Delhi. row legal wording, but rather look at the spirit behind that resolution. 73 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

SECTION - 1 (Article: Hind Section -2 (Hot Topis: Section 377 of the IPC) The Bench was critical of the provision of section 377 onment for indulging in unnatural sexual acts. There of IPC holding that a provision of law branding one were contradictions within the Government as the section of people as criminal based wholly on states' Home Ministry had opposed scrapping of section 377 moral disapproval of that class goes counter to equal- while Ministry of Health came out openly in support ity guaranteed in the Constitution. of the gay rights activists. The provision of section 377 runs counter to the Con- The Government later sidelined the stand of the then stitutional values and the notion of human dignity Health Minister Ambumani Ramadoss and opposed which is considered to be cornerstone of our Consti- the PIL by describing homosexuality as "the most in- tution. Section 377 in its application to sexual act of decent behaviour" in society. The Centre had submit- consenting adults in privacy discriminates a section of ted that gay sex is immoral and reflection of a per- people solely on the ground of their sexual orientation verse mind and its decriminalisation would lead to which is analogous to prohibited grounds of sex, the moral degradation of society. "Every citizen has the Bench said. It said that any discrimination on the right to lead a decent and moral life in society and the grounds of sexual orientation was against Article 15 right would be violated if such behaviour (gay sex) is of the Constitution which prohibits any discrimination legalised in the country," the government had con- on grounds of sex, religion, caste or place of birth. tended and added that allowing gay sex would pose a According to bench that sexual orientation is a ground health hazard to society. The Centre had said that ho- analogous to sex and that discrimination on the basis mosexuals comprise only 0.3 per cent of the popula- of sexual orientation is not permitted by Article 15. tion and the right of rest 99.7 per cent of the popula- The Bench pulled up the government for its stand that tion to lead a decent and moral life in society would judiciary should refrain from interfering on the issue be violated if such behaviour (gay sex) is legalised. as it pertains to legislative function coming under the ambit of Parliament. The gay rights activists had contended that the government is infringing upon their fundamental right to A Constitutional provision must be construed, not in equality by criminalising homosexual acts on the a narrow and constricted sense, but in a wide and lib- ground of morality. "The Constitution gives funda- eral manner so as to anticipate and take it out of chang- mental right to equality and it prohibits discrimination ing conditions and purposes so that the Constitutional on the basis of sex. But the rights of 25 lakh homo- provision does not get atrophied or fossilised but re- sexuals in the country are being violated," they had mains flexible enough to meet the newly emerging contended. Earlier, the government had put a contra- problem, the Bench said quoting a Supreme Court dictory stand on the issue with the Home Minister of judgement. The High Court judgement assumes im- the then UPA government favouring the retention of portance as the Government was still grappling with the penal provision for homosexual acts while the the option to scrap section 377 from the statute. Health Minister opposed the enforcement of Section 377 in cases involving consenting adults. But when When the verdict was reserved on November 7,2008, the day-to-day hearing began on the case, the govern- the previous UPA government had vociferously opment set aside the stand of the Health Ministry and posed scrapping of section 377 of the Indian Penal opposed the plea of gay rights activists Code which prescribes punishment upto life impris- 74 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

SECTION - 1 (Article: Hind Section -2 (Hot Topis: Section 377 of the IPC) Need of Debate pressure of religious fundamentalists, moral obscuran- Hope that the Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code tists, and others who argue that Indian society is not would be either quickly repealed or suitably amended- ready to accept such change. Especially on non-nego- raised when the Union Home Ministry boldly described tiable social issues, governments must lead public opin- it as an absurdity in the present day have receded with ion not tail its least enlightened strands or go for the the Law Minister, Veerappa Moily, announcing that lowest common denominator. the Centre was in no hurry to take such a step. Calls for a parliamentary debate to reach a wider consensus Initiation to Opposing Section 377 on a basic issue of human rights and equal justice are In 2001 Naz Foundation (an NGO related to HIV/ nothing but an excuse to put off a hard decision on Aids issues) filed a petition in the Delhi High Court ending an obnoxious colonial-era provision that has asking for Sect ion 377 to be read down by absolutely no place in the statute book of a modern decriminalising consensual sex among adults. In Sep- democratic and secular state. tember 2003, the Government insisted on retaining Section 377 on the grounds that Indian initiation Section 377, which punishes carnal intercourse against society’s disapproval of homosexuality was strong the order of nature with imprisonment up to 10 years, enough to justify it being treated as a criminal offence is not specifically targeted at homosexuality. But by even where adults indulge in it in private. criminalising any penetrative sex that does not lead to reproduction, it has become a weapon in the hands of In February 2006, the Supreme Court ordered the High the police to harass those who have alternative sexual Court to reconsider the constitutional validity of Sec- orientations. It also stands out as a symbol of 19th tion 377. The Naz Foundation petition was supported century intolerance. by Voices Against 377, comprising 12 organisations across the country while it was being opposed by the Suggestions that Section 377 would be reviewed co- government of Delhi and others. The position of the incided with hundreds of members of the LGBT (les- government (represented by the Ministries of Health bian, gay, bisexual, transgendered) community danc- and Law) has been conflicted while many of its affili- ing and marching through the streets of five Indian ates demanded decriminalisation. cities to mark the 40th anniversary of the Stonewall uprisings in New York, now a universal symbol of gay Naco (National Aids Control Organisation) demanded resistance to obscurantist oppression. What is clear is the scrapping of Section 377 as it was obstructing ef- that the gay rights movement is slowly coming of age fective health interventions. The 172nd report of the in India emboldened by such developments as Presi- Law Commission of India and the recommendations dent Barack Obama’s promise to bring the full spec- of the National Planning Commission for the 11th Five trum of equal rights to LGBT Americans and his Year Plan also demanded decriminalisation of homo- administration’s decision to endorse a United Nations sexuality. In the last two decades, LGBT activism resolution calling for the worldwide decriminalisation played a major role in creating awareness on the is- of homosexuality. In an age where there is growing sue. acceptance of the idea that LGBTs must be allowed to live in dignity and respect. Having promised to review In 2006 writer Vikram Seth released a public letter this provision, the government must not give in to the 75 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

demanding that the cruel law be struck down. The letter was supported by a large number of signatories including Captain Lakshmi Sehgal, Aruna Roy, Soli Sorabjee, Shyam Benegal, Shubha Mudgal, Arundhati Roy, Aparna Sen, Mrinalini Sarabhai and demanded the scrapping of the brutal law that punitively criminalises romantic love and private, consensual sexual acts between adults of the same sex while being used to systematically persecute, blackmail, arrest and terrorise sexual minorities. Amartya Sen also asked for an abolition of the colonial era monstrosity that ran contrary to the enhancement of human freedom and India’s commitment to democracy and human rights. Like all laws, Section 377 was used both inside and outside the courtroom. This Article is Available Online Also:- http://upscportal.com/civilservices/mag/vol-4/article/Section-377-of-the-IPC ADVERTISEMENT Buy Online: http://upscportal.com/store/tag/upkar-prakashan 76 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

SECTION - 1 (Article: Hind Section -3 (Current Affairs: Important Current Relevant Facts ) Important Current Relevant Facts » As part of the Health and Family Welfare Organisation. An oversight committee has prepared Ministry’s 100-day agenda, Union Health and Fam- a road map for revamping the vaccine manufactur- ily Welfare Ministry Announced on Jul 02, 2009 ing facility at the Central Research Institute, that doctors, specialists and para-medical staff serv- Kasauli. The retrofitted faci lity w ll start fu t io i nc n- ing in the rural, particu- ing within a year, while the pro- larly far-fl ng a in u nd acces- cess for the revival of the B.C.G sible areas, will get double Vaccine Laboratory at Guindy and the salary their counter- the Pasteur Institute of India at parts in other areas earn as Coonoor will be initiated. The part of monetary incentive Ministry will also initiate a pro- to encourage medical per- posal to introduce a Bill to com- sonnel to take up rural prehensively amend the Trans- postings. The Ministry, plantation of Human Organs Act, through the National Ru- 1994 to make the process of organ ral Health Mission transplantation less cumbersome (NRHM), will make funds for genuine cases and also network available for contractual all transplantation centres for bet- appointments and provide ter coordination and utilisation of signifi ly hi ghe r m n- cant o harvested organs. etary incentives based on the location of the post- ing. The salaries could be almost double those drawn » In a landmark judgment, the Delhi High Court by medical professionals in urban areas. In the next on Jul 02, 2009 struck down the provision of Sec- three months, the Ministry, in consultation with tion 377 of the Indian Penal Code which State governments, will identify diffi t, m s t d f- cul o i criminalised consensual sexual acts of adults in pri- fi t a in cul nd acces sib e a l reas, p articul arly in th h lly e i vate, holding that it violated the fundamental right States and tribal regions. This will be done to fi u ll p of life and liberty and the right to equality as guar- defi enc i es in th strengt h of m di cal p ci e e ersonne l . anteed in the Constitution. A Division Bench of A web-based Health Management Information Sys- Justice A.P. Shah and Justice S. Muralidhar said that tem (HMIS) will be fully operational by July 31, Section 377 of the IPC, insofar as it criminalises 2009, to enable district-wise reporting of the consensual sexual acts of adults in private, is viola- progress of the NRHM on a monthly, quarterly and tive of Articles 21 [Right to Protection of Life and annual basis. This will enable timely monitoring of Personal Liberty], 14 [Right to Equality before Law] physical and fi anc i al p ogres s m r e e fect iv y h n r o f el , e and 15 [Prohibition of Discrimination on Grounds said. The Ministry has also made a commitment to of Religion, Race, Caste, Sex or Place of Birth] of revive the three public sector vaccine manufactur- the Constitution. ing units at Kasauli, Guindy and Coonoor whose manufacturing licenses were suspended last year for » The chief of the Jamaat-ud-Dawa, known as a failure to comply with the good manufacturing front organisation of the Lashkar-e-Taiba, Hafi z practices (GMP) prescribed by the World Health Saeed was released by a full bench headed by Jus- 78 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

SECTION - 1 (Article: Hind Section -3 (Current Affairs: Important Current Relevant Facts ) tice Ejaz Chaudhary of the Lahore High Court on » Amal Allana was appointed as June 2,2009. Saeed was placed under house arrest chairperson of the National School in December 2008 during a government crackdown of Drama (NSD) for a second term on the JuD following the Mumbai attacks and on June 15,2009. Allana, an alum- shortly after the U.N. Security Council 1267 Com- nus of the NSD, is the daughter of mittee (on Al-Qaeda, Osama bin Laden, the Taliban Ibrahim Alkazi, the founder of the and associated individuals, groups, undertakings and NSD. She joined NSD in 2005 as entities) designated him and the group as “terror- the chairperson. She has directed ist.” several plays, including “Aadhe Adhure”, “The Ex- ception and the Rule”, “Khamosh, Adalat Jari Hai”, » Farah Pandit of Kashmiri-origin was appointed “Ashadh Ka Ek Din”, “Mahabhoj”, “King Lear”, special representative of the Obama administration “Himmat Mai” and “Begum Barve”. She was to reach out to the Muslim world. She was ap- awarded many honours, including awards from the pointed by Secretary of State to interact with Mus- Delhi Natya Sangh (1994), Sahitya Kala Parishad lims across the globe. She was a senior adviser to (1996), Czech TV for the tele-play “Wapsi” (1983) the assistant secretary of state for European and and Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for direction Eurasian affairs. She also served on the National (1998). Security Council and with USAID on assistance projects for Iraq, Afghanistan and Palestine. Born in 1968, Farah belongs to a business family of Kash- » He was elected Chairman of the Indian Banks’ mir. Her father, Muhammad Anwar Pandit, is origi- Association (IBA) for 2009-10 at the association’s nally from Sopore. Her mother, a doctor is from managing committee meeting held in Mumbai on Srinagar city. In early 70s Farah's parents shifted to June 1. Punjab National Bank Chairman and Man- United States and stayed in Boston, where her fa- aging Director K. C. Chakrabarty succeeded T. S. ther continued his business. Narayanasami who was superannuated Chairman and Managing Director of Bank of India on May » Darrell Dexter took charge of Nova Scotia's 27th 31,2009. premier and the fi N w D m crat to lead a g rst e e o ov- ernment in Atlantic Canada in downtown Halifax » Distinguished journalist and political commenta- on June 19,2009. He succeeded Rodney Joseph tor Harish Khare was appointed as the media ad- MacDonald of Progressive Conservative Party. viser to the Prime Minister on June 20,2009. He Air Chief Marshal Pradeep Vasant Naik took charge replaced Deepak Sandhu, who was shifted to the as the 19th chief of the India Air Force from Air Central Information Commission as its member. Chief Marshal Fali Homi Major, who demitted of- Harish Khare will hold the rank of a secretary to fi o M y 3 A a u n us o S n k S ce n a 1. n l m f ai i chool , Satara, the government of India. Prior to this appointment, and the National Defence Academy, Khadakvasla, Khare, was the Chief of Bureau and senior associ- Air Chief Marshal Naik saw action in the 1971 In- ate editor at The Hindu. He also worked as the resi- dia-Pakistan war. He was decorated with the Param dent editor of the Times of India, Ahmedabad. Vishist Seva Medal and the Vishist Seva Medal. Ramesh Pokhariyal Nishank took oath as the fi fth 79 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

SECTION - 1 (Article: Hind Section -3 (Current Affairs: Important Current Relevant Facts ) chief minister of Uttarakhand along with three through a PIL. ministers on June 28. Replacing B C Khanduri as the chief minister, Nishank was Health Minister in » Vice-Admiral Nirmal Kumar Verma was ap- his cabinet. A sitting legislator from Thalisen con- pointed country’s next Chief of Naval Staff. He will stituency, Ramesh Pokhariyal Nishank is a take charge from Admiral Sureesh Mehta, who re- strong leader from Garhwal and is known to be close tires from service on August 31. Born on Novem- to the RSS. ber 14, 1950, Vice-Admiral Verma, currently Flag Offi C m ndi n - C ef (F C - in C , E stern cer o ma g-in hi O - ) a » Senior advocate Gopal Subramaniam was ap- Naval Command, has, during his long and distin- pointed solicitor general on June 15, the second most guished 39 years of service, commanded aircraft important law offi of th count ry af ter th at - cer e e carrier INS Viraat. torney general. From the petrol pump scam case to the inquiry commission into Graham Staines mur- » Senior advocate and former Solicitor General der, he had ample opportunity to render valuable Goolam E Vahanvati was appointed the new At- assistance to the Supreme Court as amicus curiae. torney General of India for a period of three years. At the same time, he represented the Centre in He became the fi M s lim to h d th p t o A - rst u ol e os f t high-voltage cases like Bihar assembly dissolution, torney General of India. G E Vahanvati succeeded defreezing of London bank accounts of Bofors case Milon Banerjee, who had held the Attorney accused Ottavio Quattrocchi and the cash-for-query General’s post in the last government. He and all scam. 51-year-old Subramaniam was additional so- other law officers h d p in th i r p a ut e apers o M y n a licitor general during 2004-09. 29,2009 to make way for a fresh team. » Uttarakhand chief minister Maj Gen BC Khanduri » Timothy J Roemer was nominated as the next US fi a l ly succum ed to m unt in p es sur es and ten- n b o g r Ambassador to India. A former US lawmaker and a dered his resignation on June 25,2009. Rebels were member of the 9/11 Commission, Roemer is cur- active against him after the Bharatiya Janata Party's rently head of a Washington-based think tank. He rout in the Lok Sabha elections from the state. The is considered close to President Barack Obama and BJP lost all the fi e L S v ok abha seat s in th stat e in e was among the fi few D m crat leaders to sup- rst e o the May 2009 polls, including the three it had won port Obama in his run for US Presidency. in 2004. » Chairman, Securities and » The chairman of Prasar Bharati Board, Arun Exchange Board of India Bhatnagar relinquished his job citing differences (SEBI), C B Bhave was with Prasar Bharati CEO B S Lalli. A retired IAS elected chairman of the officer, B t n gar w s appoi n ed as th cha i rm n ha a a t e a Asia- Pacifi R gi o l C m c e na o - of Prasar Bharati on 2008. Some members of the mittee of the International Organisation of Securi- Broad have levelled various allegations of impro- ties Commissions (IOSCO) at the 34th Annual Con- priety and fi a nc i al irregul arities agai n t B S L l li n s a ference of IOSCO being held at Tel Aviv, Israel. and the matter has reached the Delhi High Court IOSCO is recognised as the international standard 80 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

