C++ in sinhala

C++
mrs.Kl l%uf,aLKh
uq, isg ir,j
C++ Computer Programming
^1 fldgi&
- liqka ,shkf.a -

2
fmrjok
fuu fmd; uQ,slju ,shd we;af;a" m%Odk jYfhka Windows mrs.Kl fufyhqus moaO;sh ;=,"
C++ mrs.Kl NdYdj u.ska mrs.Kl l%uf,aLKfha (Computer programming) fhoSu bf.kSug
werTSfus leue;af;ka isgsk wh i`oydh' fus fyhska fuysoS lreKq yels;dla ir, f,i oelajSug
W;aidy f.k we;' fuu fmd; u.ska Tng C++ u.ska mrs.Kl l%uf,aLKfhys fhoSfusaoS Ndjs;d jk
uQ,sl ixl,am y|qkajd fokq ,efns' tfiau" tu ixl,am m%dfhda.slj fhdouska mrs.Kl jevigykla
(ir, Media Player jevigykla) ,shk wdldrho fmkajd fokq ,efns' fuu.ska Tng C++ Ndjs;d lr
uDoqldx. ,sjSu ms,sn`o uq,au jegySula ,ensh yel'
iqN C++ wkd.;hla!

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C++ mrs.Kl NdYdj ms,snò flgs yeòskajSula
C++ hkq C mrs.Kl NdYdfjys l=vd fidfydhqrdh' tkus" C++ iy C f.dvk.d we;af;a tlu
mokula u;hs' fus ksid isoqjsh hq;= mrosu C++ i;=j we;s ,CIK fndfyduhla u C NdYdfjyo ;sfnk
,CIKhs' C hkq b;d m%N, NdYdjla nj fkdryils' fuu m%N,;djh oelajSfus fydòu WodyrKhla
kus Unix mrs.Kl fufyhqus moaO;shh' Unix iusmQraKfhkau ,shd we;af;a C Ndjs;fhks' tfukau
Windows 98 iy Windows NT o ,shd we;af;a jevsjYfhkau C mdjspsps lsrSfuks' ta wkqj" C mokus
fldgf.k" C ys jevs oshqKqjla f,i ksmojd we;s C++ mrs.Kl NdYdj jvd;a m%N, NdYdjla jS we;'
C NdYdj fuf,dj t,sh olskq ,enqfha 1970 jifrAoSh' tys ksrAud;D jQfha AT&T Bell mrAfhaIKd.drfha
fiajh l, Dennis Ritchie kus mrs.Kl l%uf,aLlhdh' C mokus lrf.k C++ ksrAudKh lrkq
,enQfhao AT&T Bell ysu fiajh l, fodia;r Stroustrup keue;a;dh' Tyq ;u ksrAudKh nsys lsrSu
werTQfha 1980 .Kkaj,oShs'
C fukau C++ NdYdjo fusjk jsg jsYd, ckms%h;djla oskdf.k we;s w;r fuhg idCIs kus wm Ndjs;d
lrk fndfyduhla u mrs.Kl uDoqldx." iy mrs.Kl lS%vd wdosh C fyda C++ u.ska ,shd ;snSuh'
mrs.Kl l%uf,aLlhka merKs C fjkqjg C++ Ndjs;d lsrSug fya;=j kus" C++ u.ska mrs.Kl
jevigyka ,sjSu C u.ska jevigyka ,sjSug jvd myiq jSuh' tfukau C ys wka;rA.; fkdjk fndfyda
wxf.damdx.o C++ ;=, oelsh yel' fusksid" C++ bf.kSug Tn fhdok ld,h b;d fydò wdfhdackhla
jkq we;'
1' Tfns m,uq mshjr
mrs.Kl jevigykla iy mrs.Kl NdYdjla hkq l=ulao@
usksfil= yg mrs.Kl hka;%hla ,jd lsishus fohla isoqlrjd .ekSug wjYH jQ jsg m%:ufhka
Tyq l, hq;af;a l=ulao@ Tyq l, hq;af;a Tyqg wjYH ldrAhh l=ulaoehs tu hka;%hg meyeos,s lr oSuhs'
WodyrKhla f,i lsisfjl=g mrs.Klh ,jd 68975 hk ixLHdj 123 ka .=Klr.ekSug wjYHkus Tyq
fuh mrs.Klhg f;reus lr osh hq;=h' kuq;a Tn ysgs wvsfha mrs.Klh bosrshg f.dia thg wefik
f,i “lreKdlr 68975" 123 ka jevslr fokak” jekss fohla thg lsjfyd;a mrs.Klh isoqlrk tlu
foh jkq we;af;a" ;ud ;=, we;s jsoq,s mxldfjka uq.aO Ynhla k.uska fkdfi,ajS isgSu muKhs'
ulaksidoh;a mrs.Klh fld;rus iqmsrs hka;%hla jqj;a thg Tn Ndjs;d lrK usksia ni fkdjegySuh'
Tn;a mrs.Klh;a fuysoS fjkia NdYd folla Ndjs;d lrk" foaYhka follg wh;a usksiqka foofkl=
jeksh' tfiakus Tng wjYH foh mrs.Klh keue;s fuu “jsfoaYslhdg” meyeos,s lr oSfus l%uh
l=ulao@ tu l%uh kus wm ienE jsfoaYslhl=g hula f;rAeus lr oSfusoS Ndjs;d lrk l%uhuhs' tkus
NdYd mrsjrA:lfhl=f.a iyh ,nd .ekSuh' fuysoS Tfns msysgg tk NdYd mrsjrA:lhd kus Tfns

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mrs.Klh ;=, wka;rA.; Calculator jevigykh' th mK.kajd th yryd mrs.Klh u.ska Tng
wjYH .Ks; lrAuh isoqlr .ekSug yelsh' Calculator uDoqldx.hg Tn by; ixLHd hq., iy .=K
lSrSfus jsOdkh iemhQ jsg" th Tfns o;a; iy jsOdkh mrs.Klh Ndjs;d lrkq ,nk NdYdjg" tkus
oajsuh ixLHd fkdfyd;a fofla mdofha ixLHd j,ska ieos mrs.Kl fla; njg mrsjrA:kh lr
mrs.Klfha uhsfl%d fm%dfiirhg imhkq ,nhs' fuu mrs.Kl fla; fofla mdofhka hq;= ksid" tajd
binary codes f,iska yeòkajsh yelsh' mrs.Klhg oeka kus l, hq;= foh jegfyk ksid th Tfns
ixLHd hq.,h .=K fldg" ,efnk ms,s;=r Calculator jevigykg kej; binary codes f,iu ,ndfohs'
Calculator jevigyk fuu oajsuh fla; f,iska we;s o;a;h usksidg y|qkd.; myiq oYuh fyj;a
oijk mdofha ixLHd j,g yrjd Tng osiajSug i,iajhs' fuf,i Calculator keue;s mrs.Kl
jevigyk NdYd mrsjrA:lfhl= f,i ls%hd lrhs' tfiakus" mrs.Kl jevigykl ls%hdj kus" fufia
usksid iy mrs.Klh w;r iusnkaOhla" nqoaOs md,ula neòSuh' fusksid" C++ mrs.Kl NdYdj
bf.kSfuka Tn mrs.Kl l%uf,aLlfhl= (Computer programmer)" fyj;a mrs.Kl jevigyka
ksrAudmlfhl= jSug woyia lrkafka kus" Tn w;.eish hq;af;a mrs.Klh yd usksid w;r fuu
iusnkaOh we;slsrSfus ldrAhhgh' Tn fuu NdYd mrsjrA:k ldrAhh Ndr .; hq;=h'
Tn NdYd mrsjrA:lfhl=f.a ls%hdj bgq lsrSug kus" Tng NdYd folla .ek wjfndaOh wjYH fjs' tkus"
Tng usksia ni fukau mrs.Klfha ni .eko jegySula ;snsh hq;=h' kuq;a oeka fuysoS .eg,qjla
u;=fjs' thkus" mrs.Klh Ndjs;d lrK oajsuh ixLHd ^fofla mdofha ixLHd& j,ska ieos NdYd l%uh
idudkH usksfil=g jgyd .ekSug b;d oqYalrjSuh' wo Ndjs;d jk mrs.Kl (bit 32 mrs.Kl) jgyd
.kakd NdYdfjs jpkhla (word) iEoS we;af;a 1 yd 0 hk b,lalus 32 la jsjsO wdldrhkag tla jSfuks'
fuf,i" fofla mdofha ixLHd id.rhla f,iska ksuj we;s fuu NdYdfjka mrs.Kl jevigyka ,sjSu
fuksid ienejskau lgqlh' fus .eg,qfjka w;auòSfus udrA.h tfiakus l=ulao@ th kus" C++ jeks
l%uf,aLK NdYdjla bf.kSuh' C++ jeks mrs.Kl NdYdjka ksmojd we;af;a Tnj by; iòyka l,
lgql oajsuh ixLHdxls; fla; ms,snoj W.ekSug isoqjSfus jsm;ska .,jd .ekSugh' C++ u.ska
isoqlrkafka Tng mrs.Kl jevigyka ,sjSug yelsjk f,i myiq NdYd l%uhla iemhSuh' C++
mrs.Kl NdYdj iEoS we;af;a usksidg f;rAeus .ekSug yels bx.%Sis NdYdjg ,xjQ jpk iuQyhlsks'
fusksid Tng C++ bf.kSu u.ska jvd myiqfjka mrs.Kl jevigyka ,SjSug yelsfjs'
C++ mrs.Kl NdYdj iy mrs.Klfhys iajNdjsl NdYdj w;r iusnkaOh
fuu iusnkaOh jsuid ne,Sug fmr" “mrs.Klfhys iajNdjsl NdYdj” ms,snòj ;joqrg;a jsuiSu
m%fhdackj;ah' Tn l,ska o lshjQ mrsos mrs.Klhlg lshjsh yels NdYdj iEoS we;af;a oajsuh ixLHd
j,sks' oajsuh ixLHd fyj;a binary numbers hkq 1 iy 0 hk ixLHd j,ska iEoqKq ixLHdh' WodyrKhla
jYfhka 100010110 hk ixLHdj oajsuh ixLHdjla f,i .; yelsh' TSkEu NdYdjla ksrAudKh jkafka
jpk j,sks' mrs.Klfha NdYdjgo fuh fmdoqh' tys jpkhla (word) hkq oajsuh wxl 32 la tlajS
iEoqKq tallhls' WodryKhla f,i wxl 32 lska ieos 10100110101011001010011110110111 hk ixLHdj
mrs.Klhl tla jpkhla f,i ie,lsh yel' kuq;a fuu 1 yd 0 hk ixLHd mrs.Klhg meusKsfha
flfiao@ ir, f,iska lsh;fyd;a" fuu 1 yd 0 hk ixLHd j,ska ksrEmKh jkafka mrs.Klh ;=,
we;s uhsfl%dfm%dfiirA (Microprossesor) mrsm:fhys cks; jk jsoHq;a ix{djka fjs' mrs.Klfha
ls%hdldrS;ajhg fya;=jkafka fusjdh' fm%dfiirh ;=, wka;rA.; g%dkaisiagr u.ska fuu jsoHq;a ix{djka
bmfohs' 1 u.ska ksrEmKh jkafka g%dkaisiagrhla yryd jsoHq;h .uka lrk wjia:djls' 0 u.ska
ksrEmKh jkafka jsoHq;h .uka fkdlrk wjia:djh' fuu 1 fyda 0 hk tla jsoHq;a ix{djl
jsYd,;ajh nsgs 1ls (1 Bit). (Bits hkq mrs.Klhl o;a; Odrs;djka .Kkh lsrSu msKsi Ndjs;d flfrk
l=vdu tallhhs) mrs.Kl jevigyla u.ska isoqlrkafka" fuu oajsuh fla;hka ckkh lsrSu u.ska
mrs.Klfha uhsfl%dfm%dfiirh lsishus ls%hdjla isoqjSu msKsi md,kh lsrSuh' Binary codes j,g we;s
fus uhsfl%dfm%dfiirh md,kh lsrSfus hdka;s%l ugsgfus yelshdj ksid fuu fla;hka iòyd Machine
codes fyj;a hdka;s%l fla; hk ku Ndjs;dfjs' uska bosrshg mrs.Klfha NdYdj .ek l:d lsrSfusoS wm
fuu Machine codes, ke;skus hdka;s%l fla; hk fhoqu Ndjs;d lruq'
by; Tn lshjQ mrsos mrs.Klfha NdYdfjka l%uf,aLKfha fhoSu hkq fuu oajsuh ixLHdxls; fla;
fyj;a hdka;%sl fla; Ndjs;d lsrSfuka mrs.Kl jevigyka ,sjSuh' uq,a ld,fhaoS l%uf,aLlhka jsiska
wkq.ukh lrk ,oafoa fuu wiSre l%uhhs' fuu wiSre;djh y|qkd.;a uq,a l%uf,aLlhska jsiska
Assembly kuska mrs.Kl NdYdjla y|qkajd fokq ,enSh' Assembly u.ska isoqjQfha hdka;%sl fla; u.ska
iemhsh hq;= mrs.Kl jsOdkhka fjkqjg" bx.S%is jpk j,g iudk fjk;a jsOdkhka yòqkajdoSuh'

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tkus" WodyrKhla f,i ixlSrAK hdka;%sl fla; j,ska ,shQ mrs.Kl l%uf,aLKhla ^l%uf,aLKhla
hkq ljr fyda mrs.Kl NdYdjlska ,shkq ,enQ mrs.Kl jsOdk /ila f,i yeòskajsh yelsh& Assembly
NdYdjg fmr,qjfyd;a" th jvd myiqfjka jgyd.; yels" Assembly jsOdk j,ska hq;= l%uf,aLkhla
njg m;a fjkq we;' fumrsos mrs.Kl l%uf,aLlhkag Assembly u.ska jvd myiqfjka jevigyka
ieliSfus wjia:dj ,ensKs' l%uf,aLlhd ;u jevigyk Assembly Ndjs;fhka ,shd th hdka;s%l
fla;hkag mrsjrA:kh lsrSug Assembler keue;s uDoqldx.h mdjspsps lrkq ,enSh' Assembly jeks"
hdka;%sl fla; mdol fldgf.k ksrAudKh lr we;s mrs.Kl NdYdjka Low Level Languages fyj;a
my; ugsgfus mrs.Kl NdYd f,i yeòskafjs'
flfiafj;;a" Assembly mrs.Kl NdYdjo bf.kSug t;rus myiq fkdjSh' tfia jQfha th l%uf,aLKh
jvd myiqfjka f;reus .; yels ;;ajhg m;a l,o" th u.ska lsishus mrs.Kl ls%hdjla isoqlsrSu iòyd
,sjsh hq;= jsOdkhka m%udKh wvq fkdjQ fyhsks' ir, mrs.Kl jevigykla jqjo Assembly u.ska
,sjSug W;aidy l<fyd;a" th b;d os.= l%uf,aLKhla jkq we;' fuksid Assembly u.ska l%uf,aLKfha
fhoSuo ld,h fndfyda f,i jehjk lghq;a;la jQfhah' fus ksid jvd myiq f,i W.; yels" jvd
ir," kj mrs.Kl NdYdjka ksrAudKhg mrs.Kl l%uf,aLlhska fm,TsKs' fus whqrska ksmojqKq
NdYdjkah C iy C++. Assembly u.ska isoqjkafka hdka;s%l fla; iòyd wdfoaYl jk jsOdk iemhSu jQ
whqrska" C / C++ u.ska isoqjkafka tu Assembly jsOdk /i ne.ska tla fldg tajd iòyd wdfoaYhka jk
jvd ir, mrs.Kl jsOdkhka y|qkajdoSuhs' fus ksid hdka;s%l fla; Ndjs;fhka ,shq jevigykla
Assembly u.ska ,shQ jsg th jvd ir, jk w;r" thu C / C++ j,ska ,shq jsg th jvd;a flgs iy ir,
fjs' fus wkqj C / C++ jeks mrs.Kl NdYdjka ;kd we;af;a Assembly NdYdj mdol fldg f.k" th
u;h' fusksid l%uf,aLlfhl= jsiska C++ u.ska mrs.Kl jevigykla ,shQ jsg Tyq th m,uqj
Compiler keue;s uDoqldx.h Ndjs;d fldg Assembly NdYdjg mrsjrA:kh l, hq;=h' bkamiqj Tyq tu
mrsjrA:kho kej; Assembler uDoqldx.h u.ska hdka;s%l fla; njg mrsjrA:kh l, hq;=h' fuh
isoqlsrSu b;d myiq fohls' th isoqlrk wdldrh bosrsfhaoS Tn bf.k .kq we;' C++ jeks NdYd
Assembly NdYdj mdol fldg ilid we;s by, ugsgfus NdYd ksid tajd fmdoqfjs High Level
Languages f,i yeòskafjs'
mrs.Kl jevigykla ieliSug" uQ,sl jYfhka Tng my; oelafjk oE wjYH fjkq we;:
1. mrs.Kl jevigyka ilik uDoqldx.hla - Program editer.
wm mrs.Kl jevigykla ,shkq ,nkafka fuu jrA.fha uDoqldx.hla ;=,h' Tn Windows mrs.Kl
mdjspsps lrkafka kus" Tng f;drAd.; yels fydòu jevigyka ilik uDoqldx.h jkafka Microsoft
Visual C++ 6.0 h' fuh Tng myiqfjka fj,òfmdf,ys fidhd.; yelsh'
2. Compiler
Compiler uDoqldx.h u.ska isoqlrkafka C++ jeks High level language >Khg jefgk mrs.Kl NdYd
u.ska ,shk ,o mrs.Kl jevigyka" mrs.Klhg jegfyk oajsuh ixLHdjka njg mrsjrA:kh lsrSu
nj Tn by; oS lshjQjd' Tn Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0 us,oS .;ajsg" tys Compiler uDoqldx.hla o wvx.=
jkq we;'
3. Debugger
fuh" Tn ,shQ mrs.Kl jevigykl fodaI we;akus tajd yòqkd.ekSug myiqlus i,ik uDoqldx.hls'
Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0 ;=, Debugger uDoqldx.hla o wka;rA.; fjs' Visual C++ debugger myiqlu
Ndjs;hg .kakd wdldrh fmdf;ys Appendix fldgfiys flgsfhka oelafjs'
fuu fmdf;ys u;=jg wvx.= jk ish,q jevigyka ,shd we;af;a Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0 Wmfhda.S
lr.ekSfuks' fusksid fu;eka isg fuu fmdf;ys wvx.= ls%hdldrlus isoqlsrSu iòyd Tn tu uDoqldx.h

