Salience, Focus and Bandwidth

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    Salience, Focus and Bandwidth - Presentation Transcript

    1. UKOLN is supported by: Salience, Focus and Bandwidth Emma Tonkin – Research Officer Strathclyde Workshop on Distance Conferencing – 22 nd October 2009
    2. Why remote participation?
      • Simple premise:
        • Travel costs £money, £time and £patience
        • Remote participation
        • = Cut down on travel
        • => Cheaper, faster, less irritating?
    3. Really?
      • Remote access has penalties
      • Limited opportunity to interact/contribute
      • Sense of presence limited – doesn’t feel like being there
      • ‘ Incidental’ interactions limited – doesn’t work like being there
    4. Plan…
      • I will discuss:
      • Brief review of factors
      • Scenarios + Experiences
      • Some of our research in the area
    5. Factors
      • All the obvious questions:
        • What? (are you trying to achieve?)
        • Who? (will be taking part?)
          • How many people?
          • What are they used to?
        • How much?
          • Money – equipment – bandwidth – time?
        • How best to emulate and support?
    6. User-centered
      • Participant buy-in is vital
      • How good is the user experience?
      • Obligatory pseudo-formula:
    7. Relevant theory from CMC
      • Cues filtered out – is CMC poorer, because [non-verbal] cues aren’t transmissible?
      • Cues filtered in – despite the lack of inherent [non-verbal] cues, people will find a way?
    8.  
    9. Scenarios
      • Conference keynote/paper presentation
      • SIG/board meeting
      • Social conventions and etiquette:
        • Well-understood for each scenario
      • Potentially easier to support than arbitrary interactions!
    10. Conference keynote: rough rules
      • During presentation:
        • Watch quietly, even if you disagree (but it’s ok to mutter darkly to your neighbour)
      • After presentation:
        • Signal intent to ask question to session chair (who explicitly directs focus of audience attention)
        • When asked, ask question; discuss.
    11. Problems for remote viewer
      • Boring video streams: Not enough detail, too few cues to guide gaze – faded into background
      • Some nuances are lost
      • No sense of presence; no incidental interaction
      • Signaling intent to contribute
    12. Strategies (1)
      • Use low-bandwidth channels (twitter, irc, chat) for external contributions
      • Alter conventions for the chair to accommodate remote participants
      • Direct gaze through video stream; qualitatively appears more immersive
    13. Strategies (2)
      • Obvious approach: improve quality of transmitted data
      • Problem: typically taken to mean ‘higher resolution video’
      • Much more expensive.
      • Most additional data irrelevant, so filtered out – by viewer! (visual attention)
    14. Strategies (3)
      • What really makes a difference?
      • In our case, we found:
        • High-quality audio*
        • Relevance of data transmitted; shot, focus, framing… camera directs interpretation?
        • Simple mechanisms for contribution
        • Fielding social s/w: twitter, etc.
    15. * For certain definitions of ‘high quality’
      • Psychoaccoustic/psychovisual modeling
      • Perceived quality… depends on perception
    16. Further aside about audio…
      • ‘ Cocktail party effect’ – focusing listening attention; source separation
      • Permits us to locate & focus attention on a speaker; as accurate as visual localization, but less efficient
      • Required info to achieve this is difficult to retain – but very important
    17. Board meeting: rough rules
      • Session chair controls discussion, explicitly directs attention
      • Signal intent to contribute
      • Meeting minutes taken by nominated individuals; actions identified, declared during discussion
    18. Problems-remote participant
      • Cues and signals
      • Gaze/attention (what’s so funny? What are we looking at/talking about?)
      • Identity of participants; visual name tags?
      • Fault-tolerance: Time zone, jet lag and burnout rate
      • Handling language difficulties
      • Bandwidth limits
    19. Strategies (1)
      • Build effective conventions between chair and remote participants
      • Create fault-tolerant procedures
        • Circulate notes/actions within minutes
        • Take turns to complete tasks, so that departure of one participant is minimally disruptive
    20. Strategies (2)
      • Focus on what matters:
        • Video dispensable, given desktop sharing or even async file sharing
        • High-quality audio is very important
        • Back-channel enables informal discussion between participants, and can mediate requests to contribute
    21. Research
      • Best use of limited bandwidth/dev time in various contexts
      • What data to collect/use/represent?
      • How to represent it?
    22. Services shared by local and remote participants
      • Long tradition of hackery –eg. graffiti wall (bluetooth & web), etc.
      • Cheap, fun, simple to set up – but little active interaction sparked as a result
    23. Conceptual/domain model development scenario
    24. Usual solution - committee
      • Coffee in, specification out
      • Goal: shared reference, ‘common ground’
      • But: Expensive, limited attendance
      • CMC problem. Multi-touch – Where should I be looking? What just changed? Is someone else about to edit what I’m looking at?
    25. Strategies
      • Versioning/diffs
      • Simplified visualisation – remote user relative position; distance from screen
      • Audio significant; conversation analysis a useful tool in eliciting design issues.
    26. Discussion
      • Smarter hardware, software, etc.
        • collect relevant, pre-filtered information
        • Cheap to transmit
        • But how easy is it to interpret?
        • Prior work - reaction times to filtered data can be very fast. Significance+ equivalence of data must be taught, learned, ’intuitive’
    27. Overall Conclusion
      • More detailed data not necessarily better
        • Getting the right data
      • Lots of design time goes into figuring out which data matters most
      • Representation may differ significantly from initial form of information
      • Hearing gaze and seeing speech? – ambient + intuitive
    28. Conclusion (2)
      • Handy buzzword list:
        • Emergent, self-organising, etc…
        • Agile, user-centred design .
      • Imagination is free
      • Comments, questions, rotten tomatoes?
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