SECTION - 1 (Article: Hind Section -3 (Current Affairs: Important Current Relevant Facts ) setter for securities markets. The Organisation’s 'King of Pop' by fans and often derided as 'Whacko- wide membership regulates more than 90% of the Jacko' by the media, was 50. Michael Joseph Jack- world’s securities markets and IOSCO is the world`s son was born on August 29, 1958 in Gary, Indiana, most important international cooperative forum for US. I Want You Back, Don't Stop Til You Get securities regulatory agencies. Enough, Billie Jean, Bad, Black or White, Earth Song were his biggest hits album. His 1982 album Thriller » Seven-time member of Lok Sabha Karia Munda remains the world's best-selling record of all time. Jackson began his career as a child in family group was unanimously elected Deputy Speaker of the The Jackson 5. He then went on to achieve global 15th Lok Sabha on June 8. The tradition of having fame as a solo artist with smash hits such as Billie the Deputy Speaker from the Opposition was be- Jean and Bad. Thriller, released in 1982, is the big- gan in 1977, the very year Karia Munda entered gest-selling album of all time, shifting 65m copies, the Lok Sabha. Munda was elected to the 15th Lok according to the Guinness Book of World Records. Sabha from Khunti in Jharkhand on BJP ticket. He scored seven UK number ones as a solo artist and won a total of 13 Grammy awards. Michael » Former Law Minister 72-year-old, Hans Raj Jackson popularised a dance technique called the Bhardwaj, who failed to make it to the Union Cabi- moonwalk or backslide. Moonwalk presents the il- net after the elections, was on June 24 appointed as lusion that the dancer is stepping forward while the new Governor of Karnataka. He replaced actually moving backward. The dance move gained Rameshwar Thakur who was transferred to Madhya widespread popularity after being performed by Pradesh. Michael Jackson during his song ‘Billie Jean’ on the March 25, 1983. He published autobiography ‘Moon » Karnataka Governor Rameshwar Thakur was ap- Walk’ in 1988. The book was edited by Jacqueline pointed new Governor of Madhya Pradesh for his Kennedy Onassis and reached number one on the remaining tenure. He will hold the post till No- New York Times Best Seller list. vember 2009. He replaced Balram Jakhar, whose term ended on June 30. Thakur was fi a rst ppoi n ed t » Famous poet and writer Kamala Surayya, best Governor on November 17, 2004. In 2006, he was known as Kamala Das passed away at Jehangir hos- shifted to Andhra Pradesh and later to Karnataka pital in Pune on May 31,2009 due to respiratory in 2007. failure. She was 75. Kamala Das enjoyed the status of being one of the fi poet s w itin in E ish rst r g ngl » The former Finance Minister of Assam, Devanand from Kerala to be recognised nationally and inter- Konwar, was appointed Governor of Bihar in place nationally. She wrote with literary name of R. L. Bhatia, whose term ended on June 23. ‘Madhavikutty’. An iconoclast of her generation Konwar was the founder general secretary of Con- who unabashedly spoke about the Indian woman’s gress I, when the Party split in 1978. sexual desires and a maverick who courted contro- versies, she was decorated with prizes such as the » One of the most influent ialfi res gu Kent Award and nominated for the Nobel Prize for Literature. A free spirit, she dabbled in painting and in modern pop culture, Michael even politics. She contested Parliamentary elections Jackson, died of a sudden cardiac ar- in 1984 and lost. On December 16, 1999, at the age rest at his home in Los Angeles on of 65, she converted to Islam. Her writings like June 25,2009. Jackson, known as 81 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

SECTION - 1 (Article: Hind Section -3 (Current Affairs: Important Current Relevant Facts ) ‘Summer in Calcutta’ (1965), ‘The Descendants’ was a popular Hindi playwright, the- (1970), ‘The Old Playhouse And Other Poems’ atre director, poet and actor. He cre- (1973), ’The Anamalai Poems (1985), and ‘Only the ated a new theatrical language that Soul Knows How to Sing’ (1996) and a collection of married contemporary drama with poetry with Pritish Nandy (1990) celebrate love and folk performance and elevating folk womanhood. She complemented the fi e b v ooks o f forms to international attention. The English poetry with the novel, ‘Alphabet of Lust’ founder of Naya Theatre, Tanvir (1977), a collection of short stories, ‘Padmavati the worked with Chhatisgarh tribals in Harlot and Other Stories’ (1992) and her autobiog- Bhopal. He channelled their indigenous perfor- raphy, ‘My Story’ (1976), which earned her more mance form, nacha, to create milestones such as fame and notoriety than those from all her other Charandas Chor, Agra Bazaar and Kamdeo ka Apna works put together. Basant Ritu ka Sapna. He was awarded the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 1969, Padma Shri in 1983, » Legendary sarod player Ustad Ali Akbar Khan Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship in 1996, and died of renal failure at his San Anselmo, California, the Padma Bhushan in 2002. Tanvir was also nomi- home on June 19,2009. He was 87. He composed nated as a member of the Rajya Sabha (1972-1978). several ragas, including Gauri Manjari, Lajwanti, His play Charandas Chor got him the Fringe Firsts Madhavi and Madhu Malati, and also scored Bengali Award at the Edinburgh International Drama Fes- fi s l ik Jh n lm e i der B ndi , K h a s udhi ta P s h n and a a tival in 1982. Satyajit Ray's Devi. Ali Akbar, born on April 14, 1922, in Comilla in present-day Bangladesh, was » The last survivor of the legendary ocean liner Ti- one of the greatest teachers and ambassadors of In- tanic, which sank on its maiden voyage in April dian classical music. He is credited with taking this 1912 after striking an iceberg in the North Atlan- music to the West. He was the son of multi-instru- tic, Millvina Dean died on May 31,2009 at the age mentalist Baba Allaudin Khan, who founded the of 97. She was about 2 months old when she sailed Maihar Gharana, the school most closely associated on the ocean liner in 1912. She, her mother and with Hindustani classical music. He was awarded brother were saved. India’s highest civilian honours of Padma Vibhushan and Padma Bhushan for his contribu- » Actor-film ker-pr oducer ma Jogi n der, w o is still h tion to Indian classical music. He also won remembered for his title role in Ranga Khush, died MacArthur Genius Award, two Grammy nomina- at a hospital in Mumbai on June 14,2009. He was tions, the President of India Award and, the most 65. He had produced and directed 30 fi s . A ng lm mo valuable to him, the title of Swar Samrat bestowed the fi s pr oduc ed by hi m are Bi n ya A r lm di u by his father and guru. Bandook, Do Chattane, Fauji and Yari Zindabad. Joginder was also a trained pilot and has even » One of India’s greatest dramatists, Habib Tanvir worked with late Prime Minister Indira Gandhi passed away on June 8,2009 at the age of 85. He before he turned to acting. » Former Rajasthan chief minister and Assam gov- 82 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

SECTION - 1 (Article: Hind Section -3 (Current Affairs: Important Current Relevant Facts ) ernor, Shiv Charan Mathur passed away on June his home in southern Japan on June 18 at the age of 25,2009 following a heart attack at the Fortis Hos- 113, according to a local offi al . T na be liv w th ci a ed i pital in New Delhi. He was 83. A freedom fi erght a son and daughter-in-law, had eight children, 25 and Congress stalwart, Mathur was in politics since grandchildren, 53 great-grandchildren and six great- Quit India movement in 1942. He was twice chief great-grandchildren. Japan has one of the world's minister of the Rajasthan state. His fi tenur e w s rst a highest life expectancy rates, attributed in part to a between July 14, 1981 and February 23, 1985 and diet traditionally rich in fi , rice a v sh nd eget abl es . second was between January 20, 1988 and Decem- ber 4, 1989. A member of All India Congress Com- » Gabon President Omar Bongo, the world's long- mittee since 1972, he was a member of the third est-serving president, who had led Gabon since 1967 Lok Sabha between 1964 and 1967. He was also died of cardiac arrest in a Spanish hospital on June elected to the tenth Lok Sabha in 1991. He was 8. He was 73. He had stopped work in May, and sworn in as 9th Governor of Assam since the entered a clinic in Barcelona. He faced a inquiry reorganisation of the Northeast in 1972 on July 3, into corruption allegations. Oil earnings mean that 2008. Gabon is offi al ly o o A rica' s riche s t stat es b ci ne f f ut country's 1.4 million people live in poverty. » Farrah Fawcett, a three-time Emmy-nominated actress, sex symbol, and star of perhaps the most » Infosys Technologies Co-Chairman Nandan famous poster of all time passed away on June Nilekani was appointed on May 25 ,2009 as fi o rst f 23,2009 at St. John's Heath Center in Santa Monica chairperson of Unique (USA). She was 62. Known as America’s sweetheart Identifi io A t h ity o cat n u or f in the ‘70s, much to fans dismay Fawcett left the India in the rank and sta- show as it literally was at its peak. tus of a Cabinet Minister. Earlier the Government » Noted Bangla author Amalendu Chakraborty approved creation of a po- passed away in North 24-Parganas district on June sition of Chairperson UID 15,2009 after a brief illness. He was 75. He got fame Authority of India on same for his Akaler Sandhane and Ekdin Pratidin. Akaler day i.e. on June 25. The Sandhane and Ekdin Pratidin were made into criti- Authority shall have the responsibilities to lay down cally acclaimed fi s b v eran d rector M in S lm y et i r al en, plans and policies to implement the Unique Identi- with the fi fi e v s tarring t h l ik of Smt a rst lm en e es i fi io S m (U D , sh l l o n and o cat n che e I ) a w perat e the Patel among others. Unique Identifi io n b er d abase and b re- cat n um at e sponsible for its updation and maintenance on an » Kaiga Nuclear power plant scientist, N ongoing basis. The Authority will identify the tar- Mahalingam found dead. His body was recovered geted groups for various fl h p p ogram s . T ags i r me he on June 13 from the Kali River --six days after he fl h p sche m s o th U A in l u th N t io l ags i e f e P c de e a na went missing. Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme, Sarva Shiksha Abhiyaan, National Rural Health Mission and Bharat Nirman. » The world's oldest man, Tomoji Tanabe, died at 83 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

SECTION - 1 (Article: Hind Section -3 (Current Affairs: Important Current Relevant Facts ) » An assassination attempt was made on Yunus- Ahmadinejad got 62.6 per cent of the vote while bek Yevkurov, the president of Russia's southern his rival Mir-Hossein Mousavi got only 33.75 per republic of Ingushetia on June 22,2009. 45-year- cent. Though there was sporadic violence and alle- old Yunus-bek Yevkurov was injured when his car gations of electoral irregularities in the polls. hit an explosive device planted on the roadside or Mousavi rejected the results and threatened to un- in a car parked along his motorcade's route near veil, what he called the ‘secrets’ behind ‘perilous the city of Nazran. process.’ Iran’s Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khamenei, who has the fi a l w r d o n o ver stat e m t - a ters, described the outcome in a televised address » Meira Kumar made history in the Lok Sabha when as ‘divine assessment’ and urged all the candidates she was unanimously to support the President. elected its Speaker on June 3,2009 and thus became the fi w m n rst o a » Union Cabinet Secretary K.M. Chandrasekhar was to occupy one of the given one-year extension in service on June ,2009 high Constitutional 1. The extension for a year came into effect from posts. She was elected June 13. An IAS of 1970 batch of the Kerala cadre, after a resolution moved by UPA chairperson Sonia K.M. Chandrasekhar had taken charge as the Union Gandhi and seconded by leader of the House Pranab Cabinet Secretary on June 14, 2007. Mukherjee was approved by a voice vote amidst thumping of desks by the entire House. Daughter » The Justice Liberhan Commission, which probed of prominent dalit leader and former Deputy Prime the sequence of events that led to the Babri Masjid Minister, Babu Jagjivan Ram, 64-year-old Kumar, demolition in Ayodhya on December 6, 1992, sub- Congress’ dalit face, a former Indian Foreign Ser- mitted its report on June 30,2009. Set up on De- vice offi al and uni o m n ster, w s in ci n i i a duct ed as cember 16, 1992, the Commission was initially asked Union Cabinet Minister of Water Resources after to give a report in three months. However, it could 15th Lok Sabha election. She quit IFS and fought do so only after over 16 years that saw 399 sittings fi tim for Lok Sabha in 1985 from B o e i n rst e ĳnr and 48 extensions. About Rs. 8 crore was spent on Uttar Pradesh, a year before her father’s death. the Commission, including on salary. The Commis- Meira Kumar became an MP again in 1996 and in sion was asked to probe the sequence of events lead- 1998 from Delhi’s Karol Bagh constituency but lost ing to, and all the facts and circumstances relating her seat in 1999 when NDA returned to power. She to the occurrences in the Ram Janmabhoomi-Babri was re-elected in 2004 and 2009 from Sasaram in Masjid complex at Ayodhya on December 6, 1992 Bihar, the constituency of her father. In between, involving the destruction of the structure; the role she had quit Congress for two years from 2000 cit- played by the (then) Chief Minister, members of ing differences with the party leadership. She re- the Council of Ministers, offi al s of th U tar ci e t joined the party in 2002. Pradesh government and by individuals, organisations and agencies concerned or in connec- » Iran’s President and candidate of Abadgaran, tion with the destruction of the structure and defi - Mahmoud Ahmadinejad secured a landslide victory ciencies in security measures that might have con- in the presidential polls on June 13,2009 trouncing tributed to the events that took place on December his nearest rival Mir-Hossein Mousavi. Mahmoud 6, 1992. This Article is Available Online Also:- http://upscportal.com/civilservices/mag/vol-4/article/Current-Relevant-Facts 84 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