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Tfns mrs.Klh ;=, install lr.; hq;=h' Visual C++ 6.0 install fyj;a ia:dmkh lrk wdldrh
Appendix fldgfiaoS meyeos,s lr we;'
Tfns m,uq C++ mrs.Kl jevigyk
my; oelafjkafka C++ Ndjs;fhka Tng ,sjsh yels b;du ir," ls%hdldrS jevigykls' m,uqfjka u
lsjhq;= jkafka fus jevigyfkys wvx.= ish,qu foa jgyd .ekSug Tn W;aidy fkdl, hq;= njhs' th
bosrsm;a lr we;af;a yqfola C++ u.ska ,shk ,o mrs.Kl jevigykla fujekaklshs yòqkajdoSu
msKsih' tu ksid tys wvx.= ish,qu oE iusmQrAKfhka u jgyd.ekSug W;aidy fkdlrkak' Tng oekg
fkdjegfyk oE" fuu fmd; bosrshg lshjSu;a iu. wjfndaO jSug mgka.kq we;:
=====================================
// hello.cpp
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
cout << “Hello beautiful world!!!” << endl;
}
=====================================
wm oeka isoq lsrSug hkafka fuhhs: m,uqj Microsoft Visual C++ jsjD; lruq' bkamiq by; jevigyk
ta whqrskau tys h;=re ,shkh lruq' tkus" wmf.a jevigyk jsiska l, hq;= oE" C++ jsOdkhka /ilska
,shuq' uS,S.g wm lrkafka fuu C++ jsOdkhka hdka;%sl fla;hka njg mrsjrA:kh lsrSuh ^tfia
fkdl,fyd;a mrs.Klh tu jsOdkhka yòqfkd.kq we;&' tkus" wm C++ mrs.Kl jevigyk compile
l, hq;=h' wjidkfhaoS wm tu mrsjrA:kh lrk ,o mrs.Kl jevigyk ls%hd;aul lruq' fuh
isoqlrk wdldrh mshjrska mshjr my;ska oelafjs'
uq,skau l, hq;= jkafka Tfns jevigyk wka;rA.; lsrSu iòyd Visual C++ ;=, kj Project tlla
ksujSuh' Project tlla hkq lsishus mrs.Kl jevigykla iòyd m%fhdackhg .efkk ish,q C++ files
wka;rA.; lsrSu iòyd ;kkq ,nk tallhls' by;ska wm oqgq jevigyfkys kus ;sfnkafkaa tla file
tlla muKla jQjo miqj Tng oelSug ,efnk mrsos mrs.Kl jevigykla hkq C++ files iuQyhl
tl;=jls' C++ files hkq “.cpp” hk extension tl iys; computer files h'
1' m,uqfjkau" fuu fmdf;ys wvx.= jk ish,q jevigyka ;ekam;a lsrSu msKsi" Tfns mrs.Klfhys
oDV ;egsfhys Tn leu;s ia:dkhl “VC++ book” kuska kj folder tlla ;kkak'
2' oeka Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0 uDoqldx.h jssjD; lrkak'
3' tys File keue;s menu tflys we;s New keue;s item tl ^File > New& select lrkak'
4' u;=fjk Dialog Box tflys Projects window tl ;=, we;s Win32 console application keue;s
icon tl select lrkak' ^?mh 1'1& fufia isoql,hq;af;a wm fus wjia:dfjoS iEoSug n,dfmdfrd;a;=
jkafka console jrA.fha mrs.Kl jevigykla ksidh' fuh uòla myeos,s lr.ekSug wjYH fohlss'
m%Odk jYfhka i,ld n,k jsg mrs.Kl jevigyka jrA. follg fnfoa'
tkus"
(1) Console applications fyj;a Terminal (DOS) window tl yryd
ls%hd;aul l,hq;= mrs.Kl jevigyka iy"

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(2) GUI (Graphical User Interface) tlla fyj;a ?muh u;=msgla iys; mrs.Kl jevigyka
hkqfjks'
by; wm oqgqfjs fuu Console >Khg jefgk ir, jevigykls' fusjdg mdjspsps lrkakd iu.
wka;rA ls%hd lsrSu msKsi GUI tlla fyj;a rEmuh u;=msgla fkdue;' th mdjspsps lrkakd iu. lghq;=
lrkafka Terminal fyj;a DOS window tl yrydh' fus i`oyd Tyqg mrs.Klfha h;=re mqjrej WmldrS
fjs' wfkla w;g GUI tllska hq;= jevigykla hkq rEmuh u;=msgla u.ska jevigyk mdjspsps
lrkakd iu. wka;rAls%hd isoqlrk uDoqldx.hls' Microsoft Windows ;=, Tn Ndjs;hg .kakd ish,q
ckms%h mrs.Kl jevigyka fus >Khg whs;s fjs' Visual C++ o wksjdrAhfhkau GUI application
tlls'
(rEmh 1'1)
5' Location keue;s Text box tl u.ska isoqjkafka Tn idok project tl oDV ;egsfha .nvd l,hq;=
ia:dkh oelajSuh' oeka Location text box tlg bosrsfhka we;s Button tl click lr" oDV ;egsfhys by;
Tn ;ekQ “VC++ book” folder tl select lrkak'
6' Project name text box tl ;=, wm iEoSug kshus; jevigyfka ku f,i “hello” hkqfjka type
lrkak' ^?mh 1'1&
7' OK button tl Tnkak' fujsg “hello” hk kuska hq;a folder tlla “VC++ book” folder tl ;=,
Visual C++ u.ska ksmojkq we;'
8' oeka 1'2 rEmfha oelafjk dialog box tl Tn bosrsfha osiajkq we;'

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(?mh 1'2&
9' by; rEmfha wdldrhg tu dialog box tflys we;s “An empty project” hk option tl select
lrkak' tysoS wm VC++ fj; mjikafka" oekg lsisoq file tlla wvx.= fkdjk" ysia project tlla idok
f,ih' bkamiq Finish button tl click lrkak' fujsg ;j;a dialog box tlla open fjsjs' tho OK
lrkak' oeka “hello” keue;s ysia project tlla Tn idod we;'
Visual C++ window tflys ol=Kq mi we;s mgq window tl foi oeka n,kak ^rEmh 1'3&' fuu fldgi
yeosfjkafka workspace hkqfjks' tu window tflys my, wka;fhys file view keue;s tab tlla we;s
wdldrh n,kak' tu tab tl u; click lrkak' tjsg Tn fudfyd;lg fmr iEoQ project tl fuu file
view keue;s window tl;=, Tng oel.; yelsh ^rEmh 1'3&' tys “hello files” hkakg hgska we;af;a
Tfns project tlg wod, ish,q files h' Tn idok C++ files wka;rA.; jkafka tys “source files” hk
kuska oelafjk folder tl ;=,h' “Header files” hk folder tl;=, wka;rA.; jkafka Tn ;ju y`oqkd
fkd.;a Headers kuska yeoskafjk files jsfYaIhls'
(?mh 1'3)
Tn fuu folders u; double click lr ne,qjfyd;a tajdfha lsisjla wvx.= fkdjk nj Tng oelsh yels
jkq we;'
oeka Tn ierfikafka wmf.a ysia project tlg C++ file tlla we;=,alr by; wm oqgq mrs.Kl
jevigyk tu file tl;=, type lsrSugh' my; oelafjk f,i fuh isoqlrkak:
1' File > New menu tl u.ska New dialog box tl open lrkak ^1'4 rEmh&'

9
2' 1'4 rEmfha oelafjk mrsos tys File window tflys we;s “C++ source file” keue;s item tl select
lrkak' bkamiq Dialog box tflys “Add to project” keue;s check box tl check lrkak' “File
name” text box tl ;=, oeka wm ksujk C++ file tflys ku f,i “hello” hkak type lr dialog box
tl OK lrkak' tjsg 1'5 rEmfha fmfkk f,i kj ysia C++ file tlla Visual C++ ;=, jus mi we;s
jsYd, window tl;=, open fjsjs' fuu window tl y`oqkajkafka “Editor window” hk kusks' fus
wjia:dfjsoS Tn workspace window tl foi ne,qjfyd;a source files hk folder tl;=, Tn fus oeka
ksujQ “hello.cpp” hk file tl ;sfnkq oelsh yelsjkq we; ^?mh 1'6&'
(?mh 1'4)
(?mh 1'5)
(?mh 1'6)

10
3' oeka Tn l,hq;af;a by; Tn W.;a mrs.Kl jevigyk" editor window tl ;=, open jS we;s fuu
kj document tl fyj;a “hello.cpp” ;=, type lsrSuh' oeka th isoq lrkak'
oeka Tn C++ NdYdj u.ska ir, jevigykla ,shkq ,enqjd' fjk;a jpk j,ska lsh;fyd;a Tn lsishus
oE reila isoqlrK f,i C++ jsOdk reila u.ska mrs.Klhg wKl,d' kuq;a C++ u.ska Tn l, ta
wK lsrSus mrs.Klhg fkdjegfyk ksid Tn fmroS lshjQ f,i jevigyk compile lsrSfuka th
oajsuh fla; njg mrsjrA:kh l, hq;=hs' fuh my; oelafjk wdldrhg isoqlrkak'
1' Visual C++ ys Build Menu tflys “Build hello.cpp” keue;s item select lrkak ^?mh 1'7&' tfia
ke;skus tu Menu item tflys keyboard shortcut jk F7 h;=r Tnkak'
(?mh 1'7)
2' oeka Tfns mrs.Klfha fjs.hg wkqrEm ld,hloS oeka hello.cpp file tl compile fjkq fyj;a osjsuh
fla; njg mrsjrA:kh jkq we;' fujsg Tn olsk ;j;a fohla jkafka Visual C++ ys my; fldgfia
we;s os.= window tflys huslsisjla igyka jk nj fyj;a print jk njh' fuu pane tl yoqkajkafka
“Output window” hk kusks ^1'8 ?mh&'
(?mh 1'8)
Output window tl u.ska ldrAhhka lSmhka isoqlrhs' tlla kus lsishus file tlla compile lsrSfusoS
thg wod, jsia;r print lsrSu fyj;a osiajSug ie,eiajSuhs' “thg wod, jsia;r” hkqfjka m%Odk
fldgu yeoskafjkafka" compile ls%hdj,shg ,lajk mrs.Kl jevigyfkys jHdlrK fodaY fyj;a
syntax errors wdosh we;skus tu fodaYhkao" tu fodaYhka jevigyfkys mj;sk ia:dkhka ms,snò
jsia;r wdoshhs'
^fus ms,nò jevs jsia;r oek.ekSug fmdf;ys Appendix fldgfia we;s “mrs.Kl jevigyka j, fodaY
- Programming errors” keue;s fldgi lshjkak&
by; jevigyk Tn ksjerosj h;=re,shkh lrkq ,enqjdkus" jevigyk fodaY j,ska f;dr nj 1'8
rEmfha oelafjk wdldrfha output tlla u.ska output window tl Tng olajkq we;'
wm oeka wmf.a hello keue;s mrs.Kl jevigyk compile lr wjidkhs' Microsoft Visual C++ jsiska
Tn ,shk ,o jevigyk oajsuh fLs; j,ska ,shkq ,enqjd'
oeka" uòlg by;oS Tn idok ,o “VC++ book” folder tl Windows explorer u.ska jsjD; lrkak' tyss
wvx.= “hello” keue;s folder tl Tn olskq we;' tho jsjD; lrkak' bkamiq th ;=, we;s “Debug”
keue;s folder jsjD; lrkak' tys Tng “hello.exe” keue;s file tlla oel.; yelsjkq we;' Tn ,shQ
jevigyk oajsuh fLs;hka f.ka ,shjS we;af;a fuu file tl ;=,h' fjk;a jpk j,ska lsjfyd;a" fus
kus Tn ,shQ mrs.Kl jevigyfkys l%shdldrS wjia:djhs' fus ksid Tng fuu file tl open lsrSfuka

11
Tfns jevigyk ls%hd;aul l, yel' kuq;a fuysoS wm “hello.exe” u; click lruska th ls%hd;aul
fkdlr" Visual C++ u.ska u th ls%hd;aul lrjuq' th my; f,i th isoqlrkak:
12' visual C++ ys" Build > Execute hello.exe item tl select lrkak' ke;skus Ctrl + F5 Tnkak' tjsg
DOS fyj;a Tfns mrs.Klfha Terminal window tl ;=, “hello.exe” file tl open jkq we;' fufia
jkafka Tn ksujQfha DOS ;=, ls%hd;aul jk console jevigykla jk ksidh' fus fmdf;ys bosrshg
yuqfjk ish,qu jevigyka fus jrA.fha console jevigyka jkq we;' oeka Terminal window tflys
“Hello beautiful world!!!” hkak print j ;sfnkq Tn olskq we;'
fus whqrska Tfns m,uq mrs.Kl jevigyk Tn idrA:lj ksulr we;' oeka wm fuu l=vd jevigyk
ksujS we;af;a flfiaoehs i,ld ne,Su wm wrTuq' tys fldgia tlska tl f.k my;ska jsia;r lr we;:
===================
// hello.cpp
===================
by; oelafjkafka Tn ,shQ jevigyfkys by,skau we;s fma,shhs' m,uqfjkau we;s ZZ//ZZ i,l=K
ye`oskafjkafka comment tlla hkqfjkss' wm th C++ l%uf,aLKhla ;=, fhdokafka thska werfTk
fma,sh tu jevigyfkys ls%hdldrS fldgila fkdjsh hq;= jsgoSh' fuksid by; jevigyfkys //
hello.cpp hk fma,sh" jevigyfkys ls%hdldrS fldgila fkdfjs' hello.cpp hkq yqfola wm
fuu jevigyk ,shkq ,nk file tflys kuhs' jevigyk compile lrk wjia:dfjsoS ZZ//ZZ i,l=k
yuqjQ jsg compiler uDoqldx.h tu fma,sh compile fkdlr fkdi,ld yrshs' Tng wjYH kus fuu
fma,sh bj;a lr jevigyk ls%hd;aul l, yelsh' thska lsisu fjkila isoq fkdfjs'
fujeks comments l%uf,aLKhla ;=, fhdokafka fya;= lSmhla u;h' tla m%Odk fya;=jla kus lsishus
l%uf,aLK fldgila u.ska flfrk ldrAhh jdrA:d lr ;enSuh' fuf,i jdrA:d lr ;nkafka" Tn
,shk jevigyk os.= iy ixlSrAK tlla jkafka kus" tys wvx.= lsishus fla; /ilska isoqlrk ldrAhh
ld,h .; jSu;a iu`. Tng wu;l jS hEug ms,sjka fyhsKs' l%uf,aLKhl we;s tjeks ixlSrAK ia:dk
j,oS" tu ia:dkfha wvx.= fla;hkaf.ka isoqjkafka l=ulaoehs comment tlla u.ska f,an,a lr ;enSu
miqjg b;d m%fhdackj;a jkq we;' ;j;a fya;=jla kus" Tn ,shQ l%uf,aLkhla fjk;a l%uf,aLlfhl=
jsiska lshjkq ,nk jsgoS" Tn ,shQ mrs.Kl fla;hkaf.ka isoqjkafka l=ulaoehs Tn tys ;nd we;s
comments wdOdrfhka Tyqg jvd myiqfjka jgyd .; yels jSuh'
======================
======================
by; jevigyk jeks b;du ir, mrs.Kl jevigykloS mjd jsYd, ldrAhhka m%udKhla Tng
fkdfmfkk f,i compiler uDoqldx.h jsiska bgqlrhs' fus ldrAhhka isoqjkafka “;srhg hgska”h'
fuu ;srhg hgska flfrk ldrAhhka f.ka iuyrla fndfydajsg iEu jevigyklgu fmdoq foah'
WodyrKhla f,i" mrs.Klh u; Odjkh jk iEu jevigyklg u o;a; we;=,a lr.ekSfus yd
msglsrSfus (data input-output) yelshdj w;HjYHh' tksid th iEu jevigyklgu fmdoq fohls'
fusksid mrs.Kl l%uf,aLlfhl=g" fus fmdoq ls%hdldrS;ajhka Tyq ,shk iEu jevigykla ;=,oSu
kej; kej;;a l%uf,aLKh lsrSug isoqfjs' fuh l%uf,aLlfhl=f.a ld,h wmf;a hjhs' fuhg ms,shula
jYfhka" fuu fmdoq jQ ldrAhhka ish,a, l%uf,aLKh lr mqia:ld,hka fyj;a C++ Libraries ;=,
.nvd lr ;sfns' fuksid Visual C++ Ndjs;hg .kakd l%uf,aLlhka yg" iEu mrs.Kl
jevigyklgu fmdoqjQ tu ls%hdldrS;ajhka ;uka jsiska kej; kej; l%uf,aLKh fkdlr Visual C++
Libraries ;=,ska myiqfjka ,nd.; yel' fjk;a wdldrhlg lsh;fyd;a tu libraries ;=, wvx.= jk
mrs.Kl fla;hka wmf.a jevigyka ;=, mdjspspshg .; yelsh'