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Section -41(SPORTS) SECTION - (Article: Hind Sports » Jayanta Talukdar provided the lone success for India on the fin l a d ay of the World Cup archery stage III at Antalya by winning the men’s individual recurve bronze medal on June 7, 2009.Unlike other Indians, who fell in the quarterfi a l s, six h seed T l u n t - a kdar b eezed p R s sian r ast u 14th seed Bair Badenov 109-105 in the quarterfi a l s but lo t to sev- n s enth-ranked Simon Terry of Great Britain in the semifi a l s 107- 112. n This loss pitted him against Amedeo Tonelli of Italy in the play-off for the bronze medal. Talukdar won 106-101 after trailing in the fi tw rst o ends. The bronze medal victory gave the Indian 18 points to take his tally to 45 from three legs. Top four archers in each category will qualify for the World Cup fi a l s a C penha gen o S em er 2 G l d m dal - n t o n ept b 6. o e list Terry picked up 25 points to take his points to 43.Kapil and Rimil Biruly, found the pressure of playing higher ranked opponents, that too on the beaches, too much and simply caved in. Kapil, ranked 33rd, went down to 24th ranked Tonelli of Italy 108-102 and 20th-ranked Rimil was no match for fi - seeded R yu O yang o C n 1 109 a so in th q fth u u f hi a 04- l e uarterfin s. In a co d al di ul have won an unexpected medal from the recurve mixed team. The Indian pair of Rahul Banerjee and Reena Kumari, seeded fourth in the four-team fi d lo t to top- seeded K r ean p r o Im D ng H un a el , s o ai f o y nd Ji Ye Kwak 130-141.The Indian duo lost in the bronze medal play-off to the Russian Federation team 140- 147. » As expected, Viswanathan Anand lived up to the reputation of being one of the greatest rapid chess players ever by completing a 5-3 victory over home favourite Peter Leko in their eight-game match at Results (Final) Light fl ( 48kg) : Devendro (SSCB) bt Jagdeep Kumar (Pun) 2-2 (6-4). y Fly (51kg): S.S. Shriniwas (SSCB) bt D.S. Baskar (AP) 3-2. Bantam (54kg): M. Govind Rao (AP) bt Suraj Tokas (Del) 11-2. Feather (57kg): Pramod (SSCB) bt Anĳ Y al u (K r) (K R 4) . ane a e O - Light (60kg): Vikash Yadav (SSCB) bt Amarjeet Singh (Har) (W/P). Light welter (64kg): Welter (69kg): Kishan Thapa (SSCB) bt Jaideep Kumar (Del) 10-3. Middle (75kg): Naveen (SSCB) bt Rana BDR Thapa (Meg) 2-0. Light heavy (81kg): Sukhwinder Singh (Ker) bt S. Premanandan (TN) 9-1. Super heavy (+91kg): Sani Kumar (SSCB) bt Rajat (Del) 12-3. Best boxer: Devendro (SSCB). Best loser: Jagdeep Kumar (Pun). 87 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -41(SPORTS) SECTION - (Article: Hind Miskolc, Hungary, on June 8, 2009.On the fia l d n ay, » The Swiss wins French Open in his 11th attempt when Leko needed to win both the games to force and equals Sampras’s record of 14 Majors in “ELITE the blitz tie-break games, Anand took an unbeat- CLUB”, With his win in Roland Garros, Roger able 4.5-2.5 lead by forcing a draw in 27 moves with Federer joined Andre Agassi as one of the six men white. In the inconsequential eighth game, Leko to have won all four Grand Slams. tried hard to salvage some pride with white, but Anand held on for another draw in 42 moves. In this competition, Anand made the decisive differ- » Roger Federer beat Robin Soderling, tied Pete ence by winning the second and fi g e s , w i le fth am h Sampras and won the French Open at last. Unde- rest of the games were drawn. terred by an on-court intruder, Federer beat sur- prise fi a l ist S n oderlin 6 1, 7 6 (1) , 6 4 to c p l et e g - - - om a career Grand Slam and win his 14th major title, » Services Sports Control Board (SSCB), with 60 matching Sampras' record. On his fourth try at points, emerged the champion unit of the National Roland Garros, Federer became the sixth man to Youth boxing championship at the Ramakrishna win all four Grand Slam championships. Federer Mission Vidyalaya indoor stadium at Coimbatore won his 14th Grand Slam championship at age 27. on June 8, 2009.It was Kishan Thapa who started Sampras, who never reached a French Open fi a l , n the gold rush for SSCB with a comprehensive 10-3 was 31 when he won his last major title. He has win over Jaideep Kumar of Delhi. Thereafter, it was also won the U.S. Open the past fi e y v ears, a h nd e SSCB all the way. Anything its boxers touched has three Australian Open titles. Besides Federer turned into gold. The most sought after pugilist in and Agassi, the other men to win all four Grand the SSCB camp, Devendro, however, struggled be- Slams tournaments were Fred Perry, Don Budge, fore pulling off a surprising 2-2 (6-4) win over Rod Laver and Roy Emerson. Jagdeep Kumar of Punjab in the light fl cl as s. y Jagdeep was declared the best loser for going down with his guns blazing. » Brawn GP's Jenson Button won the Turkish Grand Prix in june 2009 for his sixth victory in seven For- mula One races held at Istanbul. Button overtook » India’s Leander pole sitter Sebastian Vettel on the fi lap fol lo - rst w Paes and Lukas ing a mistake by the Red Bull driver and held on Dlouhy of the Czech for a 6.7-second win over Red Bull's Mark Webber. Republic won the Vettel, the fi d iv n to w n from th p e in rst r er ot i e ol French Open men’s fi e races a Istanbul , fiis h t h d aft er op i n f o v t n ed ir t g r doubles title with a a three-stop strategy. Button leads with 61 points. 3-6, 6-3, 6-2 win Teammate Rubens Barrichello, who retired after over Wesley Moodie of South Africa and Belgium’s starting third, has 35 points. Vettel has 29 and Dick Norman on June 8, 2009 in PARIS . It was the Webber 27.5. Button's fourth straight win -- the 35-year-old Paes’s fi m n’ s G and S am d fth e r l oubl es best streak by a Briton in 17 years -- makes him the title having won twice here in 1999 and 2001 with fi dr iv to achi eve six vi ct or ies in a season so fth er Mahesh Bhupathi, 1999 Wimbledon with Bhupathi quickly. The previous four -- Alberto Ascari, Juan and the 2006 U.S. Open with Martin Damm. The Manuel Fangio, Jim Clark and Michael Schumacher Indian also has four Grand Slam mixed doubles all went on to win the championship. crowns. 88 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

SECTION - 1 (Article: Hind Section -4 (SPORTS) » Castroneves, who last month won his third In- fi In an to w n a Super Series tour na m nt . In rst di i e dianapolis 500, beat Penske teammate Ryan Briscoe the men’s singles, World’s No. 1 Lee Chong Wei of off pit row on the fi a l stop and h l d on for th n e e Malaysia defeated Indonesian ace Taufi H d k i ayat fia l 4 laps S u day to w n th IR e n 6 at r i e L1 vent a T xas t e Indian squash player Ravi Dixit won the Milo All- Motor Speedway. Briscoe was dominating the race, Star Malaysian junior Open boys under-19 title in with more than a 10-second lead before a caution Kuala Lumpur. He defeated home favourite Jo Wen fl o th 1 h o th 2 laps b he d th fi ag n e 50t f e 28 unc e eld Ng in the fi a l to w n h s th rd in erna t io l title. n i i i t na after an extended stretch of green-fl raci n ag g. In the semifi a l s, R vi ha d def eat ed com at rio n a p t Karan Malik. » India won a gold, two silver and four bronze medals in Asian championship held in Zhuhai, China. » Indian wrestlers won five m dal s in th 1 h in e e 4t - As a team, India was placed third in the overall ternational freestyle Greco-Roman wrestling tour- standings behind host China and Uzbekistan. nament at Sardinia (Italy). Total 18 teams partici- Suranjoy Singh gave India its fi A ian c m i o rst s ha p n- pated in the tournament. Indian winners are: ship gold in 15 years while Thokchom Nanao Singh and Jai Bhagwan settled for silver medals as the Freestyle: Silver: Anil Kumar (55kg), Hardeep country’s boxers rounded off a 27-year best perfor- Singh (60kg). mance in the elite event. The bronze went to Jitender Kumar (54kg) Vĳ ender Si n h ( 75kg) , g Bronze: Naresh Kumar (84kg), Joginder Kumar Dinesh Kumar (81kg) and Paramjit Samota (+91kg). (120kg) The last gold medal for India in the Asian championship came in the 1994 edition in Tehran where Greco-Roman: Silver: Anil Kumar (96kg) Rajkumar Sangwan fi i sh d on top i n th super n e e heavyweight category. » Olympian Sandeep Sejwal set a new national record in the 50m breaststroke event with a time » Germany regained the Roger Danet Trophy for of 28.77 seconds at the Paris Open Swimming the World junior hockey championship with a con- Championships. In the 100m breaststroke event, vincing 3-1 victory over the Netherlands on June Sejwal fi i sh d sevent h in th fi al w h a t im g n e e n it in 21,2009. Australia secured bronze beating New of 1 min 03.03 secs. Zealand 4-1. India secured 10th position in the championship. » Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt won the Laureus World Sportsman of the Year award on June 10 for » Ace Indian shuttler Saina Nehwal his record-breaking performance in the Beĳ gin won the Indonesian Open Badmin- Olympics. He received the award from two athlet- ton women title defeating higher ics greats, Laureus World Sports Academy member ranked Chinese Lin Wang in Jakarta Michael Johnson and Academy chairman Edwin on June 21. With this win she Moses. Bolt became the fi track a fi athle te rst nd eld scripted history by becoming the to win the Laureus, snapping a four-year run by tennis star Roger Federer. The previous winners This Article is Available Online Also:- http://upscportal.com/civilservices/mag/vol-4/article/Sports 89 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

were cyclist Lance Armstrong, Formula One driver Michael Schumacher and golfer Tiger Woods. Usain Bolt was the ﬁ m n to w n g d in th 1 rst a i ol e 00m (9. 69 seconds), 200m (19.30) and 4x100m relay (37.10) in world record times in the same Olympiad. ADVERTISEMENT NEW BOOK Arrivals Geography : A Comprehensive Study for Pre and Main Exams by Mahesh Kumar Barnwal About The Author : The author is successful candidate of civil services 1997 batch and has the experience of teaching geography at Cosmos IAS Academy Delhi for the last 11 years. Book Description : The present book 'Geography : A Comprehensive Study' is the english edition of his very popular book in Hindi 'Bhugol : A Samagra Addhyan' among the civil services aspirants. The book is emprenated with all relevant concepts and information needed for the general studies as well as Geography optional. Author : Mahesh Kumar Barnwal Medium : English Publisher: Cosmos Publication No. of Pages : 388 ISBN : 819081741 - 8 Price: 225.00 Rs. BUY ONLINE: http://upscportal.com/store/Book/Cosmos-Publication/Geography/Geography-A-Comprehensive-Study-for-Pre-and-main-Exams-of-Union-and-State-PSC 90 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -51(AWARDS) SECTION - (Article: Hind Awards » Roshan Lal Nauhria, an Indian from a small village in Punjab was awarded one of the highest civil honors-member of the New Zealand Order of Merit ( NZOM) in the Queen's birthday Honours. The award, created in 1996, recognizes distinguished service in various fi d a c p r ises o fi l e el s . A er graduat i n i n el s nd om f ve v ft g Electrical Engineering from BITS Pilani in 1970, Roshan Lal Nauhria migrated to New Zealand in 1972 and started his own construction and property business in 1976. » Canadian short story writer Alice Munro won the £60000 Man Booker International Prize 2009 on May 27,2009. She beat Mahasweta Devi and a host of other literary heavyweights, including Nobel laureate V.S. Naipaul and Mario Vargas Llosa. She won recognition with her very fi c lect io o stor ies , ‘D nc e rst ol n f a of the Happy Shades,’ published in 1968. Her other successful works include ‘Lives of Girls’ and ‘Women’ (1971) and ‘The Beggar Maid,’ which was shortlisted for the annual Booker Prize in 1980. The prize, different from the annual Booker Prize for Fiction, is awarded once every two years to a living author for International Indian Film Academy (IIFA) award › Best Film - Jodhaa Akbar › Best Actor in a Leading Role – Male - Hrithik Roshan – Jodhaa Akbar › Best Actor in a Leading Role – Female - Priyanka Chopra – Fashion › Best Director - Ashutosh Gowariker – Jodhaa Akbar › Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Male - Arjun Rampal – Rock On!! › Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female - Kangna Ranaut – Fashion › Best Actor in a Negative Role - Akshaye Khanna – Race › Best Story - Neeraj Pandey – A Wednesday! › Outstanding Achievement by an Indian in International Cinema - Aishwarya Rai Bachchan › Lifetime Achievement Award - Rajesh Khanna › Best Music - A R Rahman – Jodhaa Akbar › Best Lyrics - Javed Akhtar – Jashn-E-Bahara (Jodhaa Akbar) › Best Playback Singer – Male - Javed Ali – Jashn-e-Baharaa (Jodhaa Akbar) › Best Playback Singer – Female - Shreya Ghoshal – Teri Ore (Singh is Kinng) › Best Dialogue - Manu Rishi – Oye Lucky! Lucky Oye! more.. 91 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -51(AWARDS) SECTION - (Article: Hind Decade’s Award To commemorate the last decade in Indian Cinema, the Videocon IIFA Golden Decade Honors were instituted and presented at the Idea IIFA Awards. › Star of the Decade – Male : Shah Rukh Khan › Star of the Decade – Female : Aishwarya Rai Bachchan › Music Director of the Decade : A R Rahman › Movie of the Decade: Lagaan › Director of the Decade : Rakesh Roshan his or her lifetime achievement in English, or whose work is widely translated into English. Ismail Kadaré and Chinua Achebe had won for the year 2005 and 2007 respectively. » The three-day International Indian Film Academy (IIFA) award ceremony kicked off in Macau on June 11,2009. Bollywood superstar Amitabh Bachchan inaugurated the 10th edition of the prestigious event by planting a lotus fl w r, th of fi oe e cial fl er of both India and M u. Am a b Ba chcha n i s th brand ow aca it h e ambassador of IIFA. The award ceremony has travelled across continents from London, Yorkshire and Amsterdam in Europe, Johannesburg and Sun City in South Africa and Singapore, Malaysia, Dubai and Bangkok in Asia The IIFA awards 2009 were given on June 13. Ashutosh Gowariker's historical romance ‘Jodhaa Akbar ‘ swept the International In- dian Film Acadmey (IIFA) awards 2009 with a perfect 10 bag of trophies, being named the best fi and fet chi n i ts m l e lead H ith k R s h n th bes t act or aw rd and lm g a r i o a e a Ashutosh Gowariker the best director award. The IIFA and Green globe Foundation presented an Award to Rahul Bose for his contribution to creating awareness on global warming. Bollywood's veteran actor Rajesh Khanna, fondly called Kaka by his fans was awarded the lifetime achievement award. The 66-year-old thespian attained the heights of superstardom in the 70's with his remarkable performances in fi s lik lm e Amar Prem, Aradhana, Kati Patang and others. » Presented an Award to Rahul Bose for his contribution to creating awareness on global warming. Bollywood's veteran actor Rajesh Khanna, fondly called Kaka by his fans was awarded the lifetime achievement award. The 66-year-old thespian attained the heights of superstardom in the 70's with his remarkable performances in fi s lik A r P em A adha na , K t i P t ang a o h rs. lm e ma r , r a a nd t e » Noted Bollywood actress Shabana Azmi was conferred with the International Indian Film Academy (IIFA) 92 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

SECTION - 1 (Article: Hind Section -5 (AWARDS) Global Leadership Award at Macau on June 12,2009. IIFA brand ambassador Amitabh Bachchan presented the award to Shabana Azmi. Vice-President M Hamid Ansari gave away Lakshmipat Singhania-IIM Lucknow National Leadership Award for 2008 to following personalities: » Noted space scientist G Madhavan Nair was conferred in the category of Science and Technology for his contributions to space science. Businessman Anand Mahindra got the recognition for his leadership in business. » Eminent social activist Tulasi Munda awarded for her exemplary work for development of tribals. » Scientist B K Das, businessman Gautam Thapar and social activist Ravi Rebbapragada were also awarded as young leaders in the categories of science and technology, business and community service. » The award is being given since 2004 to eminent personalities for their contributions to society. » Wipro chairman and founder of ‘Azim Premji Foundation’, Azim Premji was conferred Doctor of Hu- mane Letters by Wesleyan University, Connecticut, United States. The honorary degree was conferred on Premji in recognition of his achievements as a “renowned entrepreneur, global business leader and ex- traordinary humanitarian who demonstrated a commitment to education and the well being of fellow citizens,”. Premji became the second Indian recipient of this award. Nobel Prize winner Amartya Kumar Sen was awarded an honorary doctorate in 1995. This Article is Available Online Also:- http://upscportal.com/civilservices/mag/vol-4/article/Awards 93 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -61(Model Hind SECTION - (Article: Paper: CSE Mains GS Study Cum Notes Model Paper) Civil Services (Main) Examination-2009 Solved Cum Study Notes Model Paper, PART-1 (General Studies) “We are providing a model paper cum notes for IAS main, which is not only for practices but also a guess for this year main. Here some answers are not in the world limit. Its objective is to making notes too easy in grasping. Practice on model paper plays very important role in any exam, through this one can improve writing skill and speed. Here, in IAS main, world limit is very important. So while you write and make practices, always word limit must keep in mind. For this one must develop a synchronising method.“ 1.Answer any two of the following (in about 150 Salient Features words each) 1. The law allowed the Indians to take part in the a.Write About the Government of India Act of election of the various legislative councils in India 1909 and it’s salient features. for the fi tim . T m j o ity o th s counc i l w s rst e he a r f i a appointed by British Government. Ans: Government of India Act And also the constituency was lim- of 1909 is also known as ited to specifi c asses o In an n - c l f di a Morley- Minto Reforms. Af- tionals. ter Lord Curzon`s partitioning of Bengal, terrorism in- 2. The introduction of the electoral voked in the land of Bengal from Indians was though against the and it was an absolute neces- intent of Morley, but could effec- sity to restore stability of the tively establish the groundwork for British Raj. So in order to a parliamentary system. crack down the terrorist act in Bengal, John Morley, the Lib- 3. Muslim leaders of India demanded eral Secretary of State for In- the laws to be conditioned and they dia and The Earl of Minto, the would have to face Hindu majority Conservative Governor General of India, together and expressed serious concern and protested against came to a common opinion that a dramatic step was the law. They demanded the law to be `fi p rst ast required. This Act also gave security to the loyal the post` type. followers of Indian upper classes and upcoming 4. As a result of this the minority Muslim commu- westernized section of the population. They to- nity was allotted reserved seats in Municipal and gether produced the Indian council act of 1909 District Boards, in the Provincial Councils and in (Morley-Minto Reforms) though the reforms did the Imperial Legislature. not meet the demands of Indian National Congress of the system of government obtaining in Self-Gov- 5. The number of reserved seat was more than their erning British Colonies. percentage in the relative population (twenty fi e v percent of total Indian population). 6. Only Muslims should vote for Muslim candidates (Separate Electorate). These concessions for Mus- 94 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -6 (Model Hind SECTION - 1 (Article: Paper: CSE Mains GS Study Cum Notes Model Paper) lim community brought about a constant conflict placed under their rule. Some of the social reforms during the years 1909-47. introduced to put an end to evil customs like sati, female infanticide, etc. and to ameliorate the con- b.What was the causes of Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 dition of the people made people unhappy. ? Discuss it’s effect on the Indian administrative and political system. Economic causes: The general discontentment grew rapidly and strongly among the Indian sol- Ans: The Sepoy Mutiny was not a mere movement diers. Most of the soldiers in the East India that took shape in just a day. Various causes summed Company`s army came from peasant families which up to its happening. The country during that time, were deeply affected by their impoverished status was going through a tumultuous phase, with disil- .Lot of partiality was done against Indians like not lusionment being the order of the day for the evolv- giving them post above subehdars and salary being ing youth. The English, however, were still not less than their English counterparts. The adverse permeated with the idea to capture the subconti- effects of the Industrial Revolution on the Indian nent with the policy of `divide and rule`. Yet, some economy were also being felt because of British of the prominent causes can be laid down as fol- economic policies in India. lows: Religious causes: The introduction of telegraph, Political causes: British East India Company gained railways and the spread of western education, its control over India in a span of 150 years from caused suspicion and fear in the people`s minds. 1751 to 1856. The policy of expansion pursued by They were convinced that the English were con- the British created discontent among the princes. spiring to convert them to Christianity. Superior A number of independent kingdoms were annexed civil and military officers a ed th n m o R m bus e a e f a to the British Empire. In 1843, Sind was attacked and Muhammad. Idolatry was denounced. Hindu and annexed. Lord Dalhousie annexed indian king- gods and goddesses ridiculed. The Religious Disabili- doms whenever an occasion arose. Under his policy ties Act modifi H n cus tom . T s a e bl ed ed i du s hi ct na `Doctrine of Lapse` the princes were denied the a convert to Christianity, to inherit his ancestral right of adoption; in this way Dalhousie annexed property. All this created resentment among the the Maratha States of Satara, Nagpur and Jhansi and people. several minor kingdoms. On the death of the ex- Peshwa, Baji Rao II, the pension granted to him Military causes: The Sepoys of the Bengal Army was abolished and the claims of his adopted son, were belonged to high castes of Oudh and the Nana Saheb, were disregarded. The result of his North-Western Province. Although the Sepoys had policy was that no Indian prince felt secure, and fought and won many wars for the Company with there was widespread resentment. determined devotion in the most diffi t a d cul nd an- gerous circumstances they did not get a fair deal. Social causes: The continuous interference of En- Their emoluments were very low in comparison glish in basic way of living, traditional beliefs, val- with those of the British soldiers and their chances ues and norms was seen by masses as threat to reli- of promotion negligible. The loyalty of the Sepoys gion. The English administrators gradually became was further undermined by certain military reforms arrogant and there was a wide gulf between them which outraged their religious feelings. They had and the people. They could hardly know the feel- an aversion to overseas service, as travel across the ings of the vast multitude, which providence had 95 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -61(Model Hind SECTION - (Article: Paper: CSE Mains GS Study Cum Notes Model Paper) seas meant loss of caste for them. from hands of East India Company to the British government. In 1858, the Queen issued a procla- Immediate Cause: Discontentment was rampant mation saying that all were her subjects and that among the Indians and they were waiting only for there would be no discrimination, appointments an occasion to revolt. The introduction of Greased would be made on the basis of merit, and that cartridge in 1856 sparked the fi T g re. he overnm nt e there would be no interference in religious mat- decided to replace the old-fashioned musket, ters. `Brown Begs` by the Ènfi d rifl . Te l o ng el e` h adi process of the Enfi d rifl i n ol ved bri ngi ng t h el e v e cartridge to the mouth and biting of the top paper. c. Famines were the main features during the rule There was a rumour among the Sepoys in January of the British India. Examine it’s consequences 1857 that the greased cartridge contained the fat of and effect on India and efforts of British rulers to cow and pig, the former sacred to Hindus and lat- relief. ter forbidden to Muslims. The sepoys were now convinced that the introduction of greased car- Ans: During the rule of the British East India com- tridges was a deliberate attempt to defi H n a le i du nd pany India suffered in from twelve famines and four Muslim religion. This sparked off the Mutiny on severe scarcities. The signifi cant of th e w s th os a e 29th March 1857. greats famine of Bengal of 1769-70, which claimed a large toll of lives. The state government did not Effect: The Sepoy Mutiny had impressed upon adopt any relief measures. Rather the company`s every Indian in different ways, including even servants made enormous profi from th s scarci ty. ts i the British living in England. Numerous got They bought rice and retailed it in high prices. The divided into pro-British and anti-British groups years 1781 and 82 were the period of extreme cri- and sects. After the war came to an end, British ses in Madras; in 1784 severe famines affl ed th ict e army were successful to regain the states of Delhi, whole of Northern India. However during the Ma- Kanpur, Lucknow, Gwalior and Meerut. The dras famine, the state provided reliefs to the fam- ruthless primary effect was that, thousands of ine stricken. The Famine commissions of 1880 en- native army-men were slaughtered mercilessly, visaged that till the end of the18th century the without any valid reason. However, the British in position of the British Government in India was London had highly justifi th s e k llin in th ed e i gs e not such as either to create any senses of general press. The last Mughal, Bahadur Shah II was obligation to give relief or to supply suffi ent m ans ci e exiled in Rangoon, where he breathed his last. of affording it. The great revolt of 1857 also saw the historic ceasing of the rule of the British East India Com- During the years 1803 famine in Northwestern pany, and India was formally annexed under the Provinces including Oudh the state granted remis- direct rule of the Queen. New reforms, measures, sions of the revenue, gave loans and advances to s administrative, economic and religious measures the s landowners, offered a bounty on all grain im- came into force, which were to govern the coun- ported to Benaras, Allahabad, Kanpur and try for the next 200 years. The mutiny made Fatehgarh. The Guntur Famine of 1833 s took a English realise the extent of dissatisfaction among heavy s toll of lives. In the year 1837, there was a Indians thus leading to transfer of power and rule 96 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -6 (Model Hind SECTION - 1 (Article: Paper: CSE Mains GS Study Cum Notes Model Paper) severe famine took places in the Upper India. Un- ine extensive areas were depopulated and large der the British Crown, ten severe famines took pal- tracts went outs of cultivation. Between the years ace in India. These famines occurred in the areas of 1880 and 1896, there were two famines and fi e v Delhi and Agra in the year1860-61. Colonel Baird severe s scarcities took place. The Government took Smith was deputes for this purpose but his report extensive reliefs. Following the great famine, a did not lend any formulation on the general prin- Committee was formed, presided by Sir James Lyall, ciples of relief. ex lieutenant Generals of the Punjab. But they largely adhered to the recommendations already The famine of 1865 followed by a famine the fol- prepared by their predecessors. In the year 1880, lowing years affected Orissa, Madras, northern Ben- only by suggesting certain alterations. Following the gal and Bihar. In these years Orissa became the most famine of 1896 and 97, another calamity came in affected one. Hence the famine came to be known the year 1899-1900. But during this time the Brit- as the "Orissa Famine". The Government offi cers ish authorities in some area failed and fi a l ly re- n though warned, took no step to meet the approach fused to open famine relief works in the early stages of the calamity of famine. Even during the severe of the famine. famine the Government adhered to the principles of free trade and the law of demands and supply. In Later the authorities opened a large number of re- this circumstances the Government only provided lief works but could not maintain it properly. The employments to the sable bodied persons and lefts Great famine of Bengal took place s in the year 1942 the works of charitable reliefs to the voluntary to 1943. The great famine of Bengal was perhaps agency. the most dangerous calamity under the British. The famine of Bengal took the character of an epidemic. Since the voluntary agencies could not work like The root causes of the famine was the series of crop the government they could not provide adequate failures that Bengal experienced from the year 1938 relief and as a result the Orissa famine claimed a .The conditions of the Second World war was also heavy toll of lives. The Orissa famine proved a turn- responsible for the terrible famine in Bengal. The ing point in the history of the Indian famines. In normal imports from Burma were stopped. Conse- 1868, when the severe calamity took places in quently the movement of trade and food grains was Northern and Central India the worst affected ar- dislocated. However the historians have considered eas were Rajputana and central India. The govern- that the famine of Bengal was mostly man made ment following the recommendations of the Com- than by the natural causes. The opportunists to cre- mittee, adopted measures to relieve the distress. ate famine and to make enormous profi o o th s ts ut f i However the relief givens by the Government was had exploited the situation of Second World War. inadequate. Here also the government reliefs proved inadequate and the Government of India wanted the Provin- The great famine of 1876-78 was perhaps the most cial Government to undertake and organize the fam- grievous calamity experienced since the beginning ine relief. of the 19th century when the power was transferred to the Crown. The calamity affected Madras, Thus the British Government of India Gradually Bombay, Uttar Pradesh and Punjab. Due to this fam- exploited the economy of India. The evil effects of 97 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -61(Model Hind SECTION - (Article: Paper: CSE Mains GS Study Cum Notes Model Paper) the Second World War also created a vacuum. Thus to God`. Margaret Noble was the childhood name regular famines were an inevitable feature of India of Sister Nivedita. She was known by that name during the 19th and the 20th centuries. before she was taken into the Ramakrishna order. She was born in Dungannon in Co-Tyrone on 28 2. Write about the following(not exceeding 20 October 1867. words each) d. Leela Roy: Leela Roy was one among the women a. Rafi A m d K d a i : Rafi A m d K d a i w s h e i w h e i w a pioneers from Bengal, who stand out uniquely in born on 18th February 1894 in the district of her selfl s d cat io to th caus e o th count ry es edi n e f e Barabanki in Uttar Pradesh. He belonged to a and the people, and particularly of women. She was Zamindar family. He graduated from M.A.O. Col- a freedom fi er a p rio w o h d to suf fer rig- ght nd at t h a lege in Aligarh. He joined Indian National Congress orous imprisonments. She was a crusader for and took active part in Khilafat Movement. Rafi women`s education and she wanted women to be Ahmed Kidwai played crucial role in the Non-Co- free and independent. Her revolutionary work operation Movement in Barabanki district. He was opened doors for women and girls who were ear- the private secretary to Motilal Nehru. In 1926 he lier treated as mere chattels. was selected at the Central Legislative Assembly. In 1952 after the fi g ral e ect io R fi A d rst ene l n a h me e. Sarat Chandra Bose: Sarat Chandra Bose was born Kidwai was given the charge of food and agricul- on 6th September 1889 in Calcutta. He is the son of ture ministry. Janakinath Bose and elder brother of Subhas Chandra Bose. Sarat Chandra Bose was immensely b. Nellie Sengupta: Nellie Sengupta was one among inflenced b th g u y e reat c ongres s leader C ttaranj an hi the English women who came to India to dedicate Das and joined the Indian National Congress. her life for its people. Though an outsider she proved He actively took part in the Non-Cooperation herself as a true Indian patriot. She was a unique Movement. Within few days he became a well combination of all the best qualities. She was a de- known leader in the Indian National Congress. In voted wife, a saintly mother and an active political 1946, he was given the charge of the Works, Mines leader. During the non-cooperation movement she and Powers ministry in the Interim Government. was arrested while selling khadi in Chittagong. Thus In 1947 he strongly opposed against partition and she had to endure prison life for the cause of her resigned All India Congress Committee. husband. Nellie was elected Congress President in After independence Sarat Chandra Bose led the For- 1933. It was a recognition for her valuable contri- ward Block which was formed by his brother. bution to the cause of India`s independence.. Later, He also formed the Socialist Republican Party to Nellie was elected Alderman of Calcutta Corpora- spread socialistic view in the country. Sarat Chandra tion. Bose died in 1950, in Calcutta. c. Sister Nivedita: Sister Nivedita was an Anglo- f. Shoilabala Das: Shoilabala Das was the fi rst Irish social worker, writer, teacher and disciple of woman Municipal Commissioner of Cuttack. She Swami Vivekananda. It was he who gave her the was the adopted daughter of Orissa’s famous politi- name Nivedita that means òne who is dedicated cian Madhusudan Das. During the freedom struggle, 98 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -61(Model Hind SECTION - (Article: Paper: CSE Mains GS Study Cum Notes Model Paper) Mahatma Gandhi asked Shoilabala to do him a ghanistan, with the foremost aim to conquer the `favour` by introducing `charkha` to the women Oriental country and annex it to their own territo- of Orissa. With folded hands she said that she do rial integrity. Indian rulers under the Slave Dynasty not believe in `charkha` and it would never bring (also referred to as Mamluk Dynasty) like Qutb- salvation to India or solve its economic problems. ud-din Aibak (1206-1210), Shams-ud-din Iltutmish She headed several institutions and participated in (1211-1236), Raziyyat ud din Sultana ,Ala ud din the activities of various social organizations. Khilji (1296-1316), one of the greatest of the Delhi Sultans, under the Khilji Dynasty, deserve the most g. Kadamba dynasty: During 345 - 525 CE, proud mention in terms of regional extension or Kadamba was a primeval majestic dynasty of the architecture. Delhi Sultanate however was later to Karnataka state that ruled from Banavasi of the con- witness its curtain call after extensive epochs of temporary district of Uttara Kannada. Much later, ruling under such rulers arriving to India, with the the Kadamba ruled as a liege of huge kingdoms like Lodi Dynasty (1451-1526). that of Kannada, Chalukya and the Rashtrakuta for more than 5 hundred years. At that time, many of j. Architecture of Indus Valley civilization: As the Kadamba people were divided into Goa and far as architecture of Indus Valley civilisation is con- Hanagal. Under king Kakushtavarma reign; the cerned, it was of a startling utilitarian character with Kadamba clan reached its zenith. At that time, the uniformity of plan and construction. The buildings Kadamba people dominated in large parts of the consisted of houses, markets, storerooms, and of- state of Karnataka. Another milestone of the fi ; m ny o th s e struct u es cons isted o a b ick ces a f e r f r Kadamba is the bestowal upon the regional Kannada ground-storey with one or more additional fl or s o language, the prestige of being the language, used in wood. The constructions of Mohenjo-daro also for administrative matter. refl an u ban spi rit w e re th s anc i ent lacks ar- ect r h i chitectural grandeur. The baked brick construction h. Chola Dynasty: The fi m j o and subs tant ial rst a r is perhaps the feature most suggestive of the build- Hindu dynasty to rule India during the beginnings ing methods of the ancient cities of Mesopotamia, of its Medieval period, was the Chola Dynasty, but the bricks of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa are which was further sub-divided into the Sangam fire-baked, a n sun- dr ied. C rtai n a nd ot e rchi tect u al r Cholas and the prominent Chola rulers like features, such as the use of narrow pointed niches Vĳ aya C a (848 - 8 , founder o th C a ayal hol 81) f e hol as the only forms of interior decoration along the Empire, Rajaraja Chola I (985 - 1014), esteemed as Indus are suggestive of a relationship with the an- the greatest of the Chola kings, Rajendra Chola I cient Near East. Among the more interesting struc- (1012 - 1044) or Rajadhiraja Chola I (1018 - 1054). tures at Mohenjo-daro were the remains of a great Chola rulers of India are largely respected to have public bath. extended their empire towards various south-east Asian countries. k. Kot Dĳ Kot Dĳ 4 k e o M he n- j o D ro i: i, 0 m ast f o - a on the left bank, is one of the earliest known forti- i. Delhi Sultanate: Delhi Sultanate basically holds fi ci ty. It w s a startlin di scovery w i ch gave ed a g h within its chronology the various invading rulers new evidence of pre-Harappan culture and pushed invading India from parts of Persia, Turkey or Af- 99 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -61(Model Hind SECTION - (Article: Paper: CSE Mains GS Study Cum Notes Model Paper) back Pakistan`s history by another 500 years. It was n. Bhakti movement: The Bhakti movement