12
fus wdldrhg" by; #include <iostream.h> hkqfjka oelafjkafka iostream hk Library
tl wm ,shk jevigyklg we;=,a lrk wdldrhhs' iostream hkq input-output stream hkakhs'
jevigyfkys by; fla;hg miqj wvx.= jk cout yd endl hk jsOdk hq., .nvd lr we;af;a
fuu iostream library tl ;=,hs' tu library tl jevigykg we;=,a fkdl,fyd;a" wmg tu
jsOdkhka mdjspspshg .ekSug fkd,efnkq we;'
#include hkak directive tlla f,i yeòskafjs' #include directive tflys ldrAhh kus wm
,shkd mrs.Kl jevigyklg" msg;ska hus ls%hdldrS;ajhla we;=,a lsrSuh' fuysoS th iostream
library tl jevigyk ;=,g we;=,a lrhs'
===================
void main()
===================
by; oelafjkafka Tng yuqjk m,uqjk C++ function tlhs' Function tlla hkq ir,j lsh;fyd;a"
C++ mrs.Kl fla; reila wvx.= lr ksujk tallhls' C++ jevigykla ls%hd;aul jSu werfTkafka
fuu main() keue;s functions tlskqhs' main() hgska Tn i`., jryka hq.,la olskq we;' lsishus
function tlla ;=, wvx.= jsh hq;= C++ fla;hka wka;rA.; jsh hq;af;a tu function tflys kug miqj
tk by; jeks i`., jryka ;=,h' Functions ms,snò jevs jsia;r “Functions” mrspsfpsofhaoS i,ld
n,uq'
=============================================
cout << “Hello beautiful world!!!” << endl;
=============================================
fuu code tl u.ska isoqjkafka “Hello beautiful world!!!” hkak Terminal window tl u;g
output lsrSuhs'
cout << hkq fuu ldrAhh bgqlrkq ,nk jsOdkhhs'
endl << hkq DOS window tl ;=, print jsh hq;= jpk fyda ixLHd fm,la wjidkh jsh hq;= ia:dkh
;SrKh lrk fla;hhs' fuu fla;h wka;rA.; jkafka main() ys i., jryka ;=, jSu ksid" fuh
main function tlg wh;a fla;hla nj Tng jegfykq we;' ;jo Tn olsk fohla jkafka by; fla;h
wjidkfha we;s “ ; ” ,l=K fyj;a Semicolon character tlh' Semicolon tlska olajkafka lsishus
Expression tll wjidkhhs' Expression tlla hkq Operators kuska yeòskafjk jia;+ka f.ka ieos
mrs.Kl fla;hls' Expressions iy Operators hkq fudkjdoehs Tng bosrsfhaoS bf.kSug ,efnkq we;'
oekg" by; mrs.Kl fla;h expression tlla nj muKla oek.kak' Semicolon tlla u.ska
isoqjkafka by; jeks expression tlla wjikajk ia:dkh oelajSu njo u;l ;nd.kak'
Whitespaces
Whitespaces hkqfjka yeòskafjkafka mrs.Kl l%uf,aLKhl lsisjla iòyka fkdfjk ysia bv
m%udKhkah' by; jevigyfkys #include<iostream.h> hkakg;a void main() hkakg;a w;rska we;af;a
whitespace tlls' tfukau { g;a" cout << "Hello beautiful world!!!" << endl; hk fla;hg;a w;rska
we;af;a whitespace tlls' kuq;a we;a; jYfhkau C++ mrs.Kl NdYdj" mrs.Kl l%uf,aLKhl we;s
fuu whitespaces .ek jevs ;elSula fkdlrhs' tkus" Tng wjYH kus lsishus mrs.Kl jevigykl
jevs fldgila lsisu whitspace tllska f;drj jQjo ,sjsh yel' WodyrKhla f,i" by; jevigyfkys
main function tl whitespaces j,ska f;drj ,sjQ fyd;a th my; f,i osiajkq we;:

13
===========================================================
void main() { cout << "Hello beautiful world!!!" << endl;}
===========================================================
by; fla;h foi ne,Sfuka Tng meyeos,sjk fohkus" whitespaces Ndjs;fhka mrs.Kl jevigykl
meyeos,s;djh jevsjk njh' ish,a, tl fma,shlg ,sjSfuka jevigykska isoqfjk foh wmyeos,sjS hhs'
tu ksid mrs.Kl jevigyka ,sjSfusoS Tn iEujsgu iqoqiqf,i whitespaces fhdod.kak'
fydòhs" wms by;oS b;du ir, C++ jevigykla ,shkafka flfiaoehs oqgqjd' tu jevigyfkys we;s
m%Odk fldgia ms,snòj hus wjfndaOhla Tn ,nkakg we;s'
RAM (Random Access Memory) u;lh
mrs.Kl l%uf,aLlfhl= f,i Tng RAM u;lh ms,snò hus fyda wjfndaOhla ;snsh hq;=h'
RAM u;lh mj;skafka Tfns mrs.Klfha RAM psmh ;=,hs' Tfns mrs.Klfhys hus fudfy;l
ls%hd;aul lr we;s jevigyka ish,a,u /òs we;af;a fuu RAM u;lh ;=,hs' tu iEu jevigyklau
RAM ;=, mj;sk u;lfhka" tu jevigykg jsfYaI jQ nhsg Odrs;djla mrsfNdaPkh lrhs' ^nhsgh
(byte) hkq mrs.Kl u;l Odrs;d uksk l=vdu tallh fjs'& WodyrKhla f,i lsishus fudfyd;l Tn
Windows Media Player jevigyk ls%hd;aul lrf.k ix.S;hg ijka fok w;r Internet Explorer
jeks jevigykla Wmfhda.S lrf.k w;a;rAPd,fha iersirKjd hehs o" f;jeks jevigykla f,i
Disk Defragmenter jevigyk miqnsfuys ;u ls%hdfjys ksr; jkjdhehs o is;kak' fuysoS fuu
jevigyka ;=ku RAM u;lfhka ;udg wjYH nhsg fldgi mrsfNdaPkh lruska ta ;=, PSj;a fjhs'
fus wdldrhg" Tn jsiska ,shkq ,nk jevigyklao ls%hd;aul wjia:dfjsoS mj;skafka fuu RAM
u;lh ;=,hs' RAM u;lh “;djld,sl u;lh” f,io yeòskafjs' thg fya;=j kus RAM u;lh ;=,
Tng lsisjla ia:sr f,i .nvd l, fkdyels jSuh' tys we;s o;a; iqrCIs;j mj;skafka mrs.Klh
Odjkh jk ld,h w;r;=roS muKh' fuhg fya;=j kus" RAM psmfhys o;a; /òS mj;skafka thg
jsoHq;h iemfhk ;dla l,a muKla jSu fya;=fjks' RAM psmfhka jsoq,sh jsikaOs l, js.iu tys .nvd
jS we;s ish,q o;a; thg wysus jS hhs' Tng ia:sr f,i lsisjla .nvd lr.ekSug wjYH kus th
mrs.Klfha oDV ;egsfhys (Hard Disk) .nvd lrkak' oDV ;egsfhys .nvd lr we;s o;a; jsoq,sh jsikaOs
lsrSulska uelS fkdhkafka tys u;lh /òS mj;skafka we;af;a jsoHq;fha wdOdrfhka fkdj" pqusNl
n,fhka jSu fya;=fjks'
kuq;a mrs.Klhl u;lh fuf,i RAM u;lh yd ia:sr u;lh fyj;a f,i fowdldrhlska
mj;skafka ukao@ mrs.Klh ls%hd;aul jSfusoS RAM psmh mdjspsps fkdlr oDV ;egsfhysu wjYH o;a;
.nvd fkdlrkafka ukao@ fya;=j kus RAM psmfha ls%hdldrS;ajh oDV ;egsfha ls%hdldrS;ajhg jvd
w;sYhs;a fjs.j;a jSuh' lsishus mrs.Klhla" hus fudfy;l jsjD; jS we;s uDoqldx. j, o;a; ,nd
.ekSfus iy o;a; msglsrSfus (I/O) wjYH;dj oDV ;egsfhys u;lfhka muKla imqrd,Sug ;e;al,fyd;a
tu mrs.Klfha ldrAhCIu;dj ie,lsh hq;= f,i my, niskq we;' fuf,i RAM u;lh mrs.Klhl
mdjspsps jkafka uDoqldx. j,g wjYH fjs.j;aj o;a; iu`. lghq;= lsrSfus wjYH;dj imqrd,Su Wfoidh'
RAM ;=, we;s iEu bit tllgu u;l ,smskhla fyj;a memory address tlla we;' fuu ,smskh u.ska
RAM ;=, iEu bit tllau msysgs ia:dkh oelafjs' Memory address ms,snòj fuysoS flgs iòykla
muKla lrkafka Tng th fuu fmdf;ysoS miqjg yuqjk ksidh' th jevs jYfhka Ndjs;djkq we;af;a
“Pointers” keue;s mrspsfpsofhaoSh' Memory address tlla u.ska wmg lsishus o;a;hla RAM ;=,
ienejskau we;s ia:dkh fidhd.; yel' th yrshgu Tn lsishus ksjila msysgs ia:dkh tys ,smskfhka
fidhd.ekSu jeksh' kuq;a memory address tlla hkq Tn ,shqus ljr u; ,shkq ,nk jsjò kus iys;
,smskhla jekakla kus fkdjkq we;' Memory address tlla hkq ;kslru ixLHd;aul w.hls' tu
ixLHdjka yeujsgu olajkq ,nkafka 16 jeks mdofha ixLHd f,isks' 16 mdofha ixLHd wm Hexadecimal
numbers hkqfjka yòqkajuq'
kuq;a memory addresses u.ska bits we;s ia:dk fijSfus wruqK l=ulao@ tys wruqK kus mrs.Kl
u;lfha we;s o;a; j,g Rcqj we;=,ajSfus wjia:dj ,nd.ekSuh' fus ms,snò jevs jsia;r “Pointers”
mrspsfpsofhaoS wms i,ld n,uq'

14
Variables
mrs.Kl jevigykla ksrAudKh lrK jsg" th jsiska hus hus o;a; u;lfha ;nd .ekSfus wjYH;djka
u;=fjs' WodyrKhla f,i" NdId YnòfldaIhla f,i ilid we;s uDoqldx.hla .ek is;kak' thg Tn
tla NdIdjlska jpkhla we;=,a l, jsg th tu jpkh wfkla NdIdjg mrsjrA:kh lr Tng ,nd fokq
we;' fuysoS uDoqldx.h Tn ,nd fok jpkh ;u u;lfha ;ndf.k thg iudk jQ wfkla NdIdfjs
jpkh ;SrKh l, hq;=h' “u;lfha ;nd.ekSu” f,i yeòskafjkafka Tn ,ndfok jpkh" mrs.Kl
u;lfha ;djld,slj .nvd lsrSuhs' fufia .nvd lrkafka mrs.Klfha RAM u;lfhah' kuq;a wm
lsishus o;a;hla RAM ;=, .nvd l, jsg" tu o;a;h;a" fuf;la RAM ys .nvdjS we;s wfkla fndfyda
o;a;hka w;r ;j;a tla o;a;hla muKla njg m;afjs' fufia .nvd flfrk o;a; bkamiqj wmg
kej; m%fhdackh iòyd ,nd .ekSug isoqfjs' fuu kej; ,nd.ekSu iòyd wm jsiska wm .nvd l,
o;a;h ksjerosj kej; y|qkd.; hq;=h' kuq;a o;a; id.rh we;s tla l=vd o;a;hla muKla fjkalr
y|qkd.kafka flfiao@ fuysoS wmf.a msysgg tkafka fuu variable keue;s tallhs' Variable tlla hkq
wm jsiska RAM ys .nvd lrK ,o lsishus o;a;hla iòyd wdfrdamKh lrKq ,nk wrA:dkajs; kduhls'
fus u.ska wmg wjYH o;a;h" RAM ;=, wka;rA.; wfkla o;a; w;rska fjkalr y|qkd .; yelsh' th
yrshgu mqoa.,hka rdYshla w;rska" Tng wjYH mqoa.,fhl= Tyqf.a kuska yòqkd.ekSu jeksh'
mrs.Kl jevigykla ;=, variable tlla iEoSfusoS wm jsiska lreKq 2la iusmqrAK l, hq;=h:
1' m,uqfjkau wm idok variable tflys jrA.h iy kduh compiler uDoqldx.hg yòqkajd osh hq;=h'
fuh variable declaration f,i yeòskafjs' fuys wjYH;dj kus" ienE f,iu variable tl ksujSug fmr
thg wjYH jk bv RAM ;=,ska fjkalr .ekSug wjYH jSuhs'
2' bkamiq Tng variable tlg w.hla ,ndoS tys meje;au ienE f,iu ;yjqre l, yelsh' fuh variable
definition f,i yeòskafjs' wm tu ,nd fok w.h kus" wmg RAM ;=, .nvd lsrSug wjYH o;a;h fjs'
fus ms,snò jevs jsia;r uS,. tk" o;a; jrA.hka ms,snò mrspsfpsofhaoS i,ld n,uq'
Identifiers
Identifiers hkq" mrs.Kkl jevigykla ;=,oS Tng wjYH o;a; y|qkd.ekSu iòyd tajd kus lrkjsg"
Tn tu o;a; fj; fokq ,nk kduhkah' by;oS Tn y|qkd.;a variables, mrs.Kl jevigykla ;=,oS
idok jsg" thg imhkq ,nk kduh identifier tlla iòyd WodyrKhls' kuq;a identifiers f,i
yòqkajkafka variables muKla fkdfjs'
Expressions
mrs.Kl jevigykloS fkdfhla .Kkhka lsrSug isoqjSu idudkH fohls' fujeks wjia:djka j,oS
expressions fhdod.ekSug wjYHfjs' WodyrKhla f,i my; oelafjkafka identifiers 3 la Ndjs;dlr
,shkq ,enQ expression tlls'
Salary = Basic + Overtime
by; expression tflys m%Odk oE 2 la oelsh yelsh:
1. Operands.
by; expression tflys oelsh yels operands jkafka Salary, Basic iy Overtime hk identifiers h'
2. Operators.
by; expression tflys oelsh yels operators jkafka “ = ” yd “ + ” hk .Ks;uh i,l=Kq hq.,h'
Operators j, ldrAhh kus" expression tlloS" operands Ndjs;d lruska .Ks; lrAuhka isoq lsrSuh'
by;oS" + operator tl u.ska Basic iy Overtime hk operands hq.,fhys w.hka tl;= lrkq ,nk
w;r" = operator tl u.ska tu tl;=fjka ,efnk ms,s;=r Salary kus operand tlg wdfoaY lrkq ,nhs'
kuq;a expressions hkq .Kkh lsrSus muKla fkdfjs' th Ndjs;djk ;j;a wjia:d we;' Expressions
iy operators ms,snòj Tng ZZOperatorsZZ mrspsfpsofhaoS jevsjsia;r yuqfjkq we;'

15
Keywords
Keywords hkq mrs.Kl jevigykla ;=,oS jsfYaI wrA:hka iys; kus fyda jpkhs' fusjd C++ NdYdj
u.ska jsfYaI ldrAhhka i`oyd fjkalr we;s jpkhs' Keywords Tng identifiers f,i Ndjs;d lsrSug
fkdyelshs' my; oelafjkafka C++ ys wvx.=jk keywords h' j.=fjs oelafjk we;eus keywords
ms,sn`oj Tng bosrsfhaoS lshjSug ,efnkq we;'
asm auto bad_cast bad_typeid
bool break case catch
char class const const_cast
continue default delete do
double dynamic_cast else enum
except explicit extern false
finally float for friend
goto if inline int
long mutable namespace new
operator private protected public
register reinterpret_cast return short
signed sizeof static static_cast
struct switch template this
throw true try type_info
typedef typeid typename union
unsigned using virtual void
volatile while

16
2. o;a; jrA.hka fyj;a Data types
jevigykl o;a; fyj;a Data .nvd lrkq ,nkafka variables ;=, nj Tn miq.sh
mrspsfpsofhaoS oqgqjd' kuq;a lsishus o;a;hla .nvd lsrSug TskEu variable tlla mdjspsps l, fkdyelsh'
WodyrKhla f,i lsishus flfkl=f.a kula jeks o;a;hla .nvd lsrSu iòyd iy Tyqf.a Wmka oskh
.nvd lsrSu iòyd fjkia jrA.hka foll variables folla mdjspsps l, hq;=h' fuhg fya;=j jkafka
ku yd jhi hk o;a; hq., tlsfklg fjkia o;a; jrA. follg wh;a jSuh' fujeks o;a; jrA.
reila C++ ;=, wvx.=h' fu;eka isg oekg Tfns wjYH;djhg irs,k mrsos" fuu o;a; jrA.hkaf.ka
lSmhla muKla meyeos,s lr .ekSug W;aidy .ksuq'
1. int (integer)
int f,i yeòskafjkafka ixLHd;aul o;a;hkah' lsishus ixLHd;aul w.hla variable tlla ;=, .nvd
lsrSug kus wm int jrA.fha variable tlla iEosh hq;=hs' fuf,i variable tlla idok wdldrh meyeos,s
lr.ekSug wm variable tlla ksujd n,uq' year keue;s kuska int jrA.fha variable tlla my;ska idod
we;s wdldrh n,kak:
=============================================
int year;
=============================================
by;" variable tflys kduhg(year)bosrsfhka we;s int keue;s fldgiska oelafjkafka wm
idok variable tl int jrA.hg wh;a njhs' fuysoS wm lrkafka year keue;s variable iòyd
mrs.Klfha RAM u;lfhka fldgila fjka lsrSu muKhs' fuf,i variable tlla iEoSfusoS wm
m,uqfjka tu variable tlg wod, fldgi fyj;a nhsg ixLHdj RAM u;lfhka fjkalr .; hq;=hs'
fuu ls%hdj variable declaration f,i yeòskafjs' th yrshgu lsishus f.dvke.s,a,la bos lsrSug fmr"
th boslsrSu iòyd iEfyk N~us m%udKhla fjka lr.ekSu yd iudkh' RAM u;lfhka fjkalrk
fuu nhsg fyj;a u;l m%udKh" idok variable tflys o;a; jrA.h wkqj fjkia fjs - Tn ;ekSug
kshus; f.dvke.s,af,a jsYd,;ajh wkqj" N~usfhys jsYd,;ajh ;SrKh l, hq;=h' fuf,i int variable
tlla ksmojSfusoS RAM u;lfhka fjka jk bv jkafka nhsg 4 ls'
oeka wm fuu year keue;s variable tl iòyd wjYH u;lh fjkalr .;a ksid" wmg oeka th ;=,
ixLHd;aul w.hla ;ekam;a l, yel - Tng wjYH N~us m%udKh fjkalr .;a miq" f.dvke.s,a,
bosl, yelsh' fuh variable definition f,i yeòskafjs' tkus fuysoS isoqjkafka variable tlg w.hla
wdfoaY lr tys meje;au RAM ;=, ia:sr lsrSuhs' th isoqlrkafka my; whqrsks:
=============================================
year = 2010;
=============================================
oeka year keue;s variable tflys w.h 2010 fjs' fjk;a jpk j,ska lsh;fyd;a year keue;s variable
tl RAM u;lh ;=, fjkalrf.k we;s bv m%udKfhys" tkus nhsg 4 la ;=," 2010 keue;s ixLHdj

17
;ekam;a jS we;' wm fuysoS variable declaration iy variable definition hk ls%hd fol wjia:d folloS
isoql,;a" myiqj msKsi fus folu tljsg my; mrsos isoql, yel:
==============================================
int year = 2010;
==============================================
wm oeka int variable tlla fhdodf.k ir, mrs.Kl jevigykla ,shd n,uq:
======================================================
// ints.cpp
void main()
{
int year = 2010;
cout << “Days in a year = “ << year << endl;
}
======================================================
by; jevigyk Visual C++ u.ska fmr mrosu Compile lr Run lrkak' Terminal window tflys
“Days in a year = 2010” hkak print fjkq we;' fuysoS isoqjQfha l=ulao@ m,uqj wm 2010 w.h year keue;s
variable ;=, .nvd lf,uq' bkamiqj cout << fla;h" year ;=, we;s w.h" tkus 2010" Terminal
window tl u;g output lf,ah'
Scope
===================================================
void main()
{
int x = 10;
{
int y = 20;
cout<< "Inside x:" << x << endl;
cout<< "Outside y:" << y << endl;
}
cout<< "Outside x:" << x << endl;
cout<< "Outside y:" << y << endl; // error
}
===================================================
by; jevigyk Visual C++ ;=, h;=re ,shkh fldg compile lsrSug W;aidy lrkak - Tng th
compile lsrSug fkdyelsjkq we;' isoqjk tlu foh jkq we;af;a Visual C++ ys output window tl
;=,g my; oelafjk error message tl print jSuh' ^Tng ,efnk error massage tflys file path tl
fjkiajkq we;&

18
^?mh 2'1&
oeka Tn output window tflys fuu error message tl u; double click l, hq;=h' ^by, isg we;s 4
jeks fma,sh u; double click lrkak& tjsg editor window tflys fuu error tl ksmojSug mdoljqKq
fla;h highlight jkq we;' tu fla;h kus 4 jeks cout jsOdkh wvx.= fla;h nj Tng highlight jS
fmfkkq we;' Error tlska lshfjkafka y hkq declare fkdlrk ,o wd.ka;=l variable tlla njhs'
fufiajkafka ulaksido@ Tn y declare lr tys w.h 20 njg define o lr we;=jd fkdfjso@ kuq;a Tn
kej; jrla jevigyk foi ne,qjfyd;a fmfkk fohla jkafka" y ys declaration tl we;af;a i`.,
jryka hq.,la ;=, njhs' Error tl ksmojQ cout wvx.= fla;h we;af;a fuu jryka j,ska msg;hs' fuu
fla;h u.ska y j b,a,d we; ^fyj;a y j refer lr we;&' kuq;a compiler uDoqldx.hg y kuska identifier
tlla fidhd .ekSug fkdyelsjQ ksid th by; oelajqKq error tl ksmojQfhah' Compiler uDoqldx.hg y
yòqkd.ekSug fkdyelsjQfha y ys definition tl we;af;a" we;=,; i`., jryka hq., ;=, jSu ksihs'
fuysoS y ys meje;au fuu jryka ;=,g muKla iSudfjhs' jryka j,ska msg; isg thg by;oS fuka
refer lrkq ,enqjfyd;a compiler uDoqldx.hg th y|qkd.ekSug fkdyelsj hhs' jryka ;=,oS kus th
ksielju y yòqkd.kshs' i`., jryka ;=, we;s fojeks cout command tl error tlla ksmofkdjSu
fya;=fjka fus nj ;yjqre fjhs' oeka error tl iys; fla;h jevigykska bj;a fldg fyda th
comment fldg ^tu fma,sh uq,g “ // “ i,l=Kla fhdod& kej; jevigyk compile lsrSug W;aidy
lrkak' tjsg th kshudldrj th compile jk whqre Tn olskq we;'
fuf,i variable tlla i`., jryka hq.,la ;=, define lsrSfuka tys meje;au tu i`., jryka ;=,g
muKla isud lsrSu yeòskafjkafka “Scoping” hkqfjks' jryka fol ;=, we;s bv tu variable tflys
scope tl f,i yeòskafjhs' tu variable tl refer l,yelafla fuu scope tl ;=,oS muKs'
2. char (Character)
char – o;a; jrA.fhka hq;= variable tll wk;rA.; l, yels jkafka mrs.Kl h;=re moaO;sh ;=, we;s
tla wl=rla" b,lalula fyda i,l=Kla fyj;a character tlls'
WodyrK - 'G’, ‘k’, ‘8’, ‘2’, ‘>’, ‘?’
by; WodyrK j, we;s “ ‘ “ i,l=Kq fyj;a single quotes foi n,kak' wm char w.hla y|qkd.kafka
fus single quotes j,sks' fuysoS ‘8’ iy ‘2’ hkq b,lalus fkdfjs' fufia jkafka tajd single quotes
j,ska wdjrKh fldg we;s ksidh' tjsg tajd b,lalus fkdj' characters njg m;a fjs' fuf,iu ‘>’,
‘?’ jeks i,l=Kqo fuysoS characters f,i ie,fla'
oeka wm char mdjspsps lr ,shQ jevigykla foi wjOdkh fhduq lruq:
======================================================
// characters.cpp
#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{
char x = ‘b’, y = ‘y’, s = ‘e’;
cout<< x << y << s << endl;

19
}
======================================================
by; jevigyk compile lr run lrkak' “bye” hk jpkh console window tl ;=, print fjkq we;'
“bye” hk jpkh ieoqfka ‘b’, ‘y’, ‘e’ hk characters ;s%;ajh tl fm,g fjkfjku print jSfuka nj
Tng meyeos,s jkq we;'
by; variables, define lr we;s wdldrh foi n,kak' tu variables ;=ku define lr we;af;a tlajru'
tla fm,lg nj Tng fmfka' variables fjka lr we;af;a fldud j,sks' fuh Tn fmroS oqgq variables
define lsrSug iudkhs' tkus" by; define lsrSu u my; wdldrfhka o isoql, yel:
===============================
char x = ‘b’;
char y = ‘y’;
char s = ‘e’;
===============================
3. bool (Boolean)
lsisfjl= oeka Tfnka my; m%YaKh wihs:
“oeka Tfns ldurfha jòq,s n,anh we;af;a oe,ajò@”
Tfns ms,s;=r jsh hq;af;a “Tjq” fyda “keye” hk folska tlls' tkus" “oeka Tfns ldurfha we;s jòq,s
n,anh oe,ajS we;” hk m%ldYkh i;H fyda wi;H jsh yelsh' fjk;a wdldrhlska lsh;fyd;a tu
m%ldYkh i;H iy wi;H hk wjia:d folska hqla;h' mrs.Kl jevigykl fufia wjia:d follska
muKla iukajs; foa oelajSug fuu bool keue;s data type tl Ndjs;dfjs' bool – data type tlska hq;=
variable tllg ;snsh yelafla w.hka folls' tkus" i;H wjia:dj iy wi;H wjia:dj. mrs.Kl
jevigyka ,sjSfusoS fuu i;H wjia:dj true hk keyword tlska fyda 1 fyda 0 g jevs TSkEu
ixLHdjlska olajk w;r wi;H wjia:dj olajkafka false hk keyword tlska fyda 0 w.h u.sks'
mrs.Kl jevigykloS bool data type tl mdjspsps flfrk wjia:djla jkafka" jevigyk ;=, lsishus
;;ajhla iemsrS we;s fyda ke;s nj ;SrKh lsrSugh' fuh jgyd .ekSu iòyd wm by; jòq,s n,an
WodyrKh mrs.Kl jevigyklg fhdod n,uq:
=====================================================
// bool.cpp
#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{
bool on = true;
if(on){
cout<< “The bulb is on” << endl;
}
else{
cout<< “the bulb is off” << endl;
}
}
======================================================
by; jevigyfkys Tng w,q;a fohla jk if-else statement tl yuqfjs' if-else statement tl .ek wm
uòla miqj l:d lruq' oekg Tn fus jevigyfkys wjOdkh l, hq;af;a bool – variable tlla jk on
fj; iy thg wdfoaY lr we;s w.h jk true w.h fj;h' jevigyfkys m,uqj isoqjkafka on keue;s
bool o;a; jrA.hg wh;a variable tlla define jS thg true w.h wdfoaY jSuh' bkamiq" Tn ;ju
y|qkdf.k ke;s if-else statement tl ls%hd;aul jSfuka on ys w.h l=ulaoehs mrSCIdjg ,lafjs' tys

20
w.h true jqjfyd;a" “The bulb is on” hk jpk fm, print jk w;r w.h false jqjfyd;a" “The
bulb is off” hkak print fjs' jevigyk compile lr run lr n,kak' on ys w.h true ksid “The
bulb is on” hkak print fjkq we;' oeka on fj; false w.h wdfoaY lr (true fjkqjg on bosrsfha
false hkak type lrkak) kej; jevigyk run lr n,kak' tjsg print jkq we;af;a “The bulb is
off” hkakhs' ta wkqj fuu jevigykska oelafjkafka bool – variable tlla mrs.Kl jevigykloS
m%fhdackhg .; yels wjia:djlah' on ys w.h true fyda false jSu u; jevigyfkys ls%hdldrS;ajh
fowdldrhla .;af;ah' fjk;a jpk j,ska lsjfyd;a wmg jevigykla ls%hd;aul jsh hq;= udrA.h
l=ulaoehs th Odjkh jk fudfydf;aoS fujeks wdldrhkaf.ka ;SrKh l, yelsh'
4. float
wm int – data type .ek l:d lsrSfusoS i,ld ne,qfjs mQrAK ixLHd ms<snòj muKla nj Tn oqgqjdo@ int –
variables ;=, .nvd l, yelafla mQrAK ixLHdjka muKs' WodyrKhla f,i 10.5 jeks oYu ixLHd tysoS
Ndjs;d l, fkdyel' float o;a; jrA.h we;af;a fuu wjYH;dj imqrd,Su iòydh' my; oelafjkafka
float Ndjs;d l, jevigykls:
======================================================
// floats.cpp
void main()
{
float time = 10.35;
cout << “The time is: “ << time << endl;
}
======================================================
5. string
fuu o;a; jrA.h Ndjs;d lrkafka jpk fyda jdlH .Kfha o;a; iu. lghq;= lsrSughs' wm by;
idlpsPd lrk ,o ish,qu o;a; jrA.hka C++ ;=, iajNdjslu wvx.=jk o;a; jrA.hkah' kuq;a fuu
string o;a; jrA.h C++ ;=,g lD;s%uj tlal, fohlehs lsjyelsh' tfukau strings ms,snòj i,ld
ne,Sug wfk;a data types j,g jvd jevs lreKq .Kkdjla we;' fusksid fuu jsia;r .ek fu;ekoS
l:d fkdlr ta iòyd fjku fldgila fuu fmdf;ys “C++ Libraries” keue;s mrspsfpsofhaoS fjka lr
we;' kuq;a oekg string – data type tl hkq l=ulaoehs uQ,sl f,i my; jevigykska meyeos,s
lr.kak:
======================================================
// strings.cpp
#include<string>
using namespace std;
void main()
{
string message = "Hello there! I'm learning C++.";
}
======================================================
by; jevigyfkys message keue;s string – variable tlla define lr we;s w;r thg flgs jdlHhla
wdfoaY lr we;'

21
3' Operators
fuf;la Tn i,ld ne,Q mrs.Kl jevigyka j, Tn mdjspsps l, variables foi n,kak' Tn
tajd define lr tajd iòyd w.hka wdfoaY lsrSfuka wk;=rej tajdfha w.hka fkdfjkiaj mej;=kd
fkao@ kuq;a ienE mrs.Kl jevigykloS Tn mdjpsps lrk o;a; fjkialus j,g ,la lsrSug isoqjSu
ks;r isoqjk lreKls' WoyrKhla f,i Tn Tng wjYH B-fus,a ,smskhka .nvd lr ;nd .ekSu iòyd
uDoqldx.hla ksujSfus fhfok nj is;kak' tys .nvd lr we;s ,smskhka ixLHdj jdrA:dlr ;enSug int
– variable tlla Tn mdjspsps lr;ehs o is;kak' uDoqldx.hg wvx.= lrK ,o ,smskhka ixLHdj
jevsj;au Tn fuu variable tflys w.ho tu ,smskhka ixLHdj wkqj by, kexjsh hq;=hs' fus wdldrhg
jevigykl o;a;hka fjkia lsrSug isoqjk jsg wm operators m%fhdackhg .ksuq'
Operators Ndjs;fhka o;a; tl;= lsrSu" wvq lsrSu" .=K lsrSu iy fnoSu ke;fyd;a lsishus o;a;hka
hq.,la fyda lSmhla iudk w.hla .kòehs mrSCId lsrSu jeks fkdfhla ls%hdjka isoqlsrSug yelsh'
Operators u.ska fuu ls%hd isoqlsrSug kus wm operators wka;rA.; lr expressions ,sjsh hq;=h'
Expression tlla hkq l=ulaoehs by;oS b;d flgsfhka Tn uSg by;oS yòqkd.;a;d' Operators wvx.=
lrK ,o expression tlla ljrdldroehs ne,Sug m%:ufhka wm operators hkq fudkjdoehs W.; hq;=h'
C++ ;=, operators reila yuqfjs' my; oelafjk igykska tu operators jevs yrshla oelafjs'
jrA.h ku ixfLs;h
Multiplication *
Division /
Modulus %
Addition +
Arithmatic operators
Subtraction -
Logical AND &&
Logical OR ||Logical operators
Unray NOT !
Greater than >
Less than <
Greater than or
Equal to
>=
Less than or
Equal to
<=
Equal to ==
Relational operators
Not equal to !=
Increment ++Increment &
Decrement
Operators
Decrement --
Assignment =Assignment
Operators
Addition +=