is a an important site in Sindh having a citadel and the Hindu religious movement in which the main spiri- lower town. It had defensive wall with a mud brick tual practice was loving devotion to God or bhakti. revetment in the exterior with bastions and the The devotion was directed towards a particular form inner face was enforced at intervals with a stone of God, such as Siiva,Vishnu,Murukan or Shakti. revetment bounded with stone courses at the bot- The bhakti movement started in southern India and tom. slowly spread north during the later half of the In- dian medieval period (800-1700 CE). l. Kuntasi: The Harappan site Kuntasi, seven km from the Gulf of kutch (District Rajkot), was basi- 3.Answer any two of the following( in about 150 cally not an agricultural settlement but appears to words each) have been a centre for procuring raw materials and processing them into ﬁ i sh d pr oduct s pr im rily n e a a. What is the wind energy? Write about current for exporting them to Sindh and West Asia. In scenario of wind energy in India. Kuntasi a mound measuring 150 by 125 metres and four metres high, has been found to be a trading Ans: Wind is simple air in motion. It is caused by settlement, as the archeologists have found remains the uneven heating of the earth’s surface by the of a landing platform 30 metres long, warehouses sun. Since the earth’s surface is made of very dif- and workshops. The settlement was a port and a ferent types of land and water, it absorbs the sun’s manufacturing centre. The Harappans of Kuntasi heat at different rates. During the day, the air above manufactured pottery, copper articles, bangles and the land heats up more quickly than the air over beads made of agate and carnellian and lapis lazuli, water. The warm air over the land expands and rises, the last of which was brought to Kuntasi as a raw and the heavier, cooler air rushes in to take its place, material from Badakshan in Afghanistan. Large in- creating winds. At night, the winds are reversed terconnected rooms for workers, a large common because the air cools more rapidly over land than kitchen and workshops have led to the theory that over water. In the same way, the large atmospheric Kuntasi was not a regular Harappan settlement but winds that circle the earth are created because the meant to house artisans who crafted the wares. land near the earth's equator is heated more by the sun than the land near the North and South Poles. m. Brahadeeswara Temple: Brahadeeswara Temple Today, wind energy is mainly used to generate elec- at Tanjore (Thanjavur), also called the Big Temple, tricity. Wind is called a renewable energy source belongs to the architecture of the Chola period. because the wind will blow as long as the sun shines. Built in the 10th Century A.D., by Raja Raja Chola, The Indian wind energy sector has an installed ca- the Temple Tower is capped by an 81.3 tonnes pacity of 10,242.3 MW (as on March 31, 2009). In round monolithic cupola. This enormous piece of terms of wind power installed capacity, India is stone is said to have been was moved into position ranked 5th in the World. Today India is a major by moving it along an inclined plane 6 kms. long. player in the global wind energy market. The po- The temple is considered an engineering skill of tential is far from exhausted. Indian Wind Energy the Chola architects who planned its construction Association has estimated that with the current in such a way that the shadow of the cupola never level of technology, the ‘on-shore’ potential for uti- falls on the ground. 100 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -6 (Model Hind SECTION - 1 (Article: Paper: CSE Mains GS Study Cum Notes Model Paper) lization of wind energy for electricity generation is Deforestation is a particular concern in the west- of the order of 65,000 MW. The unexploited re- ern Himalayas, where increased demand for ﬁ resource availability has the potential to sustain the wood, extensive tree trimming in order to feed live- growth of wind energy sector in India in the years stock, and construction of roads in the border re- to come. gions have increased the destruction rate of forests and the number of landslides. Rapid population b. Write about Himalayas mountain system and growth has accelerated pollution, and Himalayan It’s degradation due to pollution. streams that were once clear are now polluted with refuse and sewage. Hill people who use the water Ans: Himalayas mountain system in Asia, forming for drinking suffer from dysentery; cholera and ty- a broad continuous arc for nearly 2600 km (1600 phoid epidemics are also common. Large lakes like mi) along the northern fringes of the Indian sub- Dal in Kashmir and Naini Lake (Nainital) have also continent, from the bend of the Indus River in the become polluted. Regional variations in environ- northwest to the Brahmaputra River in the east. mental degradation exist in the Himalayas. Condi- The Himalayas range, averaging 320 to 400 km (200 tions range from a critical situation in the Himalayas to 250 mi) in width, rises sharply from the Gangetic of Nepal, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, and Kashmir to a Plain. North of this mountain belt lies the Tibetan moderately serious situation in Bhutan and the east- Plateau (Qing Zang Gaoyuan). The Himalayas form ern Himalayas. If rapid development continues in the earth's highest mountain region, containing 9 Bhutan and the eastern Himalayas without due re- of the 10 highest peaks in the world. Among these gard for conservation, the problems there may as- peaks are the world's highest mountain, Mount sume critical proportions in the near future. The Everest (8848 m/29,028 ft), which is on the Nepal- governments of India, Nepal, and Bhutan are aware Tibet border; the second highest peak, K2 or Mount of the dangers of environmental degradation in the Godwin Austen (8,611 m/28,251 ft), located on the Himalayas, and environmental management con- border between China and Jammu and Kashmir, a cerns are being integrated in development projects territory claimed by India and Pakistan; the third in this region. highest peak, Kanchenjunga (8,598 m/28,209 ft) on the Nepal-India border; Makalu (8481 m/27,824 ft) c. Wh at is Ultra Me ga P ow er proje ct s on the Nepal-Tibet border; Dhaulagiri (8,172 m/ (UMPP)?What the new development and actions 26,811 ft) and Annapurna 1 (8,091 m/26,545 ft) in in this sector are taking place? Nepal; Nanga Parbat (8,125 m/26,657 ft) in the Pa- kistani-controlled portion of Jammu and Kashmir; Ans: Ultra Mega Power projects are a series of am- and Nanda Devi (7817 m/25,645 ft) in India. Eco- bitious power projects planned by the Government nomic changes and population increases are threat- of India. With India being a country of chronic ening the ecology of the Himalayas. In recent years power deﬁ t, th G vern e nt o In a h s p anned ci e o m f di a l deforestation in the foothills and the Middle to provide 'power for all' by the end of the elev- Himalayas and overgrazing on the high pastures enth plan. This would entail a creation of an addi- have led to soil erosion and other environmental tional capacity of at least 100,000 MW by 2012. The problems. Ultra Mega Power projects each with a capacity of 4000 megawatts or above are being developed with 101 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -6 (Model Hind SECTION - 1 (Article: Paper: CSE Mains GS Study Cum Notes Model Paper) an aim to bridge this gap. The UMPPs are seen as - Krishna and West Godavari. The lake serves as a an expansion of the MPP (Mega Power Projects) natural fl od- bal anc i n reservoi r for th s e tw riv o g e o - projects that the Government of India undertook ers. The lake is fed directly by water from the sea- in the nineties but met with limited success. The sonal Budameru and Tammileru streams, and is con- Ministry of Power in association with central elec- nected to the Krishna and Godavari systems by over tricity authority and power fi a nc e c porat io ltd. n or n 68 infl w n d ai n a cha nne l s. o i g r s nd has launched an initiative for development of coal based UMPP's in India. These projects will be b. Monsoon: A monsoon is a seasonal prevailing awarded to developers on the basis of competitive wind that lasts for several months. The term was bidding. fi u ed in E ish in In a, B ngl ades h P ki stan rst s ngl di a , a and neighboring countries to refer to the big sea- Some of the UMPPs establishing in India are as sonal winds blowing from the Indian Ocean and follows: Arabian see in the southwest bringing heavy rain- Sasan Power Limited (Sasan, Madhya Pradesh) fall to the area. In terms of total precipitation and Coastal Gujarat Power Limited (Mundra, Gujarat) total area covered, the monsoons affecting the In- Coast al Karnataka P ow er L imit ed (Tadri, dian subcontinent dwarf the North American monsoon, and the South Asian monsoon affects a larger Karnataka) number of people, owing to the high density of Coastal Andhra Power Limited (Krishnapatnam, population in that part of the world. A.P.) Coastal Tamil Nadu Power Limited (Cheyyur, c. Export Processing Zone: India was one of the fi in A ia to recogni ze th ef fect iv s s of th rst s e ene e T.N.) Export Processing Zone (EPZ) model in promoting Coastal Maharashtra Power Limited (Girye, exports, with Asia's fi Erst PZ set u in K ndl a in p a Maharastra) 1965. With a view to overcome the shortcomings Orissa Integrated Power Limited (Sundergarh dis- experienced on account of the multiplicity of controls and clearances; absence of world-class infra- trict, Orissa) structure, and an unstable fi scal regi m a w th a e nd i Jharkhand Integrated Power Limited (Tilaiya, view to attract larger foreign investments in India, Jharkhand) the Special Economic Zones (SEZs) Policy was an- Akaltara Power Limited (Aklatara, Chattisgarh) nounced in April 2000. This policy intended to make SEZs an engine for economic growth supported by 4.Write about the following (not exceeding 20 quality infrastructure complemented by an attrac- words each) tive fiscal package, b h a th C nt re a th S at e ot t e e nd e t level, with the minimum possible regulations. SEZs a. Kolleru Lake: Kolleru Lake is the largest fresh- in India functioned from 1.11.2000 to 09.02.2006 water lake. It is located in Andhra pradhesh state, under the provisions of the Foreign Trade Policy India. Kolleru is located between Krishna and and fi scal in ent iv w re m de ef fect iv th ough c es e a e r Godavari and delta. Kolleru spans into two districts the provisions of relevant statutes. 102 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -61(Model Hind SECTION - (Article: Paper: CSE Mains GS Study Cum Notes Model Paper) d. Bhangar and Khadar: The overall gradient of cause for concern, both in terms of the methods the plain is virtually imperceptible, averaging only used to achieve objectives and of the undue power about 6 inches per mile (95 mm per km) in the and infl enc e w i ch p u h articul ar lo es c exert. bbi an Ganges basin and slightly more along the Indus and Pluralists believe that pressure groups overcome the Brahmaputra. Even so, to those who till its soils, democratic defi t th t bui ld up as m s t peopl e ci a s o there is an important distinction between bhangar political participation is to cast a vote every fi e v the slightly elevated, terraced land of older allu- years, this leading to people having little or no in- vium and khadar, the more fertile fresh alluvium fl enc e o u ver d sio m de b w en e ect io , a eci ns a et e l ns nd on the low-lying fl odpl ai n In g ral , th rat io o o . ene e f minority views not being represented. bhangar areas to those of khadar increases upstream along all major rivers. Pressure groups increase participation and access to the political system, thereby enhancing the qual- e. Tropical cyclones: Fierce tropical cyclones oc- ity of democracy. They complement and supple- cur in India during what may be called the ment electoral democracy in two main ways: fi rst, premonsoon, early monsoon, or postmonsoon pe- by providing an important mechanism by which riods. Originating in both the Bay of Bengal and citizens can infl enc e governm nt bet w en el ec- u e e the Arabian Sea, tropical cyclones often attain ve- tions; and second by enabling opinions to be locities of more than 100 miles (160 km) per hour weighed as well as counted. Pressure groups im- and are notorious for causing intense rain and storm prove the quality of government. Consultation with tides (surges) as they cross the coast of India. The affected groups is the rational way to make deci- Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, and West Bengal coasts are sions in a free society. It makes government more especially susceptible to such storms. effi ent b enha nc i n th q ity o th d sio ci y g e ual f e eci n making process - the information and advice pro- 5. Answer any one of the following(in about 250 vided by groups helps to improve the quality of words each) government policy and legislation. Pressure groups are a product of freedom of association, which is a a.What is Pressure groups?Discuss about it’s role fundamental principle of liberal democracy. Freely in political system. operating pressure groups are essential to the effective functioning of liberal democracy in three Ans: In the pluralist model of democracy, pressure main ways: they serve as vital intermediary insti- groups play an essential role. Political parties can- tutions between government and society; they as- not provide adequate representation for the full sist in the dispersal of political power; and they pro- range of diverse interests and opinions in a modern vide important counterweights to balance the con- democracy because their key function is to aggre- centration of power. Pressure groups enable new gate interests into a coherent political entity capable concerns and issues to reach the political agenda, of governing the country. Pressure groups enable thereby facilitating social progress and preventing particular interests and causes to be heard and to social stagnation. Pressure groups assist the surveil- exert inflenc e in p ic d sio a d sio m k- u ubl eci n nd eci n- a lance of the government by exposing information ing. Yet it is precisely the representation of spe- it would rather keep secret, thereby reinforcing and cialist interests and of single issues which may give complementing work of opposition through political parties. Pressure groups thereby improve the 103 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -61(Model Hind SECTION - (Article: Paper: CSE Mains GS Study Cum Notes Model Paper) accountability of decision makers to electorates. levels. They are also found in many political groups, such as political parties,pressure groups, and trade Although the views of pressure groups may some- -unions. Non-political entities such as corporations times be considered, they are likely to be ignored if and voluntary associations, whether incorporated they do not confi w th th id o o a rm i e eol gy r genda o f or not, may also have a constitution. The constitu- the decision makers. Pressure group activity gives tion of a legally incorporated entity is more usually people hope that they can make a difference. This styled as its memorandum and articles of associa- hope is a distraction. The ruling class would rather tion (U.S. incorporation). Our Indian constitution that people put their energies into pressure group is wider and unique one because, it was made by activities, which do not question the fundamentals drawing from many sources as follows: of the system than into political activity, which seriously challenges the right of the elite to 1.Ideal of Justice in Social,education,economic govern.Group opposition can slow down or block and political- russia revolution 1917 desirable changes, thereby contributing to social immobilisation. The in-egalitarian way that some 2.Ideal of Liberty, Equality and fraternity -- groups operate increases social discontent and po- French revolution 1789 to 1799 litical instability by intensifying the sense of social frustration and injustice felt by disadvantaged and 3.From govt of India Act 1935 excluded sections of the population. 1.federal scheme 2.offi o G vernor ce f o b.What is the constitution?Write about the 3.Judiciary sources by which Indian constitution made. 4.public service commission 5.Emergency Ans: A constitution is set of rules for government 6.Administrative details — often codifi a a w itten d ed s r ocum nt — th t e - e a s tablishes principles of an autonomous political en- 4.British constitution tity. In the case of countries, this term refers spe- 1.Parliamentary form of govt cifi ly to a n io l c titu io d ing t h f u- cal at na ons t n efin e n 2.Rule of law damental political principles, and establishing the 3.legislation structure, procedures, power and duties, of a gov- 4.single citizenship ernment. By limiting the government's own reach, 5.cabinet form of govt most constitutions guarantee certain rights to the 6.prerogative writs people. The term constitution can be applied to any 7.Biocameralism overall law that defi e s th fu t io n of a gov- n e nc ni g ernment, including several historical constitutions 5.US constitution that existed before the development of modern na- 1.Fundamental rights tional constitutions. Constitutions concern differ- 2.Independent judiciary ent kinds of political organizations. They are found 3.judicial review extensively in regional government, at suprana- 4.Impeachment of President(tough tional, federal, state or provincial, and sub-national procedure to do this compared with India) 104 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -61(Model Hind SECTION - (Article: Paper: CSE Mains GS Study Cum Notes Model Paper) 5.removal of supreme court judges Ans: According to article 324 of the Constitution 6.vice presidential ship as the Election Commission: The Election Com- mission shall consist of the Chief Election 6.Irish Commissioner and such number of other Election 1.DPSP Commissioners, if any, as the President may from 2.nomination of members to Rajya sabha time to time fi and th appoi n m nt o th C ef x e t e f e hi 3.electoral offi and m t h o p es id ce e od f r ent Election Commissioner and other Election Commis- election sioners shall, subject to the provisions of any law made in that behalf by Parliament, be made by the 7.Canada(pure federal country) President. 1.federation with strong center 2.Residuary power with center When any other Election Commissioner is so 3.appointment of state governors by center appointed the Chief Election Commissioner shall 4.advisory/review of supreme court act as the Chairman of the Election Commission. Before each general election to the House of the 8.Australia People and to the Legislative Assembly of each 1.Concurrent list State, and before the fi g rst eneral e ectio a th re- l n nd e 2.Freedom of trade after before each biennial election to the Legisla- 3.commerce and inter state trade tive Council of each State having such Council, the 4.joint sitting in the parliament President 9.USSR may also appoint after consultation with the Elec- 1.Fundamental duties tion Commission such Regional Commissioners as 2.Preamble he may consider necessary to assist the Election Commission in the performance of the functions 10.South Africa conferred on the Commission. 1.proceedure for amendment 2.election to the rajya sabha members Subject to the provisions of any law made by Par- liament, the conditions of service and tenure of 11.Japan offi o th E ect io C m ssio rs a th R - ce f e l n o mi ne nd e e 1.proceedures established by law gional Commissioners shall be such as the Presi- dent may by rule determine: Provided that the 12.Weimer constitution of Germany Chief Election Commissioner shall not be removed 1.suspension of fundamental rights during from his offi except in lik m nne r and on th ce e a e emergency like grounds as a Judge of the Supreme Court and the conditions of service of the Chief Election Com- 6. Answer any two of the following(in about 150 missioner shall not be varied to his disadvantage words each) after his appointment: Provided further that any other Election Commissioner or a Regional Com- a.Discuss about the roll of Election Commission . missioner shall not be removed from offi except ce on the recommendation of the Chief Election Com- 105 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -61(Model Hind SECTION - (Article: Paper: CSE Mains GS Study Cum Notes Model Paper) missioner. The President, or the Governor of a State, absence of discrimination on the grounds only of shall, when so requested by the Election Commis- caste, colour, creed, sex, religion, or language. Be- sion, make available to the Election Commission or sides, social equality has equal status and opportu- to a Regional Commissioner such staff as may be nities. The preamble also guarantees secularism. The necessary for the discharge of the functions con- word `Secular` was also inserted into the Preamble ferred on the Election Commission. by the 42nd amendment act of 1976, during The Emergency. Secularism, implies equality of all reli- b.The preamble to the constitution is aimed to gions and religious tolerance and does not identify embody the fundamental values and the philoso- any offi al stat e rel igi o ci n. phy on which the constitution is based.Discuss. Preamble of Indian Constitution is also puts forth Ans: The preamble was adopted with the constitu- the terms, Democratic and Republic. India follows tion in the constituent assembly. It came into ef- a democratic form of government. The people of fect in 1950 along with the constitution. The origi- India elect their governments at all levels such as nal draft of the constitution opened with the words Union, State and local by a system of universal adult `Sovereign Democratic Republic` in the fi lin .rst e franchise. India is also a Republic, in a country The words `Socialist and Secular` were inserted by where the head of state is elected, directly or indi- the 42nd amendment. The same amendment con- rectly, for a fi ed tenur e. T P es id x he r ent o In a is f di tributed to the changes of the words unity of the the titular head of the state. Thus, the Preamble nation into unity and integrity of the nation. The plays pivotal role and serves two purpose including signifi e o th P eam l e o In an C ns titu io canc f e r b f di o t n and indicate to the source from which the Consti- lies in the "We, the people". These words empha- tution derives its authority and stating the objects, sizes that the ultimately powers are vested in the which the Constitution seeks to establish and pro- hands of the people of India. The expressions state mote. that the constitution is made by and made for the people of India. In addition to that, the Preamble c.Write about constitutional provisions about also lays down the essential national goals for ev- child labour and it’s implementation. ery citizen justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity. According to the Preamble of Indian Constitution, Ans: As per Article 24 of the Constitution, no child the word `Sovereign` occupies a vital role in the below the age of 14 years is to be employed in any country. It means supreme or independent and factory, mine or any hazardous employment. Fur- embodies India is internally and externally sover- ther, Article 39 requires the States to direct its policy eign and is free from the control of any foreign towards ensuring that the tender age of children is power. Furthermore, the country has a free gov- not abused and that they are not forced by eco- ernment which is directly elected by the people nomic necessity to enter avocations unsuited to their and makes laws that govern the people. The word age or strength. Recently, with the insertion of `Socialist` also has signifi e as it im l ies soci al canc p Article 21A, the State has been entrusted with the and economic equality. The word was added by the task of providing free and compulsory education to 42nd amendment act of 1976 during the Emergency. all the children in the age group of 6-14 years. Con- In addition to that Social equality identifi th es e sistent with the Constitutional provisions, Child 106 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -6 (Model Hind SECTION - 1 (Article: Paper: CSE Mains GS Study Cum Notes Model Paper) Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act was en- only such children who are employed in those in- acted in 1986, which seeks to prohibit employment dustries as notifi in th A t . A N w n tio l c ld ed e c e a na hi of children below 14 years in hazardous occupa- labour eradication policy: Several changes have oc- tions and processes and regulates the working con- curred since the drafting of the National Child ditions in other employments. In the last 5 years, Eradication Labour Policy in 1987. A re-examina- the number of hazardous processes listed in the tion of all the laws and policies pertaining to work- schedule of the Act has increased from 18 to 57 and ing children is critical. There must be consistency occupations from 7 to 13. in the constitutional and legal provisions pertaining to children’s rights especially their right to edu- Policy and programes:A National Policy on Child cation and wellbeing. Labour was announced in 1987 which emphasised the need for strict enforcement measures in areas 7. Answer the following( in about 20 words each) of high child labour concentration. In order to trans- late the above policy into action, the Government a. Caretaker government: In politics, a caretaker of India initiated the National Child Labour Project government rules temporarily. A caretaker govern- Scheme in 1988 to rehabilitate the working chil- ment is often set up following a war until stable dren starting with 12 child labour endemic districts democratic rule can be restored, or installed, in of the country. which case it is often referred to as a provisional government. In some countries the term is used to Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act describe the government that operates in the in- 1986:The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regula- terim period between the normal dissolution of par- tion) Act 1986 prohibits child labour in certain liament for the purpose of holding an election and occupations and processes alone and their condi- the formation of a new government after the elections of work are regulated in the rest. tion results are known. Caretaker governments may also be put in place when a government in a parlia- The law does not prohibit child labour if rendered mentary system is defeated in a motion of no confi - for one’s own family in those areas of occupation dence, or in the case when the house to which the that has been considered as hazardous. Likewise, it government is responsible is dissolved, to rule the has no purview over regulating the conditions of country for an interim period until an election is work if children are engaged to work by the fam- held and a new government is formed. This type of ily. The law has also completely left out children caretaker government is adopted in Bangladesh working in agriculture. The fi step is to cl early rst where an advisor council led by the former chief enunciate a policy that ‘no child must work-and judge rules the country for 3 months before an every child attends a full time formal school’ is not elected government takes over. In systems where negotiable and that it is a goal that is possible to coalition government are frequent a caretaker gov- achieve6. ernment may be installed temporarily while negotiations to form a new coalition take place. This The NCLP programme which is a consequence of usually occurs either immediately after an election the Child Labour (Prohibition & Regulation) Act, in which there is no clear victor or if one coalition 1986 focuses on the release and rehabilitation of government collapses and a new one must be nego- 107 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -61(Model Hind SECTION - (Article: Paper: CSE Mains GS Study Cum Notes Model Paper) tiated. of India and two houses, the lower house, known as the Lok Sabha and the upper house, known as b. Civil society: Civil society is composed of the the Rajya Sabha. Any bill can become an act only totality of voluntary civic and social organizations after it is passed by both the houses of the Parlia- and institutions that form the basis of a function- ment and assented by the President. ing society as opposed to the force-backed structures of a state (regardless of that state's political 8. Answer any one of the following(in about 250 system) and commercial institutions of the market. words) The concept of civil society in its pre-modern classical republican understanding is usually con- a.What is women's empowerment ?Write about nected to the age of enlightenment in the 18th cen- the policy and programmes adopted by Indian tury. However, it has much older history in the government. realm of political thought. Ans: Gender equality and women's empowerment c. Federalism :is a political philosophy in which a are human rights that lie at the heart of develop- group of members are bound together with a gov- ment and the achievement of the Millennium De- erning representative head. The term federalism is velopment Goals. Despite the progress that has been also used to describe a system of the government in made, six out of ten of world's poorest people are which sovereignty is constitutionally divided be- still women and girls, less than 16 percent of the tween a central governing authority and constitu- world's parliamentarians are women, two thirds of ent political units (like states or provinces). Feder- all children shut outside the school gates are girls alism is a system in which the power to govern is and, both in times of armed conﬂ and behi n ict d shared between national and central(state) govern- closed doors at home, women are still systemati- ments, creating what is often called a federation. cally subjected to violence. The principle of gender Proponents are often called federalists. equality is enshrined in the Indian Constitution in its Preamble, Fundamental Rights, Fundamental d. Isolationism : Isolationism is a foreign policy Duties and Directive Principles. The Constitution which combines a non interventionist military not only grants equality to women, but also em- policy and a political policy of economic powers the State to adopt measures of positive dis- nationalism(protectionism). In other words, it as- crimination in favour of women. Within the frame- serts both of the following:Non interventionism– work of a democratic polity, our laws, development Political rulers should avoid entangling alliances policies, Plans and programmes have aimed at with other nations and avoid all wars not related to women’s advancement in different spheres. From direct territorial self defense. protectionism – There the Fifth Five Year Plan (1974-78) onwards has been should be legal barriers to control trade and cul- a marked shift in the approach to women’s issues tural exchange with people in other states. from welfare to development. In recent years, the empowerment of women has been recognized as e. Parliament of India: The Parliament of India the central issue in determining the status of (or Sansad) is the federal and supreme legislative women. body of India. It consists of the ofﬁ o p es id ce f r ent 108 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -61(Model Hind SECTION - (Article: Paper: CSE Mains GS Study Cum Notes Model Paper) The National Commission for Women was set up Platform for Action, Five Years After- An assess- by an Act of Parliament in 1990 to safeguard the ment". Gender disparity manifests itself in various rights and legal entitlements of women. The 73rd forms, the most obvious being the trend of con- and 74th Amendments (1993) to the Constitution tinuously declining female ratio in the population of India have provided for reservation of seats in in the last few decades. Social stereotyping and vio- the local bodies of Panchayats and Municipalities lence at the domestic and societal levels are some for women, laying a strong foundation for their of the other manifestations. Discrimination against participation in decision making at the local levels. girl children, adolescent girls and women persists India has also ratiﬁ v us in ern t io l c ed ario t a na onven- in parts of the country. tions and human rights instruments committing to secure equal rights of women. Key among them is The underlying causes of gender inequality are re- the ratiﬁ io of th C nvent io on E im n t io cat n e o n l i a n lated to social and economic structure, which is of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women based on informal and formal norms, and practices. (CEDAW) in 1993. The Mexico Plan of Action Consequently, the access of women particularly (1975), the Nairobi Forward Looking Strategies those belonging to weaker sections including Sched- (1985), the Beĳ g D cl arat io as w l l a th P at - in e n e s e l uled Castes/Scheduled Tribes/ Other backward form for Action (1995) and the outcome Document Classes and minorities, majority of whom are in the adopted by the UNGA Session on Gender Equality rural areas and in the informal, unorganized sector and Development & Peace for the 21st century, – to education, health and productive resources, titled Further actions and initiatives to implement among others, is inadequate. Therefore, they re- the Beĳ g D cl arat io and th P at for m for A - in e n e l c main largely marginalized, poor and socially ex- tion have been unreservedly endorsed by India for cluded. The involvement of voluntary organizations, appropriate follow up. The Policy also takes note associations, federations, trade unions, non-govern- of the commitments of the Ninth Five Year Plan mental organizations, women’s organizations, as and the other Sectoral Policies relating to empow- well as institutions dealing with education, train- erment of Women. The women’s movement and a ing and research will be ensured in the formula- wide-spread network of non-Government tion, implementation, monitoring and review of all organisations which have strong grass-roots pres- policies and programmes affecting women. Towards ence and deep insight into women’s concerns have this end, they will be provided with appropriate contributed in inspiring initiatives for the empow- support related to resources and capacity building erment of women. However, there still exists a wide and facilitated to participate actively in the process gap between the goals enunciated in the Constitu- of the empowerment of women. tion, legislation, policies, plans, programmes, and related mechanisms on the one hand and the situ- b. Corruption is a very serious social and societal ational reality of the status of women in India, on evil and it cuts into mass welfare and equality of the other. This has been analyzed extensively in chances, particularly for the have-nots. Discuss the Report of the Committee on the Status of the problem of corruption in India in this con- Women in India, Towards Equality, 1974 and high- text. lighted in the National Perspective Plan for Women, 1988-2000, the Shramshakti Report, 1988 and the Ans: India has been ranked a lowly 74, two steps 109 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -61(Model Hind SECTION - (Article: Paper: CSE Mains GS Study Cum Notes Model Paper) down since last year, among 180 countries of the states lost eleven of thirteen legislative assembly world on the worldwide Corruption Perceptions elections held from 1991 through spring 1995. Index (CPI), prepared by independent international agency Transparency International. Corruption not The great thinkers spread ideas of democracy and only has become a pervasive aspect of Indian poli- freedom with a view to establishing a global wel- tics but also has become an increasingly important fare society. But when applied to life by the politi- factor in Indian elections. The extensive role of the cians, the great ideas gave rise to corruption ob- Indian state in providing services and promoting structing to equalization attempts even by a sin- economic development has always created the op- cere state. The interconnection between democracy portunity for using public resources for private ben- and corruption is well known and it has historical efi A g t. s overnm nt regul at io o b in s s w s e e n f us e a x- roots when a few persons tried, quite successfully, tended in the 1960s and corporate donations were to control and swindle the national economy by banned in 1969, trading economic favors for un- raising the slogan of democracy, while the strong der-the-table contributions to political parties be- nations greedy of overseas wealth invaded coun- came an increasingly widespread political practice. tries on fi itious pr et ext s, i n l u n l ack of ct c di g During the 1980s and 1990s, corruption became democracy. All possible pretexts for exploitation and associated with the occupants of the highest ech- invasion continue even to this day when more elons of India's political system. Politicians have people crave for democracy, seeking, at the same become so closely identifi w th c rupt io in th ed i or n e time, more wealth through any means. public eye that a Times of India poll of 1,554 adults in six metropolitan cities found that 98 percent of Corruption is a very serious social and societal evil the public is convinced that politicians and minis- and it cuts into mass welfare and equality of chances, ters are corrupt, with 85 percent observing that particularly for the have-nots. Developed countries corruption is on the increase. have fewer problems thanks to huge resources available. In developing nations having fewer resources The prominence of political corruption in India in the practice of rampant corruption harmed the com- the 1990s is hardly unique to India. Other coun- mon people. Corruption generates economic dis- tries also have experienced corruption that has tortions in the public sector by diverting public in- rocked their political systems. What is remarkable vestment into capital projects where bribes and about India is the persistent anti-incumbent senti- kickbacks are more plentiful. Offi al s m y in rease ci a c ment among its electorate. Since Indira's victory in the technical complexity of public sector projects her 1971 "garibi hatao " election, only one ruling to conceal or pave way for such dealings, thus fur- party has been reelected to power in the central ther distorting investment. Corruption also lowers government. In an important sense, the exception compliance with construction, environmental, or proves the rule because the Congress (I) won re- other regulations, reduces the quality of govern- election in 1984 in no small measure because the ment services and infrastructure, and increases bud- electorate saw in Rajiv Gandhi a "Mr. Clean" who getary pressures on government. would lead a new generation of politicians in cleans- ing the political system. Anti-incumbent sentiment is just as strong at the state level, where the ruling parties of all political persuasions in India's major 110 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -61(Model Hind SECTION - (Article: Paper: CSE Mains GS Study Cum Notes Model Paper) compunction in borrowing the modern 20th cen- 9. Answer any one of the following(in about 150 tury concept of fascism. They base themselves on a words each) distorted defi i tio o n tio l ity, c ral to w i ch n n f a na ent h is religion. Rejecting the historical experience till a.Discuss about Communalism and its fundamen- date of how religion has never been and can never talist ideology. be a cementing factor for any national formation, (e.g., Pakistan and Bangladesh) they openly advo- Ans: In many parts of the world, communalism is a cate the predominance of religion, both in politics modern term that describes a broad range of social as well as in the ordering of the society. movements and social theories which are in some way centered upon the community. Communalism Thus, they reject, both the historical experience of can take the form of communal living or commu- the nation states and negate the scientifi b c asis of nal property, among others. nationality. Communalism and its fundamentalist ideology is not the championing, far less the pro- Communalism is defi e d as a th or y of a soci et y n e tection of religiosity. It is the utilisation of the reli- that is divided into several small, independent com- gious divide between the people consciously engi- munes and the state is just a confederation of these neered and perpetuated for a political purpose. It is communes. Communalism is often associated with an ideology based on a religious confl for a spe- ict various branches of socialism, especially commu- cifi p itical p pos e. T B itish h d u ed th s for c ol ur he r a s i nism (and, in particular, religious communism or perpetuating their colonial rule and in the process primitive communism) and most anarchist philoso- elevated it to such an extent that they could suc- phies. It is sometimes said to put the interests of ceed in partitioning our country and leave behind a the community above the interests of the individual, scourge that continues to claim countless lives. but this is usually only done on the principle that Communalism hence, is far removed from religion. the community exists for the benefi of th in - t e di It generates and perpetuates hatred amongst reli- viduals who participate in it, so the best way to gious communities as the basis for its existence and serve the interests of the individual is through the growth. interests of the community. Our subsequent expe- b. Write about some techniques for the water rience underlines that fact that both the Hindu com- conservation. munalist offensive and the Muslim or (for that matter, all other religion based) fundamentalist response Ans: Our ancient religious texts and epics give a today constitute a frontal assault on the very inde- good insight into the water storage and conserva- pendence and sovereignty based on a secular demo- tion systems that prevailed in those days. Over the cratic polity that defie s m dern In a. T se fo ces , n o di he r years rising populations, growing industrialization, in fact, feed each other. Their similarity in attack- and expanding agriculture have pushed up the de- ing the modern concepts of secularism, democracy mand for water. Efforts have been made to collect and nationalism are indeed glaring. water by building dams and reservoirs and digging wells; some countries have also tried to recycle and While castigating these concepts as alien to their desalinate (remove salts) water. Water conserva- respective religious cultures they however, have no tion has become the need of the day. The idea of 111 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -61(Model Hind SECTION - (Article: Paper: CSE Mains GS Study Cum Notes Model Paper) ground water recharging by harvesting rainwater istrative reforms ever since Independence. There is gaining importance in many cities. In the forests, was an administrative reforms commission set-up water seeps gently into the ground as vegetation long ago, and another one is currently deliberating breaks the fall. This groundwater in turn feeds wells, on the subject. Yet, in all these years, we have lakes, and rivers. Protecting forests means protect- achieved precious little in altering our administra- ing water 'catchments'. In ancient India, people tive system, procedures or the ethos of our person- believed that forests were the 'mothers' of rivers nel. Administrative reforms should necessarily and worshipped the sources of these water bodies. evolve in the following areas: In urban areas, the construction of houses, foot- paths and roads has left little exposed earth for water - Structural or organisational to soak in. In parts of the rural areas of India, fl od- o - Procedural water quickly fl w to th riv os e ers, w i ch th n d y h e r - Manner and style of functioning by offi al s and ci up soon after the rains stop. staff If this water can be held back, it can seep into the Organisationally, the entire system is marred by ground and recharge the groundwater supply. This obsolete forms, a plethora of institutions which have has become a very popular method of conserving outlived their utility and seem to induce a kind of water especially in the urban areas. Rainwater har- administrative paralysis. Horizontally, there is di- vesting essentially means collecting rainwater on vision of authority along a large number of minis- the roofs of building and storing it underground for tries or agencies, none of which are competent later use. Not only does this recharging arrest enough to take decisions by themselves, instead all groundwater depletion, it also raises the declining play a collective role in decision-making. Decisions water table and can help augment water supply. take very long to emerge and often a single minis- Rainwater harvesting and artifi al recha rgi n are ci g try or agency can hold a veto over the process. Ver- becoming very important issues. It is essential to tically too there are long lines of hierarchy in ev- stop the decline in groundwater levels, arrest sea- ery office. Thi s p a t ter n, wh i ch l eads t o water ingress, i.e. prevent sea-water from moving organisational deadlocks, is repeated at both the landward, and conserve surface water run-off dur- Centre and states. ing the rainy season. The most important step in the direction of fi di n sol u io to issues o w t er n g t ns f a A lot of ministries and agencies have outlived their and environmental conservation is to change utility but still exist, playing an altogether counter- people's attitudes and habits¾this includes each one productive role. Some of them, created during the of us. Conserve water because it is the right thing heydays of the license-permit raj, have not been to do. wound up though the purpose of for which they were created has long since disappeared. On top of C.Write a short essay on need of administrative it all, there is a general abundance of manpower, reforms in India . much larger than the amount of work. While the government's work is steadily decreasing, there is Ans: In India, we have been talking about admin- no let up in the staff increase. Procedurally, we need 112 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -6 (Model Hind SECTION - 1 (Article: Paper: CSE Mains GS Study Cum Notes Model Paper) to drastically axe the current time-consuming and wasteful procedures, particularly the structure along Nowadays, the average entrance age of IAS offi cers the line of hierarchy in offi w e re fi go up ces h les is 30. Ergo, the old concept of catching them young and down with offi cers rai sin q g ueries w i ch lead h has actually been given up. It is necessary to reduce to delays. We need to radically reduce the number the age of entry to the IAS to 24 or 25, as in the of hierarchical levels on which fi m ve, res trict - les o past. The stranglehold of the IAS on all top jobs ing it to not more than two to three, including the should be ended, and while many of them deserve minister. to occupy the top jobs, other offi cers w o sh h ow adequate promise and ability, should be co-opted There should be a fl or der th t n of fi is to at a o cer into higher services. Jobs at the top should be keep any fi for m r e th n 24 to 48 h s. A ter le o a our f opened up to eligible persons, wherever they come Independence, there has been a general emphasis from. The emphasis should be on managerial skills on discretionary or administrative controls exercised and realising goals, rather than on routine problem by particular officers r e r th n o n di scret io ath a n on- n- solving or being fi at ed w th p ocedur es . W h ve x i r e a ary systems of control where general policies are to accept that globalisation and the dramatic march formulated and publicised in writing so that every of new information technology are inevitable and applicant knows where he stands. Wherever a gov- unstoppable developments of modern times. There ernment decision is needed in a specifi case, w c e are constraints no doubt, but there are also oppor- should operate the principle of management by tunities. The administrative organisation and atti- exception. The advent of IT has made the situation tude of our personnel are survivals from the 19th abundantly suitable for simply axing many of our century, and do not meet the requirement and chal- old procedural requirements. Rather, the offi cers lenges of the 21st century. must be encouraged to specialise in areas of their interests. 