22
Assignment
Subtraction
Assignment
-=
Multiplication
Assignment
*=
Division
Assignment
/=
Tng fmfkk mrsos operators ie,lsh hq;= ;rus jsYd, ixLHdjla we;;a" we;af;kau fusjd ms,snòj
bf.kSu t;rus wmyiq ke;' fu;eka isg fuu operators .ek jsuid n,uq'
Arithmatic operators
Arithmatic .Kfha Operators u.ska isoqjkafka tl;= lsrSu" .=K lsrSu jeks idudkH .Ks; lrAuhkah'
my; oelafjkafka Arithmatic operators mdjspsps lr ,shkq ,enQ ir, jevigykls' Expression tlla
hkq l=ulaoehs hk lreKo Tn fuu jevigykska olskq we;:
===========================================================
// ArithmaticOps.cpp
void main()
{
int toShop = 500, backHome = 500, distance;
distance = toShop + backHome;
cout << "The distance I walked: " << distance << "
meters" << endl;
int time = 50, shoppingTime = 30, walkingTime,
speed;
walkingTime = time - shoppingTime;
speed = (toShop + backHome) / walkingTime;
cout << "My average speed was: " << speed << "
meters per minute" << endl;
int weekShoppingTimes = 3, allTime;
allTime = time * weekShoppingTimes;
cout << "Time I spent on shopping for a week: " <<
allTime << " minutes" << endl;
}
===========================================================
^by; jevigyfkysoS yd bosrshg yuqjSug kshus; jevigyka j,oS we;eus mrs.Kl fla;hka tl
fm,la f,i oelajSu iòyd bv uosjk ksid tu fla;hka fma,s folla jYfhka olajd we;' [fuu nsòqkq
fla;hka jla B igyka j,ska oelafjs] kuq;a Tn Visual C++ ys fuu jevigyka h;=re ,shkh lrk
jsg tu fma,s hq.,hka tlu fma,s f,i type lrkak' fkdtafiakus fndfydajsg Tfns jevigyka j,
errors u;=fjkq we;&
by; jevigyfkka fmkakqus lrkafka lsishus mqoa.,fhl= lvfmd,g f.dia nvq us,oS .ekSfusoS .;
l, ld,h yd Tyq .uka l, oqr wdoshhs' jevigyfkys m,uqfjka isoqlr we;af;a mqoa.,hdf.a ksjfia
isg lvfmd,g;a" tys isg ksjig;a we;s oqr o" uq,q oqr o jdrA:d lr ;enSu iòyd ms,sfj,ska toShop,
backHome iy distance hk int - variables ;s%;ajh ;ekSuhs' toShop iy backHome fj; 500 wdfoaY
lr we;' 500 w.h uSgrA f,i i,lkak' B,. fma,sfhka Tn olskafka addition operator (+) tl o

23
toShop yd backHome variables (fyj;a operands) fol o Ndjs;d fldg ,shkq ,enQ expression tlls'
Expression hkq l=ulaoehs uQ,sl jYfhka Tn 1jeks mrspsfpsofhaoS yòqkd.;a;d' fuu expression tflys
ldrAhh jkafka toShop yd backHome hk variables fol tl;= lr uq,q oqr" distance variable ;=,
.nvd lsrSuhs'
bkamiqj we;s fla;fhka distance ;=, .nvd jQ tu w.h console window tl u;g output fjs'
fojeks fldgfiaoS" lvfmd,g f.dia meusKsfusoS .;jQ uq,q ld,h jdrA:d lr ;enSug time o nvq us,oS
.ekSug .;jQ ld,h oelajSug shoppingTime o lvfmd,g yd wdmiq ksjig wejsOsug .;jQ ld,h
oelajSug walkingTime o mqoa.,hdf.a wejsOsfus fjs.h .nvd lsrSug speed o hk variables /i idod
we;' tysoS time fj; 50 o" shoppingTime fj; 30 o wdfoaY lr we;' 50 yd 30 w.hka jskdvs f,i
i,lkak' oeka isoqjkafka lvfmd,g hdug yd taug .;jQ uq,q ld,h ,nd.ekSug" time ys w.fhka
shoppingTime ys w.h subtraction operator (-) Ndjs;d lr wvq lsrSuh' th walkingTime ;=, .nvd
lr we;' bkamiq mqoa.,hdf.a idudkHh wejsOsfus fjs.h fidhd tu w.h speed ;=, .nvd lr we;'
th isoqlr we;af;a division operator (/) Ndjs;d lr" lvfmd,g yd wdmiq ksjig we;s oqr" mqoa.,hdf.a
wejsoSfus ld,fhka fnoSu iòyd expression tlla ,sjSfuks'
f;jeks fldgiska weekShoppingTimes iy allTime hk variables hq., define lr we;af;a
ms,sfj,ska i;shlg lvfmd,g .sh jdr .Kk iy ta iòyd i;shloS .;l, uq,q ld,h jdrA:d lsrSugh'
wjidkfhaoS multiplication operator (*) Ndjs;d lr tla jrla lvfmd,g hEu iòyd .; jQ ld,h
i;shlg .sh jdr .Kska .=Klr uq,q ld,h ,nd f.k we;'
fuu jevigyfkaoS +, -, /, * hk operators y;ru Ndjs;d jQ w;r tys lsjhq;= fohlg we;af;a
multiplication operator (*) .ek muKhs' tkus" Tn fuf;la .=K lsrSu iòyd mdjspsps l, x ,l=K
fuysoS Asterix - * ,l=K njg m;ajS we;' ;jo" jevigyfkys 2 jeks fldgfia iq,q lsrSfusoS jryka
mdjspsps lr we;s wdldrh n,kak' Tn oekgu;a fndfyda jsg oek isgsh yels mrsos wm iq,q lsrSuloS
jryka fhdokafka tu jryka ;=, we;s fldgi fjku tallhla f,i m%:ufhka iq,q lr.ekSug wjYH
jQ jsgh' tkus fuysoS m%:ufhka toShop yd backHome ys w.hka tl;= jS" bkamiqjhs tu w.h
walkingTime w.fhka fnfokafka' fujeks wjia:d j,oS jryka Ndjs;d lsrSu hym;a mqreoaols' tu.ska
Tng wjYH iq,qjSu ksjeros f,i isoqjk njg Tng ;yjqre lr .; yel'
oeka b;srsj we;af;a Modulus operator (%) .ek idlpsPd lsrSughs' my; jevigyk mrSCId lr
n,kak:
======================================================
// Modular.cpp
void main()
{
int aNumber = 27;
int mod = aNumber % 2;
cout << mod << endl;
int anotherNumber = 65;
mod = anotherNumber % 5;
cout << mod << endl;
}
======================================================
by; jevigyk ls%hd;aul lr n,kak' m,fjks yd fojeks wjia:d j,oS mod ys w.h f,i ms,sfj,ska
1 yd 0 console window tl ;=, print fjs' m,uq wjia:dfjsoS mod ys w.h 1 jQfha fufiahs: modular
operator (%) u.ska isoqjkafka lsishus ixLHdjla fnoSfuka miq ,efnk b;srsh .Kkh lsrSuhs' fus
wkqj aNumber hk variable tflys w.h jk 27" 2 ka fnod ,efnk b;srsh mod ;=, ;ekam;a lr we;'
27" 2 ka fnoQ jsg 13 o b;srsh 1 o fjs' fusksid m,uq wjia:dfjsoS mod = 1 fjs' 2 jk wjia:dfjsoS;a
isoqkafka fuhuhs' tho mrSCId lr n,kak'

24
Logical operators
wm Logical Operators Ndjs;d lrkafka" tys kuska u lshfjk mrsos" ;rAldkql=, ls%hdjka isoqlsrSu
iòydh' fuu Logical operators u.ska isoqjkafka wjia:djka lsysmhla f.k tu wjia:djka w;r
;rAldKql=, iusnkaOhla f.dvke.Suh' fus iusnkaOh we;s jkafka tu wjia:djkaf.a i;H-wi;H
Ndjhka w;rhs' fuh jgyd .ekSug wm WodyrKhla f.k n,uq'
oeka Tn" Tn bosrsfha isgskd A" B yd C keue;s ,uqka ;sfofkl= is;ska ujd .kak' A f.a ysifla oqTqre
meye nj Tng fmfkk w;r weia ks,a meyefhka hq;=h' B f.a ysifla l,q meye .kakd w;r wef.a
weia oqTqre meye;sh' C r;= meye ysifliska hq;= jk w;r oEia ld, jrAKh' fus fudfydf;a lsisfjl=
meusK Tng fufia lshhs: “A f.a ysiflia oqUqre meyefhka hq;=hs' weia ks,a mdghs' B g we;af;a oqUqre
meye;s ysifliah' kuq;a weia l,q mdghs' C f.a ysiflia r;= mdghs' wEg we;af;a l,q meye fofk;ah'”
fuu mqoa.,hd f.a lshuk i,ld n,kak' th iusmqrAK f,i i;H fkdjk nj Tng fmfkajs' Tyq
m,uqfjks yd wjika wjia:d j,oS i;H m%ldY lrk kuq;a fojeks wjia:dfjsoS wi;H m%ldY lrhs'
flfia jqjo Tyq jevs fldgila lshd we;af;a i;Hhhs' tfiakus" Tn ;SrKh lrkafka Tyq i;H m%ldY
l, njo wi;H m%ldY l, njo@ Tyq ;sfokd ms,snòju i;H lshd we;akus Tng Tyq i;H mjid
we;ehs ks.ukh l, yel' Tyq ;sfokd ms,snòju wi;H foau lshd we;kus Tng Tyq mjid we;af;a
wi;H nj ;SrKh l, yel' kuq;a fus wjia:dfjoS fus folska tlla j;a Tng ks.ukh l,
fkdyelsh' mrs.Kl jevigyka j,oSo fujeks wjia:d u;=fjs' tkus Tng wjia:d lSmhla i,ld n,d
tajdfha i;H-wi;H ;dj wkqj hus hus ;SrK j,g t<TSug isoqfjs' we;eus wjia:d j,oS ish,a, i;H
fjs' ;j;a wjia:djloS ish,a, wi;H fjs' kuq;a we;eus wjia:d j,oS iuyrla foa muKla i;H fjs'
fujeks wjia:djka y|qkd .ekSfusoShs wmg Logical Operators jeo.;a jkafka'
uska by;oS wm i,ld ne,Q Arithmatic Operators ieujsgu ms,s;=r f,i b;srs lf,a jsjò ixLHd;aul
w.hkah' kuq;a Logical Operators ms,s;=r f,i ,nd fokafka 1 fyda 0 hk w.hka hq., muKh' fuysoS
1 w.h true î;H& keue;s w.hg wkqrEm jk w;r 0 w.h false ^wi;H& keue;s w.hg wkqrEm fjs'
fuu true iy false w.hka Boolean data type tlg wdfjsKsl jQ w.hka nj Tn data types mrspsfpsofhaoS
yòqkd.;a;d u;l we;s'
wm oeka Logical Operators Ndjs;d lr by; A, B, iy C ;sfokd ms,snò WodyrKh jsjò whqrska
mrs.Kl jevigyklg wdfoaY lr we;s wdldrh n,uq'
Logical AND (&&)
Logical AND ys ldrAhh kus wjia:djka lSmhla f.k tu wjia:d ish,a,u i;H kus muKla true w.h
ksmojSuh' tu tla wjia:djla jqjo wi;H fjs kus Logical AND ksmojkafka false w.hhs' fuh
isoqjkafka my; wdldrfhks:
======================================================
// LogicAnd.cpp
#include<string>
void main()
{
string aHair = “Brown”, aEyes = “Blue”, bHair = “Black”,
bEyes = “Brown”, cHair = “Red”, cEyes = “Black”;

25
// (1)
bool hairCheck = (aHair == “Brown”);
cout << hairCheck << endl;
// (2)
hairCheck = (aHair == “Brown”) && (bHair == “Red”);
// (3)
bool eyesCheck = (aEyes == “Blue”) && (bEyes == “Brown”)
&& (cEyes == “Black”);
cout << eyesCheck << endl;
}
======================================================
by; jevigyfkys oekg Tn fkdokakd Equal to (==) operator tl" expressions i`oyd mdjspsps lr
;sfns' Equal to (==) operator .ek oekg fus wdldrfhka is;kak: Equal to (==) operator tl Tn
oekgu;a okakd Assignment operator (=) tlg jvd fjkia ldrAhhla bgq lrhs' = u.ska isoqjkafka
lssishus operands hq.,la iudk lsrSu jQ w;r" == u.ska isoqjkafka lsishus operands hq.,la iudk oehs
mrsCId lsrSuhs' tu operands hq.f,ys w.hka iudk kus 1 fyj;a true w.ho" wiudk kus 0 fyj;a
false w.ho == u.ska ksmojhs' tfiakus by; jevigyfkys 1 jeks fldgfiys we;s aHair ==
“Brown” hk expression tlska isoqjkafka aHair keue;s operand tflys w.h jkafka “Brown” oehs
mrsCId lsrSuhs' aHair fj; “Brown” hk w.h by;ska assign lr we;s ksid fuysoS == u.ska true fyj;a
1 ksmofjhs' ksmofjk fuu w.h hairCheck keue;s bool type variable tl ;=, .nvd lr we;s w;r"
jevigyk ls%hd;aul lsrSfusoS hairCheck ys w.h f,i 1 print fjkq we;'
oeka 2 jk fldgi foi n,kak' tysoS Logical AND - && mdjspsps lr we;' Tn fudfyd;lg fmr oqgq
mrsos aHair == “Brown” hkak true w.h ksmojhs' (bHair == “Red”) hk expression ksmojkafka
false w.hhs' ulaksidoh;a bHair ys w.h “Black” jk f,i th define lr we;s ksidh' oeka fuu
expressions hq., && u.ska iusnkaO lr we;' fujsg isoqjkafka l=ulao@ isoqjkafka tu expressions
u.ska ksmojqkq true iy false w.hka && u.ska mrSCIdjg ,la jSuh' by; i`oykajQ mrsos && u.ska" th
mrSCIdjg ,la flfrk wjia:d ish,a, true fyj;a i;H w.hla .kS kus true w.h ksmojhs' fuysoS
mrSCIdjg ,lafjk m,fjks expression tl jk (aHair == “Brown”) ys w.h true jk w;r fojk
expression tl jk (bHair == “Red”) ys w.h false fjs' tfiakus" (aHair == “Brown”) &&
(bHair == “Red”) hk expression tl u.ska ksmofjkafka false w.hhs' false w.h hairCheck ;=,
.nvd flfrk w;r false w.hg wkqrEm 0 w.h print fjs' fuh yrshgu Tng by; oS yuqjQ mqoa.,hd
fufia lSu jeksh: “A g we;af;a oqTre ysiflah' B f.a ysifla r;=h'“ Tyq fojeks wjia:dfjsoS wi;H
m%ldY lrhs' fus ksid && u.ska false ksmofjs'
oeka f;jeks fldgig' (aEyes == “Blue”) hk expression tl ksmojkafka true w.hh' (bEyes
== “Brown”) ksmojkafka o true w.hh' (cEyes == “Black”) o true w.h ksmojhs' ish,af,ysu w.h
true fj' fuksid && u.ska ksmofjkafka o true w.hhs' fuksid true w.hg wkqrEm 1 w.h print fjs'
uS,.g wm bf.kSug hkafka Logical OR (||) operator tl .ekhs'
Logical OR (||)
Logical OR u.ska bgqjkafka wjia:d folla mrSCId lr" tu wjia:d folska tlla fyda i;H kus true
w.h ksmojSuhs' my; WodyrKfhka fuh jsia;r fjs:

26
===========================================================
// LogicOr.cpp
#include<string>
void main()
{
// (1)
bool hairCheck = (aHair == “Brown”) || (cHair == “Red”);
// (2)
bool eyesCheck = (aEyes == “Black”) || (bEyes == “Brown”)
|| (cEyes == “Blue”);
cout << eyesCheck << endl;
// (3)
hairCheck = (aHair == “Black”) || (bHair == “Red”)
|| (cHair == “Brown”);
}
===========================================================
by; ^1& wjia:dfjsoS hairCheck ys w.h true fjs' ulaksido h;a (aHair == “Brown”) yd (cHair ==
“Red”) hk wjia:d folu true w.hka .kakd fyhsks'
^2& wjia:dfjsoS (bEyes == “Brown”) yefrkakg wfkla expressions wi;H h' kuq;a eyesCheck ys
w.h true njg m;afjs' fuh isoqjkakg fya;=j kus" || u.ska true ksmojSug" th mrSCId lrk wjia:d
tlla fyda i;H jSu m%udKj;a jSuh'
^3& wjia:dfjsoS ish,qu expressions, false w.h .ekSu ksid || u.ska false w.h ksmojhs' || u.ska true
ksmojSug kus th mrSCId lrk wjia:d tlla fyda i;H jSu w;HjYH jSu ksid fuh isoqfjs'
Logical NOT(!)
Tng by;oS yuqjQ mqoa.,hd oeka C fj; meusK fufia lsh;ehs is;kak: “Tfns weia ks,a mdghs!” fuysoS
C l=ula is;=jo fuh weiQ jsgu Tng jegfykq we;af;a fuu mqoa.,hd C g wi;H foa m%ldY lrk njhs'
ulaksidoh;a C f.a weia ks,a mdg fkdj ld,jrAK nj Tng fmfkk fyhsks' mqoa.,hdf.a wi;H
m%ldYh expression tlla u.ska fufia ,sjsh yel:
cEyes == “Blue”
oeka lsisfjl= Tfnka fuu m%YaKh wihs: “Tyq C .ek lshQ foh wi;Hhlao@”' Tfns ms,s;=r jkafka
“Tjs” hkakhs' tysoS tu m%YaKh wdid we;s wdldrhg ms,s;=re iemhSug Tn f,i ;SrKh l, hq;=
jkafka mqoa.,hdf.a m%ldYKh wi;Ho hk j.hs' Tng by; yuqjQ Logical operators u.ska isoqlf,a
lsishus fohla i;H oehs fidhd ne,Suhs' kuq;a by; mrsos lsisjla wi;H oehs mrSCId lsrSug kus
Logical NOT ys iyh wm ,nd.; hq;=h' Logical NOT u.ska isoqjkafka lsishus wjia:djla wi;H kus
true w.h ksmojSuhs' fuh my; jevigyfkys oelafjs:

27
===========================================================
// LogicNot.cpp
#include<string>
void main()
{
bool cEyesCheck =!(cEyes == “Blue”);
cout << cEyesCheck << endl;
}
===========================================================
by; jevigyfkys cEyes == “Blue” hk expression tl u.ska false ksmojqkfyd;a ! – operator tl
u.ska true ksmofjkq we;' Expression tl true jqjfyd;a false w.h ksmofjs' fusksid cEyesCheck ys
w.h by;oS true w.hla .kq we;'
Relational operators
C wfkla fofokdgu jvd Wiska jevs" weh High heels me,`o f.k isgsk ksid nj Tn ksrSCIKh
lrhs' A wfkla fofokdgu jvd Wiska wvqh' Tn oeka fufia lsjfyd;a th i;H jkq we;: “A, B g
jvd Wiska wvqhs”' fufia lsjfyd;a th wi;H jkq we;: “C, B g jvd Wiska wvqj fmfkhs”. Tn fuysoS
isoq lrkafka fus ;sfokdf.a Wi j, wkqmd;slhka w;r iusnkaOhla (Relation) f.dvke.Suhs'
Relational operators j, ldrAhh jkafkao fujeks wjia:d w;r wkqmd;sl iusnkaOhla we;s lsrSuh'
Greater than operator (>)
Greater than operator u.ska isoqjkafka th mrSCId lrk wjia:djka hq., w;rska ol=Kq mi we;s
wjia:dj" jus mi wjia:djg jvd w.fhka jsYd, oehs ksrSCIKh lsrSuhs' th tfia kus > - operator tl
jsiska true w.ho" th tfia fkdjkafka kus false w.ho ksmofjs' my; WodyrKh foi n,kak' tys
i,ld nef,kafka by; WodyrKfha wd A,B,C ;sfokdf.a Wi w.hka ms,sn`ojh:
===========================================================
float aHeight = 4.5, bHeight = 4.7, cHeight = 5.0;
// (1)
bool heightCheck = aHeight > cHeight;
// (2)
heightCheck = cHeight > bHeight > aHeight;
===========================================================
by; ^1& fldgiska isoqjkafka aHeight hk variable tflys w.h cHeight hk variable tflys w.hg
jvd w.fhka jsYd, oehs mrSCId lsrSuh' Tng fmfkk mrsos fus wjia:dfjsoS th wi;H fyhska > u.ska
false w.h ksmofjs'

28
^2& wjia:dfjsoS isoqjkafka l=ulao@ tu wjia:dfjsoS isoqjkafka “C wfkla fofokdgu jvd Wiska jevshs”
hk lshuk mrSCIdjg ,la lsrSuhs' tkus" cHeight > bHeight hk expression tl u.ska cHeight,
bHeight g jvd jsYd, oehs mrSCId fjs' bkamiq bHeight > aHeight expression tl u.ska bHeight"
aHeight g jvd jsYd, oehs mrSCId fj' fus wkqj cHeight > bHeight > aHeight ys fmdoq yrh f,i
,efnk true fyda false w.fhka .uH jkafka by; lshufkys i;H-wi;H;djhs' ;j;a meyeos,s f,i
lsh;fyd;a" cHeight > bHeight yd bHeight > aHeight hk wjia:d foflkau true w.h ksmojqk
fyd;a tys woyi kus cHeight fyj;a C f.a Wi wfkla fookdg jvd jevs nj i;Hhla njhs'
kuq;a oeka fuysoS tu expression tflka lshfjk woyiu jsreoaO w;go is;sh yel' tkus fufiao lsj
yels nj Tng fmfkkq we;: by; expression tl u.ska aHeight fyj;a A f.a Wi" bHeight fyj;a
B f.a Wigo" cHeight fyj;a C f.a Wigo jvd wvq oehs mrSCId flfrA'
Less than operator (<)
Less than operator hkq Greater than operator ys jsreoaO wjia:djhs' tkus" th u.ska isoqjkafka th
mrSCId lrk wjia:djka hq., w;rska ol=Kq mi we;s wjia:dj" jus mi wjia:djg jvd w.fhka jsYd,
oehs mrSCId lsrSuhs' th i;H kus < jsiska true w.ho" th tfia fkdjkafka kus false w.ho ksmojh'
my; WodyrKfhka fuh oelafjs:
===========================================================
float aHeight = 4.5, bHeight = 4.7, cHeight = 5.0;
// (1)
bool heightCheck = cHeight < aHeight;
// (2)
heightCheck = aHeight < bHeight < cHeight;
===========================================================
by; ^1& fldgiska ksmofjkafka false w.h njo ^2& fldgiska ksmofjkafka true w.h njo Tng
jegfykq we;' ;j oqrg;a meyeos,s lr;fyd;a ^2& jeks wjia:dfjka lshfjkafka my; lshukhs:
“aHeight, bHeight, cHeight hk variables ;s%;ajh w;rska l=vdu w.hla .kafka aHeight h'“ ta
wkqj by; tys w.h true fjs'
Greater than or equal to operator (>=)
fuu operator tl hkq Tn by;ska oqgq Greater than operator iy Equal to operator tflys tl;=jhs'
tkus th tys ol=Kq mi we;s expression tl" jus mi we;s expression tlg jvd jsYd, oehs mrSCId
lrkjd fukau" tu expressions tl hq., iudkoeh`o mrSCId lrhs' tu wjia:djka folska tlla fyda
i;H kus th true ksmojhs:
Wod'
===========================================================
int a = 10, b = 20, c = 10;
// (1)
bool check = (b >= a);
// (2)
check = (c >= a);
===========================================================
^1& wjia:dfjysoS" d, a g jvd jsYd, ksid check ys w.h true fjs'
^2& wjia:dfjys a yd c iudk ksid check ys w.h true fjs'

29
Less than or equal to operator (>=)
fuh Greater than or equal to operator tflys jsreoaO wjia:djhs' thska mrSCId flfrkafka tys ol=Kq
mi we;s expression jus mi we;s expression tlg jvd l=vd fyda iudk oehs hkakhs'
Equal to operator (==)
Equal to operator u.ska mrSCId jkafka tys mrSCIdjg ,la fjk w.hka hq., yrshgu iudko hkakhs:
Wod:
===========================================================
int a = 10, b = 20, c = 10;
// (1)
bool check = (b == a);
// (2)
check = (c == a);
===========================================================
^1& wjia:dfjsoS false ksmofjk w;r ^2& wjia:dfjsoS true ksmofjs'
Not equal to operator (!=)
fuh Equal to operator ys jsreoaO wjia:djhs' mrSCIdjg ,lafjk w.hka hq., tlsfklg fjkia kus
th true w.h ksmojhs" iudk kus false ksmojhs:
Wod:
===========================================================
int a = 10, b = 20, c = 10;
// (1)
bool check = (b != a);
// (2)
check = (c != a);
===========================================================
^1& wjia:dfjsoS true ksmofjk w;r ^2& wjia:dfjsoS false ksmofjs'
Increment & Decrement operators
Increment operator (++)
fuh Addition operator (+) ys jsl,amhla f,io yeoskajsh yelsh' kuq;a increment operator u.ska
isoqjkafka lsishus ixLHd;aul w.hla tllska muKla by, oeuSuh' fus ksid" ixLHd;aul w.hlg 1 g
jvd by, ixLHdjla tlajru tl;= lsrSug wjYH jQ jsg increment operator tl mdjspsps l, fkdyel'
Increment operator ys jHdlrK jsOsh my; oelafjs:
===========================================================

30
int number = 50;
number++;
cout<< number << endl;
===========================================================
by;" number ys w.h tllska by, kxjd we;' tksid tys kj w.h 51 f,i print jkq we;'
Decrement operator (--)
fuh increment operator ys jsreoaO wjia:djhs' tkus decrement operator u.ska isoqjkafka lsishus
ixLHd;aul w.hla 1 lska my, oeuSuhs:
Wod:
===========================================================
int number = 50;
number--;
cout<< number << endl;
===========================================================
49 print fjs'
Assignment Operators
Assignment operators Ndjs;d lrkafka variables j,g w.hka wdfoaY lsrSfusoSh'
Assignment operator (=)
fuh Tn oekgu;a y|qkk operator tlls' ir, wdfoaYhka i`oyd fuh Ndjs;d fjs:
Wod:
===========================================================
int number;
number = 15;
===========================================================
Addition assignment (+=)
Addition assignment operator tlo addition operator ys wdfoaYlhla f,i Ndjs; l, yel' fuh Ndjs;d
lrk wdldrh y`oqkd.ekSug addition operator u.ska isoql, yels assignment tlla addition
assignment u.ska isoqlrk wdldrh i,ld n,uq:
===========================================================
int number;
number = 15;
// (1)
number = number + 20;
// (2)
number += 20;
===========================================================

31
by; ^1& wjia:dfjsoS number fj; 20 la tl;= lr we;af;a addition operator tl Ndjs;d lsrSfuks' ^2&
wjia:dfjsoS oelafjkafka tu wdfoaY lsrSuu addition assignment Ndjs;d lsrSfuka isoqlrK wdldrhh'
tysoS" addition operator Ndjs;fhaoS expression tflys jus mi fhosh hq;= fojeks number fhoqu bj;a jS
we;' += u.ska Rcqju" wjYH w.h number variable tlg tl;=fjs' fusksid lsishus variable tllg
lsishus ixLHdjla fl,skau tl;= lr.ekSug wjYH jQ jsg addition assignment operator Ndjs;h jvd
myiqfjs'
Subtraction assignment (-=)
fuh addition assignment ys m%;sjsreoaO wjia:djhs:
Wod:
===========================================================
number -= 20;
===========================================================
by;oS" number fj;ska 20 la wvqlr we;'
Multiplication assignment (*=)
fuh ir, .=K lsrSus iòyd Ndjs;d fjs' fuh ls%hd;aul jkafka by; operators hq., ls%hd;aul jQ
wdldrhguhs' my; WodyrKfhka fuh meyeos,s jkq we;:
===========================================================
number *= 20;
===========================================================
by; isoqjkafka number ys w.h 20 ka ir, f,i .=KjSuh' fuh my; multiplication operator u.ska
isoqlr we;s .=K lsrSug iudk fjs:
===========================================================
number = number * 20;
===========================================================
Division assignment (/=) ls%hdlrkafka o by; mrsosuh:
Wod:
===========================================================
number /= 20;
===========================================================
by;" number ys w.h 20 ka fnod" ms,s;=r number ;=, .nvd fjs'
fu;ekska operators .ek jsia;rh ksudjg m;afjs' kuq;a by;oS iòyka fkdjqkq operators jrA.hla we;'
fusjd Bitwise operators kuska yeòskafjs' Bitwise operators fndfydajsg Ndjs; jkafka oajsuh ixLHd
iu. lghq;= lsrSfusoSh' fuh Tn oekau w;fkd.ik lghq;a;la ksid Bitwise operators .ek l:d
lsrSu fjk;a wjia:djlg b;srs lr we;'

32
4' mrs.Kl jevigykl ls%hdldrS;ajh
md,kh lsrSu'
(Program Flow Control Statements)
(fuu mrspsfpsoh lshjSug fmr" fuu fmdf;ys Appendix fldgfia we;s “Debug lsrSu iy Errors
y|qkd.ekSu” hk fldgi lshjSu iqoqiqh)
mrs.Kl jevigykla .,d hk c, myrlg iudkh' c, myrl we;s Yla;sfhka ksis m%fhdack
.ekSug kus" wm tu c, myfrys .ukg ndOd l, hq;=h' c, myrl .uk md,kh fkdl, jsg" tys
.ensj we;s pd,l Yla;sfhka m%fhdackhla .ekSug fkdyels fjhs' md,kh fkdl, mrs.Kl
jevigyklao md,kh fkdl, c, Odrdjla fuka kslrefka .,hs' mrs.Kl jevigyklgo
md,khlska f;drj .e,Sug bv y,jsg" thska lsishus m%fhdackj;a fohla lr.ekSug wmg yels
fkdfjs' fuksid wm l,hq;= jkafka" wm jsiska ksrAudKh lrkq ,nk mrs.Kl jevigykaj,
ls%hdldrS;ajh ksis mrsos md,kh lsrSfuka" tajd hym;a uDoqldx.hka njg m;a lsrSuh'
mrs.Kl jevigykl fuu “hym;a nj” hkafkka yeòskafjkafka l=ulao@ ir, f,i .;ajsg th
lreKq lsysmhla u; ròd mj;shs' ta w;rska tlla kus" lsishus mrs.Kl jevigykla" th mdjspsps
lrkakd fj; olajk ie,ls,a,h' jevigykla mdjspsps lsrSu th Ndjs;d lrkakd yg wmyiq yd
ixlSrAK nj yef.a kus" th tu jevigyfkys wdlrAYKSh Ndjh my; fy,hs' ;j;a lreKla kus
jevigykla lsishus fohla isoqlsrSug .kakd ld,hhs' mrs.Kl jevigykla Tn ,sjsh hq;af;a yels
;rus wvq ld,hla .;fldg th Ndjs;dlrkakd yg wjYH ldrAhh bgqlroSfus wruQKska hq;=jh'
fus ldrAhhka isoq lsrSug kus wm mrs.Kl jevigyka j, ls%hdldrS;ajh wmg wjYH mrsos md,kh
lr.; hq;=h' fuh isoqlsrSu iòyd C++ ys jsjò l%fudamdhhka we;' oeka wm mrs.Kl jevigykl
ls%hdldrS;ajh md,kh lsrSfus tu l%fudamdhhka y|qkd.ekSu wrUuq'
by; lshQ l%fudamdhhka ish,a,u .;ajsg tajd yeòskajSug “Program control statements” hkak Ndjs;d
fjs' Program control statements jrA. lSmhlg fnod oelajsh yel' my; oelafjkafka tajd jrA.SlrKh
lr we;s wdldrhhs'
Conditional Statements Looping Statements Jumping Statements
if – statement while - statement
if…else - statement do…while - statement
else…if - statement for - statement
switch…case - statement break & continue
goto – statement

33
oeka wm fuu Program control statements jevigyka j,oS Ndjs;d lrK wdldrh jgyd .ekSug
W;aidy lruq'
Conditional Statements
Conditional statements u.ska mrs.Kl jevigykla ;=, Woa.; jk ;;ajhkag wkqj tu jevigyfkys
ls%hdldrS;ajh fyj;a tys .,dhdu md,kh l, yelshs' my; oelafjkafka tu conditional statements
i`oyd meyeos,s lsrSush'
if - statement
if - statement tl u.ska isoqjkafka mrs.Kl jevigykla ;=,oS lsishus ;;ajhla iemsreK jsg muKla
hus l%shdjla isoqlsrSuh'
k`oiqkla f,i lsisfjl= fufia lSjd hehs is;kak: “ud ‘2001: A space odyssey’ keue;s fmd; us,oS
.kafka tu fmdf;ys us, remsh,a 200 g wvqkus muKhs”. tkus" Tyqg fmd; us,oS .ekSug kus tys us,
remsh,a 200 g wvq jSfus ;;ajh iemsrsh hq;=h' fuu lshuk mokus lrf.k wm oeka if Ndjs;d lruska
mrs.Kl jevigykla ,shuq:
==========================================================
// if.cpp
void main()
{
int bookPrice = 180;
if(bookPrice < 200)
{
cout << “I buy the book(1).” << endl;
}
bookPrice = 230;
if(bookPrice < 200)
{
cout << “I buy the book(2).” << endl;
}
}
===========================================================
by; jevigyfkys ^1& wjia:dfjsoS" if u.ska bookPrice ys w.h 200 g jvd wvqoehs mrSCId flfrA'
fuh isoqjkafka if ys jryka ;=, we;s (bookPrice < 200) hk expression tl u.sks' if u.ska mrSCId
flfrkafka fuu expression tl i;H fjsoehs hkakhs' fjk;a whqrlska lsjfyd;a" if u.ska" bookPrice
ys w.h 200 g jvd wvq jSu hk ;;ajh iemsfrkafka oehs mrSCId lrhs' tu ;;ajh iusmQrAK jqjfyd;a"
fyj;a (bookPrice < 200) hkak true jqjfyd;a" if hgf;a we;s mrs.Kl fla;hka ls%hd;aul fjs' oeka
fuysoS bookPrice ys w.h 180 ksid (bookPrice < 200) hk expression tl true fyj;a i;H fjs'
tkus bookPrice ys w.h 200g jvd wvq jSu hk ;;ajh iusmQrAK jS we;' fuksid if ;=, we;s fla;h
ls%hd;aul jS “I buy the book(1)” hkak print fjs' ^2& wjia:dfjys if u.ska kej;;a tu mrSCIdj
isoqfjs' fujr bookPrice ys w.h 200 g jevs ksid (bookPrice < 200) hk expression tl false
fyj;a wi;H fjs' tfyhska “I buy the book(2).” hkak print fkdfjs' tfiakus" if u.ska jevigyk