10. Answer any one of the following(in about 250 words each) They should then be retained in that area for a much longer time than it is done at present. We should Rural-urban disparities are growing continue af- ideally follow the French administrative system ter economic reform. In this context elucidate where young entrants to its civil service are, from the scenario. the very beginning, branched off into broad areas such as economic, social and general administra- Ans: Rural-urban disparities, particularly in post- tion and are not normally pulled out of their areas colonial countries, have for long been one of the of specialisation. Offi cers accus tom d to deal in e g causes of concern for the policymakers. The dis- with distribution of permits or so, for which long parities are seen in all spheres of human life - eco- queues are indispensable, should be made to start nomic and non-economic. The extent of dispari- their training in queues to teach them to be time- ties, however, differs from country to country. The conscious, friendly and courteous. Offi cers w o h long colonial rule in India had created an urban- work in agriculture should be made to do real farm- rural divide. What causes great concern now-a-days ing for at least one or two years to understand the is the sharp increase in the level of disparities after problems of land and those who make a living off a few decades of planning, especially because plan- of it. ning was conceived as an instrument to narrow 113 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -61(Model Hind SECTION - (Article: Paper: CSE Mains GS Study Cum Notes Model Paper) down rural-urban disparities. Rural India encom- cent live in rural areas. In urban areas the fi e is gur passes a little less than three-fourths of the country's 48.2 per cent. Of the illiterate people who are 15 population and is characterised by low income lev- years and above but not beyond 60 years, rural ar- els, poor quality of life and a weak base of human eas have 55.8 per cent and the urban areas 25.1 per development. cent Nearly one-third of the national income comes from Data collected by the National Sample Survey villages, but there is a signifi cant rur al -ur ban di - Organisation (NSSO) show that the average per vide. In 1997-98, the annual increase in non-farm capita expenditure (MPCE) in rural India during employment in rural areas was 4.06 per cent. In 2000-01 amounted to Rs.499.90, which was a little 1983-84 it was 3.28 per cent. During 1999-2000 it over the corresponding fi e o R . 9 5 for an gur f s 14. 7 came down to 2.14 per cent. The consequence has urban dweller. The disparities in the social devel- been a very slow reduction in rural poverty. In 1993- opment sector are mind-boggling. Rural adult illit- 94 it was 39.36 per cent, in 1999-2000 the fi e gur eracy is a matter of alarming concern. In 2001, the came down marginally to 36.35 per cent. Accord- urban literacy rate was 80.06 per cent but the rural ing to one estimate, the average income of an ur- literacy rate was 59.21 per cent. Thus, the differ- ban dweller is four times higher than that of a rural ence in rural - urban areas in terms of percentage dweller. If we look at the poverty data, a similar points is 20.85. Data released by the Planning Com- situation is noticed. India, a developing economy mission show that among illiterate people aged 60 of over a billion people, recorded a relatively high years and above, 78.2 per cent live in rural areas. In economic growth during 1980-2000, especially dur- urban areas the fi e is 4 2 p c . O th illit- gur 8. er ent f e ing the 1990s, a decade known for noteworthy erate people who are 15 years and above but not structural economic reforms. This period also re- beyond 60 years, rural areas have 55.8 per cent and corded a decline in the incidence of poverty and the urban areas 25.1 per cent. improvement in parameters of human development such as levels of literacy, health and nutrition con- The disparity is noticeable even in respect of the ditions. sex ratio. Census 2001 data have shown a general improvement in this regard because in 1991 the sex Development policies focussed on enhanced and ratio was 927 women for 1,000 men while in 2001 targeted public investments in programmes that it was 933 women for 1,000 men. The Census data facilitated improvements in the quality of life of have also given the urban-rural break-up, which the masses, but the disparity remains. THE dispari- shows that while in the case of urban India the ra- ties in the social development sector are mind-bog- tio is 901 women to 1,000 men, in the case of rural gling. Rural adult illiteracy is a matter of alarming India it is 946 women to 1,000 men. The bias of the concern. In 2001, the urban literacy rate was 80.06 state in favour of urban areas is evident from the per cent but the rural literacy rate was 59.21 per per capita expenditure on basic services. According cent. Thus, the difference in rural - urban areas in to the estimate of the Eleventh Finance Commis- terms of percentage points is 20.85. Data released sion, per capita expenditure on basic services in ru- by the Planning Commission show that among il- ral areas during 1997-98 was Rs.24, but in urban literate people aged 60 years and above, 78.2 per areas it was Rs.49. Rural India contributes 27 per 114 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -61(Model Hind SECTION - (Article: Paper: CSE Mains GS Study Cum Notes Model Paper) cent to the GDP, but gets back only 5 per cent, tank structures, address natural resource manage- which is less than one-fi of i ts cont ri b io fth ut n. ment and much more. These activities can help to Given the situation, what can be done to reduce increase farm productivity along with provision of the level of disparity to a desirable level is a matter wages to the rural poor. The NREGP has critical that calls for serious consideration. There is no doubt elements built into it for effective implementation that India's rural economy cannot grow without .The NREGP vests substantial powers with village agricultural development. level panchayats for effective implementation of the programme. If we critically examine the published Capitalist agricultural productivity is constrained by articles in various journals on the implementation the system itself. Effective land reform coupled with of the NREGP across the country, talk to the non-land input support to the benefi aries c re- ci an NREGP functionaries, and examine the fi di n o n gs f sult in an increase in agricultural productivity. Apart the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of In- from taking steps to increase human development dia Report, we know that the three tier panchayat facilities in the villages, such as health and educa- structure in India based on the 73rd constitutional tion, and develop appropriate infrastructure such amendments has not been involved fully and reas roads and marketing facilities, there is the need sponsibly. for generating employment, which can better the living conditions of villagers. We need to adopt a If the NREGP has to succeed and sustain itself it long-term policy, keeping in mind the requirements has to be managed at the village level effectively of the rural and urban areas. A close look at the and effi ent ly E fect iv m ans it ha s to creat e ci . f e e development plan exercises tends to demonstrate physical and infrastructure assets at the village level that ad-hocism permeates the policy processes. In so that the two critical inputs like water and soil the rural areas there are many resources lying are protected and regenerated. Effi ency m ans th ci e e unutilised. It is time to identify these and make muster rolls are kept properly, wages are paid ac- proper use of them. The application of Information cording to the rates announced and a minimum of Technology can be of great help in identifying what 100 days of employment are actually given and just is lying unutilised or underutilised. not announced. Although on paper village panchayats are supposed to do all these, there is no b.What you think about NREGP? How much it evidence across the country that they are actually helped to eradicate the poverty and providing the doing the grassroots management of the NREGP. employment? Gram sabhas are vital events in villages where dis- cussions take place and approval of works to be taken Ans: The NREGP is the largest ever employment up in the villages is sought. Villagers know better programme in human history and India will have what is best for their village. NGOs can assist the to allocate Rs 30,000 crores every year to sustain panchayat secretary in these gram sabha meetings this programme. It has, since it was implemented, where works are approved. made news across the country, some good and some not so good.The NREGP is not just about wage Much has been made about the problem of bogus employment; it is a programme designed to create job cards being issued under the programme. Un- rural infrastructure like roads, watersheds, small fortunately the panchayat secretaries and presidents 115 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -61(Model Hind SECTION - (Article: Paper: CSE Mains GS Study Cum Notes Model Paper) have not been trained systematically on how the NREGP works. There are various forms used for 11. Answer any two of the following(in about the NREGP. For example when villagers submit 150 words each) applications for unemployment allowance they have to use Form 14. Even panchayat secretaries do not a.. Decentralisation of socio-economic planning know the purpose of these forms. Additionally, is the need of time. explain. BDOs confuse the panchayat and harass them. Training is very important and towards this, Ans: Decentralisation of socio-economic planning panchayat presidents can visit other panchayats that process and plan implementation to the grass root have implemented the programme well to under- levels has been a matter of continuing concern. stand the working of the NREGP. This can also serve Another facet of this endeavour is to involve the as training for the panchayat presidents in addition people in plan formulation and implementation, to his/her involvement in the social audit. In Andhra taking this to the lowest area levels. Empowerment the Mandal Panchayats make computerized pay- of Panchayats, as effective local self-governing in- ments to the wage earner within a week. This is a stitutions is enshrined as a Directive Principle of good feature that all panchayats can adopt. It is also the State Policy in the Constitution. Over years the a good option for village panchayats to be equipped different States have enacted legislations setting with computer facilities to manage all programmes up Panchayats at the village, block or District level at the village level through a Gram Sabha Informa- with varying modes of composition - directly tion System (GSIS). Much hype has been created elected peoples' representatives, nominated persons on the social audit of the NREGP by NGOs par- or a combination of the two, at different levels. ticularly in Andhra, which has used information Nevertheless, given the experience in effi o caci us technology in the implementation of NREGP. One achievements of objectives, a substantial degree of NGO leader claims that “The success of NREGA experimentation by different States from time to social audits in Andhra Pradesh covering 12 mil- time, has been an important feature. The 73rd and lion people is a brilliant example of civil society 74th Amendments to the Constitution of India mark action enriching mainstream politics”. a watershed in these developments. The Amend- ment would form the basis of amended state legis- In the social audit panchayat presidents could have lations on Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) to put been involved instead of making it purely NGO the Panchayats on a strong foundation and virtu- driven. The CAG Report has made a pointed refer- ally forming a third tier of governance, after the ence to the lack of administrative and technical staff Union and State Govern-merits. The NDC Com- at the panchayat level. A programme offi a thcer t e mittee on Micro-level Planning and Involvement block level is supposed to be a full time person of of People at Grass Root Level supplements this the rank of a BDO. This could become one at the process by addressing itself to question of higher level of SDM. Similarly instead of having a decentralisation of planning process. Several impor- gram rozgar sevak at the panchayat level it would tant issues arise in terms of institutional matters, be better to have a BDO in charge of operations so allocation of sectoral and sub-sectoral functions to that fi a nc i al trans act io a w l l m na ged a th n ns re e a t e the Panchayats and methodological aspects of plan panchayat level. formulation and implementation. 116 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -61(Model Hind SECTION - (Article: Paper: CSE Mains GS Study Cum Notes Model Paper) from 94% in 1985 to 61% in 2005, and they project b.Write about poverty scenario of India. that it will drop to 26% by 2025. Report concludes that India's economic reforms and the increased Ans: While total overall poverty in India has de- growth that has resulted have been the most suc- clined, the extent of poverty reduction is often de- cessful anti-poverty programmes in the country. bated. While there is a consensus that there has not been increase in poverty between 1993-94 and b. Urban Sector Development in India is the need 2004-05, the picture is not so clear if one considers of time. Expain About Jawahar Lal Nehru national other non-pecuniary dimensions (such as health, urban development programme in this context. education, crime and access to infrastructure). With the rapid economic growth that India is experienc- Ans: According to the 2001 census, India has a ing, it is likely that a significant fract io o th ru- n f e population of 1027 million with approximately 28 ral population will continue to migrate toward cit- per cent or 285 million people living in urban aries, making the issue of urban poverty more sig- eas. As a result of the liberalization policies adopted nifi cant in th lo run . W r ld b e ng o ank h s p ish d a ubl e by the Government of India is expected to increase defenses of the poverty reduction statistics. Accord- the share of the urban population may increase to ing to this, increasing globalization and investment about 40 per cent of total population by the year opportunities have contributed signifi ly to th cant e 2021. It is estimated that by the year 2011, urban reduction of poverty in the country. India, together areas would contribute about 65 per cent of gross with China, have shown the clearest trends of glo- domestic product (GDP). However, this higher pro- balization with the accelerated rise in per-capita ductivity is contingent upon the availability and income.A 2007 report by the state-run National quality of infrastructure services. Urban economic Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised activities are dependent on infrastructure, such as Sector (NCEUS) found that 77% of Indians, or 836 power, telecom, roads, water supply and mass trans- million people, lived on less than 20 rupees per day portation, coupled with civic infrastructure, such with most working in informal labour sector with as sanitation and solid waste management. It is es- no job or social security, living in abject poverty. A timated that over a seven-year period, the Urban study by the McKinsey Global Institute found that Local Bodies would require a total investments of in 1985, 93% of the Indian population lived on a Rs. 1,20,536 crores. household income of less than 90,000 rupees a year, or about a dollar per person per day; by 2005 that This includes investment in basic infrastructure and proportion had been cut nearly in half, to 54%. services, that is, annual funding requirement of Rs. More than 103 million people have moved out of 17,219 crores. It is well recognised that in order to desperate poverty in the course of one generation fructify these investments, a national level initia- in urban and rural areas as well. They project that tive is required that would bring together the State if India can achieve 7.3% annual growth over the Governments linkages between asset-creation and next 20 years, 465 million more people will be asset-management through a slew of reforms for spared a life of extreme deprivation. Contrary to long-term project sustainability; Ensuring adequate popular perceptions, rural India has benefi from ted funds to meet the defici enc i es i n u r ba n this growth: extreme rural poverty has declined infrastructural services; Planned development of 117 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -61(Model Hind SECTION - (Article: Paper: CSE Mains GS Study Cum Notes Model Paper) identiﬁ ci ties in l u n peri-ur ban areas, out - ed c di g fourth President of South Africa since the end of growths and urban corridors leading to dispersed apartheid. He was administered the oath on May urbanisation; Scale-up delivery of civic amenities 10,2009 in Pretoria. Jacob Zuma, a self-taught man and provision of utilities with emphasis on univer- who fought the apartheid regime from inside South sal access to the urban poor; Special focus on urban Africa and spent 10 years in prison in Robben Is- renewal programme for the old city areas to reduce land along with Mandela succeeded outgoing Presi- congestion; and Provision of basic services to the dent Kgalema Motlanthe. Jacob Zuma was the head urban poor including security of tenure at afford- of the ANC’s internal security wing during the able prices, improved housing, water supply and struggle against apartheid. The election held in April sanitation, and ensuring delivery of other existing 2009, his party ANC polled 65.9 per cent of the universal services of the government for education, votes and narrowly missed getting the two-thirds health and social security. For this purpose Jawahar majority in parliament. Lal Nehru national urban development programme is started: b.Hardeep Singh Puri: The government of India appointed Hardeep Singh Puri as India’s Permanent Scope of the Mission Representative to the United Nations. He succeed The Mission shall comprise two Sub- Missions, Nirupam Sen, whose term ended March 31,2009. namely: Sub-Mission for Urban Infrastructure and A 1974 batch Indian Foreign Service ofﬁ , cer Governance: This will be administered by the Min- Hardeep Singh Puri served as India’s ambassador to istry of Urban Development through the Sub- Mis- Brazil and prior to his new appointment, he was as sion Directorate for Urban Infrastructure and Gov- secretary (economic affairs) in the external affairs ernance. The main thrust of the Sub-Mission will ministry. be on infrastructure projects relating to water supply and sanitation, sewerage, solid waste manage- c. Mahatma Gandhi International Award for ment, road network, urban transport and redevel- Peace and Justice 2009: Pro-democracy leader of opment of old city areas with a view to upgrading Myanmar Aung San Suu Kyi was chosen for Ma- infrastructure therein, shifting industrial and com- hatma Gandhi International Award for Peace and mercial establishments to conforming areas, etc. Justice 2009. Leader of National League for Democ- Sub-Mission for Basic Services to the Urban Poor: racy (NLD) of Myanmar 63-year old Suu Kyi is a This will be administered by the Ministry of Urban prisoner for the last two decades in her own coun- Employment and Poverty Alleviation through the try, Myanmar. Mahatma Gandhi International Sub-Mission Directorate for Basic Services to the Award for Peace and Justice is awarded by the Urban Poor. The main thrust of the Sub-Mission Mahatma Gandhi Foundation of South Africa. Ela will be on integrated development of slums through Gandhi is the chairman of the Mahatma Gandhi projects for providing shelter, basic services and Foundation. other related civic amenities with a view to providing utilities to the urban poor. d. Agni-I, Agni-II, Agni-III, Agni-3SL: The Agni- I is a short range ballistic missile (SRBM) with a 12. Write about the following(not exceeding 20 single stage engine. While the Agni-II is an inter- words each) mediate range ballistic missile (IRBM) with two solid fuel stages and a Post Boost Vehicle (PBV) a.Jacob Zuma: Leader of African National Congress integrated into the missile's Re-entry Vehicle (RV). (ANC), Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma took oath as 118 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM

Section -61(Model Hind SECTION - (Article: Paper: CSE Mains GS Study Cum Notes Model Paper) The Agni's manoeuvring RV is made of a carbon- carbon composite material that is light and able to (IMP) Get UPSCPORTAL , Jobs, Re- sustain high thermal stresses of re-entry, in a vari- sults, Notification Alerts on Email. ety of trajectories. Agni-III is a compact long range missile in test phase. Agni-3SL is a compact version Step-1: Fill Your Email address in form be- of Agni-3 suitable for submarine launch. low. you will get a confirmation email within 10 min. e. Surya-1 and Surya-2: The Surya-1 is an inter- continental-range, surface-based, solid and liquid Step-2: Varify your email by clicking on the propellant ballistic missile under development. It link in the email. (check Inbox and Spam fold- is based upon a space launch vehicle being devel- ers) oped by India’s space program to improve the nation’s aerospace industry. This project would re- Step-3: Done! Now you will regular Alerts sult in India’s fi in ercont in nt al -range b listic rst t e al on your email. missile. The Surya-1 and -2 will be classifi as a ed strategic weapon. It will likely be used to extend the Indian nuclear deterrent force to targets deeper within China. India can only hit a limited number of targets within China, even upon the completion of the Agni-3 missile. The development of a true ICBM would make almost any strategic target within China vulnerable and decrease India’s relative weakness. This would develop a credible deterrent for India against any Chinese aggression. The Surya-1 will have an expected range of some 8,000 km (4971 miles). It reportedly has a length of 40 m and a launch weight of 80,000 kg. As the missile has yet to be developed, the payload and warhead are as yet unknown. It is believed to be a three- stage design, with the fi tw stages u in sol id rst o s g propellant and the third-stage using liquid. The Surya-2 is a longer-ranged variant of the Surya-1. It has a reported range of 12,000 km (7456 miles). This is likely accomplished by decreasing the payload. This Article is Available Online Also:- http://upscportal.com/civilservices/mag/vol-4/article/CSE-Mains-GS-Model-Paper 119 Copyright © 2009 WWW.UPSCPORTAL.COM