34
ls%hd;aul jk wdldrh md,khg ,la lr we; ' tkus fojk wjia:dfjs we;s cout jsOdkh ls%hd;aul
fkdjk whqrska if u.ska jevigyk md,kh flfrA'
if…else - statement
oeka by; mqoa.,hd fufia lshhss: “fmdf;ys us, 200 g wvqjqfkd;a ud th us,oS .kakd w;r" us, 200 g
jvd jevsjqfkd;a uu fjk;a fmd;la us,oS .ksus'“ fuu lshuk ;=,oS Tyq wjia:d 2 la ms,sn`o l:d lr
we;' fmr wjia:dfjsoS Tyqg we;af;a f;dard.ekSus 1la muKla kuq;a fus wjia:dfjoS Tyqg f;dard
.ekSfus wjia:d 2 la we;' mrs.Kl jevigykloS fujeks f;dard.ekSfus wjia:d hq.,la muKla we;s
wjia:d j,oS wmg mdjspsps lsrSug isoqjkafka if…else h' if…else hkq if ys ls%hdldrS;ajfhysu jevs
oshqKqjlss' oeka by; m%ldYh if…else fhdod .ksuska mrs.Kl jevigyklg wka;rA.; lrkafka
flfiaoehs n,uq:
==============================================================
// ifElse.cpp
void main()
{
int bookPrice = 250;
if((bookPrice < 200))
{
cout << “I buy the book.” << endl;
}else {
cout << “I buy some other book.” << endl;
}
}
by;oS if u.ska bookPrice ys w.h fmr mrsosu 200 g wvqoehs mrSCId fjs' bookPrice oeka 250 la jk
ksid m,uqjk cout jsOdkh ls%hd;aul fkdfjs' ls%hd;aul jkafka else ;=, we;s cout jsOdkhhs'
bookPrice ys w.h 200 g wvq jQjdkus else ;=, we;s cout jsOdkh ls%hd;aul fkdjk w;r" ls%hd;aul
jkafka if ;=, we;s cout jsOdkhhs'
else…if - statement
fmr m%ldYh mqoa.,hd th oeka fuf,i fjkia lrhs: “fmdf;ys us, 200 g wvqjqfkd;a ud th us,oS
.kakd w;r" us, 150 g jvd wvqjqfkd;a uu fmd;a folla f.k tlla uf.a hy,qjl=g ;E.s lrus'
fmdf;ys us, 100 go jvd wvq jqjfyd;a uu fmd;a 3 la f.k 2 la uf.a hy,qjka fofofkl=g ;E.s
lrus'“ oeka isoqjkafka l=ulao@ Tyq yg f;dard .ekSug oeka wjia:d 3 la we;' mrs.Kl jevigykloS"
fuf,i f;dard.ekSfus wjia:djka 2 lg jevsfhka we;s wjia:d j,oS else…if control statement tl
mdjspsps lsrSug yelsh' my; jevigykska fuh meyeos,s jkq we;:
=====================================================
// elseIf.cpp
void main()
{
int bookPrice = 85;
if((bookPrice < 200) && (bookPrice > 150))
{
cout << “I buy the book.” << endl;

35
}else if ((bookPrice < 150) && (bookPrice > 100))
{
cout << “I buy 2 copies of the book.” << endl;
}else if (bookPrice < 100)
{
cout << “I buy 3 copies of the book.” << endl;
}
}
=========================================================
if u.ska uq,skau && operator tl Ndjs;d lsrSfuka" bookPrice ys w.h 200 g wvqoehò hkak iy 150
jevòehò hkak mrSCId flfrA' tkus bookPrice ys w.h we;af;a 200 yd 150 w;r oehs fidhd nef,a'
bookPrice w.h jk 85" 200 g wvq kuq;a 150 g jvd jevs fkdjk ksid m,uq jeks cout jsOdkh
ls%hd;aul fkdjk nj meyeos,shs' fhdod we;s operator tl && ksid mrSCId lrk wjia:d folu i;H
jsh hq;=hs'
uS,.g fhdod we;s else if u.ska bookPrice w.h we;af;a 150 ;a 100 ;a w;r oehs mrSCIdfjs' th;a i;H
fkdjk fyhska uS,.Sg f;jk wjia:dfjs else…if u.ska bookPrice 100 g wvqoehs nef,a' fuh i;H jk
ksid th ;=, we;s cout jsOdkh ls%hd;aul fjs' fusksid by; jevigyk Tn ls%hd;aul l,fyd;a print
jkafka f;jeks wjia:dfjs else if ;=, we;s cout jsOdkh muKs' fuf,i" f;dard .ekSug we;s wjia:d
.Kk jevsjk jsgoS tu wjia:d .Kkg wkqrEm else if statements .Kklska tu wjia:d iu. lghq;=
l, hq;=h'
Looping Statements
fojk >Kfha Programming control statements jrA.h jkafka Looping statements h' Looping
statements bf.kSu iòyd wm oeka ir, mrs.Kl jevigykla i,ld n,uq'
fuu jevigyk ls%hdlrkafka fus wdldrhghs: wm jsiska jevigykg lsishus ixLHd;aul w.hla
iemhsh hq;=h' tjsg jevigyk fuu ixLHdj mrSCIdlr" th 100 yd 200 w;r ixLHdjla fkdfjhs kus
tys w.h fjkilg ,la lrhs' tkus" ixLHdj 200 g jevs kus tys w.h 200 olajd wvq lrk w;r" th
100 g wvqkus tys w.h 100 olajd by, ouhs' fjk;a jpk j,ska lsjfyd;a" jevigyk jsiska wm
imhk ixLHdj kshus; mrdihlg we;=,a l, yels jkfia fjkia lrhs' flfiao wm fujeks
jevigykla idokafka@ th b;du;a ir,hs'
isoql,hq;= foa jkafka fusjdhs: ^1& jevigyk jsiska wm fokq ,nk ixLHdj mrSCId lr" th 100 g
wvqo" tfia ke;skus 200 g jevs oehs hkak ;SrKh l, hq;=hs' ^2& ixLHdfjs w.h 100 g wvq kus" th
100 jk;=re tys w.h fkdlvjd by, oeush hq;=hs' ^3& ixLHdfjs w.h 200 g jevs kus" th 200 jk;=re
tys w.h fkdlvjd my, oeush hq;=hs' wm Looping statements Ndjs;hg .kafka fujeks lghq;=
isoql,hq;= wjia:dj,oShs' my;" while keue;s looping statement tl wdOdrfhka fuh isoqlrk wdldrh
oelafjs'
while - statement
while u.ska isoqlrkafka" lsishus ;;ajhla iemsfrk ;dla" t;=, wka;rA.; jk mrs.Kl fla; kej;
kej; ls%hd;aul lrjSuhs' fuysoS kej; if statement tl ls%hdl, wdldrh isyshg k.d .kak' if u.ska
isoqjQfha lsishus ;;ajhla iemsfrA kus tlajrla muKla ;ud ;=, we;s fla;hka ls%hd;aul lrjSuhs'
kuq;a while jeks looping statements u.ska isoqjkafka lsishus ;;ajhla i;H jk f;la fla;hka
fkdkj;ajd kej; kej;;a ls%hd;aul lsrSuhs'

36
oeka wm by; iòyka l, jevigyk while u.ska ilikafka flfiaoehs n,uq:
===========================================
// while.cpp
void main()
{
int number=0;
cout<<"Enter a number: ";
cin>> number;
while(number<100)
{
number++;
cout<<number<<“, “;
}
while(number>200)
{
number--;
cout<<number<<“, “;
}
cout<<number<<endl;
}
======================================
by; jevigyfkaoS m,uqfjka" cout yd cin u.ska wm number keue;s variable tl ;=,g w.hla we;=,a
lruq' ^cout u.ska isoqjkafka lsishus o;a;hla console tl u;g output lsrSu jQ fia" cin u.ska
flfrkafka wm console tl u;g type lrk lsishus o;a;hla jevigyk ;=,g wdodkh lsrSuhs' by;
th we;=,a jkafka number ;=,gh' cout Ndjs;d lsrSfusoS ta iu`. wm “ << ” ,l=K fhdouq' cin Ndjs;d
lsrSfusoS wm th bosrsfhka fhosh hq;= jkafka “ >> “ ,l=Kh'& oeka Tng while statements 2 la oelsh
yelsh m,uq jekafkka mrSCId flfrkafka number ys w.h 100 wvqo hkakhs' th i;Hhla kus" tu
while ;=, we;s fla;h wkjr;j l%shd;aul jSu werfUs' tkus" number ys w.h kej; kej;;a 1 ne.ska
by, hhs' fuh kj;skafka number = 100 jQ jsgh'
fojeks while loop tlska mrSCId lrkafka number ys w.h 200 g jvd jevò hkakh' th i;H kus"
while ;=, fla;h wkjr;j l%shd;aul jSfuka number ys w.h 200 olajd by, hkq we;' number ys
w.h 100 ;a 200 ;a w;r kus" while loops folska tlla fyda ls%hd fkdlrk nj meyeos,shs' fuu
jevigyk ls%hd;aul lrkak' Terminal window tl ;=, lsishus ixLHdjla type lr enter key tl
Tnkak' tjsg cin jsOdkh Tn type l, ixLHdj number variable tlg wdfoaY lrkq we;' Tn thg 100
g wvq ixLHdjla iemhqjfyd;a 100 olajd tys w.h jevs jk wdldrho" 200 jevs ixLHdjla iemhqjfyd;a
200 olajd tys w.h wvqjk wdldrho" jevigyk u.ska output lrkq we;'
(fuu jevigyfkys ls%hd;aul jSu fydòska oel .ekSug kus th debug lr ls%hd;aul jSfus ,CIh
.uka lrk wdldrh kerTsh hq;=h' Debug lsrSu ms,snòj Appendix fldgfiys iòykafjs&
do…while - statement
fojeks loops jrA.h jkafka fuhhs' fuh tla lreKlska yefrkakg while statement tlg yrshgu
iudkhs' by; WodyrKhu Do… while u.ska ,shQ jsg my; mrsos osiajkq we;:
================================
// Dowhile.cpp

37
void main()
{
int number=0;
cout<<"Enter a number: ";
cin>> number;
do
{
number++;
cout<<number<<", ";
}while(number<100);
do
{
number--;
cout<<number<<", ";
}while(number>200);
cout<<number<<endl;
}
================================
do… while ys jHdlrKh ;rula fjkia nj Tng oelsh yel' do… while ys isoqjkafka ish,a,g
m,uqfjka do hgf;a we;s fla;hka ls%hd;aul jSuhs' tkus m,uqjk jdrfhaoS while u.ska mrSCId lrK
;;ajh i;H jqj;a wi;H jqj;a do hgf;a we;s fla;h wksjdrAhfhka ls%hd;aul fjs' bkamiq while ys
mrSCIdj isoqjk w;r" th wi;H jqjfyd;a loop tl nSòSS hhs' i;H jqjfyd;a do ;=, we;s fla; os.gu
ls%hd;aul fjs' fus wkqj" by; while loops u.ska mrSCId flfrk ;;ajhka hq.,u wi;H jqj;a" m,uq
do statement tl ;=,oS ixLHdjg 1la tl;= jS th print jkq we;s w;r" fojeks do u.ska thska 1la wvq jS
print jkq we;' fuh by; wmf.a jevigyk iòyd t;rus wrA:hla iys; ls%hdjla fkdjqk;a" thska Tng
do… while ls%hdlrk wdldrh W.; yelshs'
for - statement
for statement tl tla w;lska while ysu oshqKq wjia:djla f,i ie,lsh yel' for u.ska isoqjkafka o
lsishus ;;ajhla iemsfrk ;=re ta hgf;a we;s mrs.Kl fla; /i wkjr; f,i ls%hd;aul lrjSuh'
kuq;a for ys while g jvd uò ixlSrAK njla we;' oeka wm fuu for statement tl ls%hd lrkafka
flfiaoehs jsuid n,uq'
================================
for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
// code…
}
================================
by;ska oelafjkafka Tng fndfydajsg oelSug yels wdldrfha for – statement tlls' tys jryka ;=,
fldgia 3 la Tng oelsh yelshs' m,uq fldgiska int jrA.fha variable tlla define jS we;' fojk
fldgiska tu variable tflys w.h lsishus ixLHdjlg jvd wvqoehs mrSCId fjs' f;jeks fldgiska
variable tflys w.h 1 lska by, kexfjs' for ls%hd;aul jkafka fus fldgia ish,a, u.sks'
my; oelafjkafka fuu ls%hd;aul jSu isoqjk wdldrhhs:
for ;=, m,uqj isoqjkafka i keue;s int variable tl define jSfuka th 0 g iudk jSuhs' bkamiqj <
operator tl Wmfhda.S lrf.k i ys w.h 10 g jvd wvqoehs mrSCId flfrA' th 10 g jvd wvqkus B,.g

38
isoqjkafka i++ u.ska i ys w.h 1 lska by, oeuSuhs' tksid oeka i ys w.h 1 fjs' oeka for hgf;a we;s
fla; ls%hd;aul jSu werfTs' fla; ish,a, tlajrla l%shd;aul jSfuka miq kej; ls%hd;aul jSfus ,CIh
by,g meusfKa' fus wjia:dfjsoS for jsiska kej;;a i < 10 u.ska i ys w.h 10 g wvqoehs n,hs' ;ju;a
th 10 g wvqksid i++ u.ska kej;;a i ys w.h 1lska by, kxjhs' oeka i = 2 nj Tng fmfka' bka
wk;=rej kej;;a for ys mrs.Kl fla;hka ls%hd;aul fjs' fuf,i kej; kej;;a i ys w.h 10 g
wvqkus th 1lska by, hdu;a" for hgf;a we;s fla; ls%hd;aul jSu;a isoqfjs' fuh weKysgskafka i = 10
jk wjia:dfjsoSh' tkus" i = 10 jS ls%hd;aul jSfus ,CIh by,g wd jsg" i < 10 hkak wi;H jk ksid
i++ hk fla;h ls%hd jsrys;j hhs' fusksid bkamiq i tllska jevsjkafka;a ke;" for hgf;a we;s
fla;hka ls%hd;aul jkafka;a ke;'
oeka fuh ;j;a meyeos,s lr .ekSu msKsio for iy while w;r we;s iusnkaOh jgyd .ekSu msKsio"
while u.ska ,shQ jevigykla kej; for u.ska ,shkq ,nkafka flfiaoehs mrSCId lr n,uq' my;
oelafjkafka while u.ska ,shk ,o jevigykls:
==============================================
// whileProg.cpp
void main()
{
int count = 0;
while(count < 20)
{
cout << “Go…” << endl;
count++;
}
cout << “Halt!” << endl;
}
========================================
by; jevigyk ls%hd;aul l,fyd;a” “Go…” hkak 20 jdrhla print jk jkq we;' bkamiq “Halt!”
hkak print fjs' oeka fuu ir, jevigyk for statement tl Ndjs;d lr ,shkafka flfiaoehs oeka
n,uq' my; oelafjkafka fuu jevigykhs:
===================================================
// forProg.cpp
void main()
{
for(int count = 0; count < 20; count++)
{
}
cout << “Halt…” << endl;
}
===================================================
by; for u.ska ,shk ,o jevigykska isoqjkafkao “Go…” hkak 20 jdrhla print jSs" bkamiq “Halt!”
hkak print jSuhs' oeka fuu jevigyka foflys olakg ,efnk fjkia lus fudkjdo@ m,uqfjka"
while fhdod.kakd wjia:dfjsoS count - variable tl define lr we;af;a fjku tallhla f,ih' kuq;a
for fhdod.kakd wjia:dfjsoS th for statement tl ;=,u" tys fldgila f,i define lr we;' tfukau

39
count ys w.h by, kexjSfuòSo tu ldrAhh isoqj we;af;a for ysu fldgila f,ihs' tfiakus for u.ska
isoqlr we;af;a while u.ska isoql, ldrAhhka talrdYS lr tla ia:dkhlg .ekSu nj lsj yelsh'
break & continue
break yd continue hk hq., by; Tn oqgq ish,qu Looping statements ;=,g wka;rA.; lsrSu iòyd
fhdod.efka' fusjdfha ldrAhh kus Looping statements md,kh lsrSuhs'
break ys ldrAhh kus Looping statement tll ls%hdldrS;ajh w;r u. kj;ajd oeuSuh' fuhg
WodyrKhla f,i" break statement tl while ;=,g fhdod we;s wkaou my; jevigykska oelafjs:
====================================================
// break.cpp
void main()
{
int count = 0;
while(count < 20)
{
count++;
if(count==5)
{
break;
}
}
cout << “Halt!” << endl;
}
=====================================================
by; jevigyfka count=5 jQ jsg if ;=, we;s break statement tl ls%hd;aul jS while loop tl nsòS hhs'
fus ksid Go… hkak print fjkq we;af;a 5 jrla muKs' break statement tl fkd;snqKd kus Go…
hkak 20 jrla print jk nj Tng meyeos,sh'
continue statement tl break statement tlska uòla fjkia fjs' break u.ska flfrkafka loop tflys
l%shdj iusmQrAKfhka kej;ajSu jQ w;r continue u.ska flfrkafka loop tflys oekg isoqfjuska mj;sk
l%shd;aul jSfus jdrh muKla w;ru. kj;ajd B,S. ls%hd;aul jSfus jdrhg jevigyk ls%hd;aul jSfus
,CIh mekajSuh' fuh my; jevigykska meyeos,sfjs:
=======================================================
// continue.cpp
void main()
{
int count = 0;
while(count < 20)
{
count++;
if(count==5)
{
continue;
}
cout << "Go..." << endl;
}

40
cout << "Halt!" << endl;
}
=========================================================
by;oS" count=5 jQ jsg if ;=, we;s continue statement tl ls%hd;aul jk w;r" tuksid tu jdrfha
while ys ls%hd;aul jSu w;ru. weK ysgSfuka cout << "Go..." << endl; fla;h ls%hd;aul jSu
tlajrla u.yerS hhs' kuq;a continue u.ska loop tl nsò oukafka ke;s ksid" while os.gu ls%hd;aul
fjs' fusksid wjidkfhaoS Go… hkak print jS ;sfnkq we;af;a 19 jrls' continue statement tl
fkd;snqKd kus Go… hkak 20 jrla print fjs'
5' Functions
Functions hkq fudkjdoehs Tn wihs' kuq;a Tn th oekgu;a oel we;' Tn by; mrspsfpso
j,oS oqgq main(), C++ ys Tng yuqfjk m,uq yd m%Odk function tlhs' kuq;a function tlla wm wrA:
olajkafka flfiao@
Function tlla hkq C++ muKla fkdj fjk;a fndfyda mrs.Kl jevigyka j,o uQ,sl ls%hdldrS
tallhhs' fjk;a jpk j,ska lsh;fyd;a functions fkdue;sj C++ u.ska mrs.Kl jevigyka ,sjSula
ms,snòj is;sh fkdyelsh' Function tlla ;=, wvx.= jkafka mrs.Klh ,jd lsishus ls%hdjla lr.ekSu
iòyd ,shk ,o mrs.Kl fla; reils' Function tlla u.ska lsishus mrs.Kl fla; reila iòyd
wdjrKhla idohs' tu fla;hka u.ska isoqfjk ldrAhh wkqj Functions tflys ku ;SrKh lrkq
,efnhs' WodyrKhla f,i mrs.Kl ;srh u; lsishus fohla print lrkakdjQ mrs.Kl fla;hka wvx.=
fldg ksujk ,o Function tlla print kuska kus l, yel' Tn oqgq main keue;s function tl fj;
tu ku ,enS we;af;a th mrs.Kl jevigykl m,uqfjkau ls%hd;aul jk function tl jk fyhsks'
Functions u.ska mrs.Kl jevigyklg isoqfjk fiajhka lSmhla meyeos,sj oelsh yelshs :

41
1' tla jrla ,shk ,o mrs.Kl fla;hka kej; kej; m%fhdackhg
.ekSfus myiqlu ie,iSu'
2' mrs.Kl jevigykla fldgia j,g fnod fjkalsrSu' fus u.ska
tu jevigyk ,sjSu iy jgyd .ekSu myiq fjs'
wm oeka function tlla hkq l=ulaoehs y|qkd.ekSfus m,uq mshjr f,i th mdjspsps lr ,shk ,o ir,
mrs.Kl jevigykla l=uk wdldrhla .kòehs jsuid n,uq' my; oelafjk jevigyk mrSCId lr
n,kak' th bosrsm;a lr we;af;a Tng function tlla ls%hdlrK wdldrh .ek ir, f,i fmkajd oSug
muKs' tksid tys we;s ish,q foa jgyd .ekSug W;aidy fkdlrkak' Functions .ek jsia;r" wm my;
jevigyk .ek idlpspd lsrSfuka wk;=rej jevòqrg;a i,ld n,uq:
========================================================
// introToFunctions.cpp
void print();
void main()
{
print();
}
void print()
{
cout << “Hi! This is my 1st
function.” << endl;
}
========================================================
wm variables .ek l:d lsrSfusoS" variable tlla define lsrSug fmr th declare l, hq;= nj Tn oqgqjd'
^fus ls%hdj ms,snòj Tnf.a u;lh .s,syS we;akus lreKdlr m,uq mrspsfpsofhaoS variables hgf;a tk
fldgi iy 2 jk mrspsfpsofhaoS int – data type hgf;a tk fldgi kej; lshjkak& fuh functions
iòydo fmdoqjk lreKls' fusksid variable tlla fukau function tlla o declare lr bkamiq define
l, hq;=hs' Function tlla m,uqj declare lsrSfuka isoqjkafka wm jevigyk ;=, tu function tl
mdjspsps lsrSug hk nj mjiuska compiler uDoqldx.hg th yòqkajdoSuh' tjsg th jevigyk compile
lrf.k hdfusoS" function declaration tl yuqjQ jsg function tl iu. lghq;= lsrSug oek isgskq we;'
;jo" variable tlla iusnkaOfhka Tn oqgq mrsosu function tlloSo declare iy define lsrSu tlajr
isoql, yelsh'
by; jevigyfkaoS void print() hkafkka isoqjkafka fuu function tl declare lsrSfus ls%hdjhs' tys
definition tl isoqjkafka main function tlg my,ska we;s"
void print()
{
cout << “Hi! This is my 1st
function.” << endl;
}
hk fldgisks' tkus" print function tl u.ska isoqlrK ldrAhh ;SrKh lr thg kshu w.hla fokafka
fuysoSh' th isoqlrK ldrAhh kus" cout << “Hi! This is my 1st
function.” << endl hk
fla;h ls%hd;aul lrjSu nj Tng fmfkkq we;'
main() ;=,o print() f,i function tflys ku iòyka jS we;s nj Tng oelsh yel' fuh function
call f,i yeòskafjs' thska isoqjkafka print function tl ls%hd;aul lrjSuhs' fujsg print ;=, we;s
mrs.Kl fla;hka ls%hd;aul jSu isoqfjs' fuh isoqjk wdldrh kerTSu iòyd Tn" by; jevigyk
debug lsrSu wdrusNlr" Visual C++ ys step in iy step over hk ls%hdldrS;ajhka u.ska jevigyk

42
ls%hd;aul jk wkqms,sfj, mrSCId l, hq;=h' ^fmdf;ys “Debug lsrSu iy Errors y|qkd.ekSu” hk
fldgi lshjSfuka fuh isoq lrK wdldrh Tng W.; yelsh&' tjsg main ;=,ska wdrusNjk jevigyk
ls%hd;aul jSfus ,CIh main ;=, we;s print ys function call tl fj; meusK t;ekska print ;=,g
we;=,ajk nj Tn olskq we;' jevigyk ls%hd;aul jSfus ,CIh print ;=, we;s fla;h u;ska .uka
lsrSfuka miq th kej; main ;=,g wdmiq we;=,a fjkq we;' fujsg Terminal window tl foi Tn
ne,qjfyd;a" th ;=, “Hi! This is my 1st
function.” hkak print jS ;sfnkq Tn olskq we;' fus
wkqj by; fmfkk mrsos" Tn jsiska idok ,o functions j,g we;=,a jSfus m%Odk fodrgqj jkafka main
function tlhs'
by;oS" function tlla mrs.Kl jevigykla ;=, uQ,sl f,i ls%hd;aul jkafka flfiaoehs oelajqKd'
oeka" functions hkq fudkjdoehs jvd;a ,xj n,uq'
by; Tn oqgq mrsos function tll Ndjs;fha wjia:d 3 la we;'
1. Function declaration
2. Function definition
3. Function call – fuu.ska isoqjkafka jevigykl lsishus ia:dkhl we;s function tlla" tu
jevigyfkys ;j;a ia:dkhl isg ^by; jevigyfkys oS kus main ys isg& ls%hd;aul
lrjSuhs'
Function tlla fldgia 3 lska iukajs;h' my; oelafjkafka tu fldgia 3 hs'
1. Return type.
2. Function name'
3. Parameter list.
Function tlla le,alHQf,agrA hka;%hlg iudk l, yel' Tn le,alHQf,agrhlg o;a; we;=,a l, jsg
(input) th Tn we;=,a l, o;a;hka fjkialus j,g Ndckh lr" wdmiq Tng o;a;hla ,nd fohs
(output). Function tlla u.ska isoqjkafkao fuhhs' th msg;ska o;a; ,ndf.k" tu o;a; fjkialus
j,g Ndckh lr" tu.ska m%;s:,hla ksmojd" wdmiq o;a;hka msg lrhs' by; fldgia ;=fkka m,uq
jekak jk Return type hkafkka" Function tflka msglrK fuu m%:sm, o;a;fha o;a; jrA.h olajhs'
fojeks fldgiska olajkafka function tflys ku nj Tng meyeos,shs' f;jeks fldgi jk Parameter
list hkafkka oelafjkafka function tl" input tl f,i th ;=,g ,nd .kakd o;a;hkah' kuq;a
Parameter list tlla fyda Return type tlla fkdue;s fyj;a" input tlla fyda output tlla fkdue;s
functions o iEosh yelshs' fus jrA.fha functions u.ska lsisu o;a;hla ;ud ;=,g ,nd fkd.kakd w;r
lsisu m%:sm,hla msg;g ,nd fkdfoa' wm by;ska i,ld ne,Q wjika jevigyfkys print function tl
fujekakls' th isoql, tlu foh jQfha jpk fma,shla console window tl u; print lsrSu muKs'
1. Function declaration
Function declaration tlla u.ska isoqjkafka kj function tlla compiler uDoqldx.hg y`oqkajdoSu nj Tn
by; ia:dkhloS oqgqjd' tfiakus oeka wm by; Return type, Function name, Parameter list hk fldgia
;=fkka u iukajs; jQ function declaration tlla ,shkafka flfia oehs n,uq' my; oelafjkafka tjeks
function declaration tllg WodyrKhls:
========================================================
int add(int num1, int num2);
========================================================

43
my; oelafjkafka by; add function tflys declaration tl" by;ska Tn oqgq fldgia j,g fnod we;s
wdldrhhs'
int add(int num1, int num2)
Return type Function name Parameter list
fuu function tl output tl f,i ,nd fok o;a;fhys jrA.h int h' fuh Return type hkafkka
oelafjs' tfukau th num1 yd num2 hk int variables hq., input tl f,i ,nd .kshs' fuh parameter
list hkafkka oelafjs' Parameter list f,i wm fu;e; oS iòyka lr we;af;a variables 2 la muKla
kuq;a Tng leu;s TskEu variables .Kklska hq;a parameter lists iys; functions iEosh yelshs'
2. Function definition
by; function declaration tlg wod, function definition tl my; oelafjs:
===========================================================
int add(int num1, int num2) // function head
{ //
int addition = num1 + num2; // function body
return addition; //
}
===========================================================
add ys function declaration tlska add ys definition tl fjkia jkafka flfiao@ m,uqj thg i`.,
jryka hq.,la tl;= jS we;' i`., jryka jsjD; jk ia:dkfhka oelafjkafka add function tflys
wdrusNl ia:dkhhs' ke;fyd;a function tl n,meje;ajSug mgka.kakd ia:dkhhs' i`., jryka
jefik ia:dkfhka function tflys n, m%foaYh wjikaj hhs' Function tl ;=, wvx.= jsh hq;= ish,a,
fuu jryka w;r wka;rA.; jsh hq;=h' fuu jryka w;r fldgi function body hkqfjka yeòskafjs'
fuys function declaration tlg iudk f,i ,shd we;s by,u fldgi function head f,i yeòskafjs'
Function definition tflys function head tl wksjdrAhfhkau return type tlskao parameter list tlskao
function declaration tlg iudk jsh hq;=h'
Function definition tl ;=, isoqjkafka l=ulao@ uq,ska addition kuska variable tlla idod we;s w;r
thg parameter list tflys we;s variable hq.f,ys w.hka f.a tl;=j wdfoaY lr we;' bkamiq return
keue;s keyword tl Tng olakg ,efns' return ys ldrAhh kus" th bosrsfha we;s variable tflys w.h
function tlska msg;g ,nd oSuh' tkus function tflka msg;g o;a; m%:òdkh lrkafka return keyword
tl uS.sks' return ls%hd;aul jSu;a iu`.u function tflys ls%hdjo ksud jS hhs'
kuq;a oeka function tflka return jk w.hg isoqjkafka l=ulao@ fuhg ms,s;=r ;j fudfyd;lska Tng
,efnkq we;'
3. Function call
fmroSo iòyka jQ mrsos function tlla ls%hd;aul jSu wdrusN jkafka function call u.sks' oeka wm by;
add function tlg main ;=, isg call lrK wdldrh n,uq:

44
========================================================
void main()
{
int result = add(10,2);
cout << result << endl;
}
========================================================
add ys function call tl" Tng fmroS yuqjQ print function tflys function call tlska fjkia u.la f.k
we;s wdldrh fmfkao@ fuu call lsrSu isoqjkafka expression tlla ;=,oSh' fuhska isoqjkafka add u.ska
return lrKq ,nk w.h result keue;s variable tlg wdfoaY jSuhs' function call tl isoqfjk wdldrh
n,kak' add bosrsfha we;s jryka ;=, ixLHd hq.,la wka;rA.;h' fuh kus add function tl ;=,g o;a;
we;=,a lsrSfus udrA.hhs' fuh parameter passing hkqfjka ye`oskafjs' fuu ixLHd hq., function
definition tflys num1 yd num2 hk parameters fj; wdfoaY fjhs' tjsg add ls%hd;aul jSfuka" tu
w.hka hq.f,ys fftlHh jk 12 w.h addition variable tl ;=, .nvd fjhs' oeka return u.ska 12 w.h
function tlska msg flfrA' tu w.h main ;=, we;s result variable tl ,nd .kshs' wjidkfhaoS tu w.h
print fjs'
Tn by; oqgq function declaration, definition iy call hk wjia:djka" tl jevigykla f,i my;ska
fm,.iajd we;:
========================================================
int add(int num1, int num2);
void main()
{
int result = add(10,2);
cout << result << endl;
}
int add(int num1, int num2)
{
int addition = num1 + num2;
return addition;
}
========================================================

45
6. Arrays
mrs.Kl jevigyka j,oS" lsishus o;a; fm,la iu. lghq;= lsrSug isoqjk wjia:djka u;=fjs'
WodyrKhla f,i i;sfha osk 7 ysoS jd;fha wdrAo%;dj iusnkaO mrs.Kl jevigykla ,sjSug wjYH
kus" tu wdrAo%;d w.hka 7 .nvd lr.ekSug isoqfjkq we;' fuh lsrSu iòyd my; mrsos variables 7 la
iEoSug isoqfjkq we;'
==========================================================
float humidMon = 3.3, humidTue = 3.12, humidWed = 2.99,
humidThu = 3.01, humidFri = 3.00, humidSat = 2.98,
humidSun = 2.91;
==========================================================
oeka fuu w.hka mdjspspshg .ekSug wjYH jQ jsg fuu variables tlska tl fjk fjku 7 jrloS
Ndjs; l,hq;=h' Tng fmfkk mrsos fus wdldrfha tlu .Kfha o;a; fm,la iu. lghq;= lsrSfusoS
variables ixLHfjs we;sjk by,hdu ksid Tng tajd Ndjs;d lsrSfus wmyiq;djhkag uqyqKoSug isoqfjs'
fuh jvd;a meyeos,sjkafka Tng lghq;= lsrSug isoqfjk o;a; m%udKh by, hkjsghs' WodyrKhla
f,i by; iòyka jevigyfkys i;sfha osk 7 ys muKla fkdj jifrA osk 365 ysu wdrAo%;djka .nvd
lr.ekSug isoqjQfhahehs is;kak' tjsg lghq;= Tfns md,kfhka f;drj hdu werfTs' lsisfjl=g
variables 365 la jeks jsYd, ixLHdjla iEoSug fyda tjeks variables ixLHdjla iu. fjkfjku lghq;=
lsrSug yelshdjla ke;s nj Tng jegfykq we;' tfiakus wm fujeks jsYd, o;a; ixLHdjka md,kh
lrkafka flfiao@ wm Arrays mdjspsps lrkafka fus iòydh'
Array tlla hkq tla fmdoq lreKla yd iusnkaO o;a; fm,la tlafldg ksmojkq ,enQ tallhls' fj,ò
ie,l i;sfha osk y; ;=,oS" tla tla oskfha ,enqKq wdodhu" ixhqla; ;egshl we;s .S; j, kus
,ehsia;=jla" ls%vlfhla lsishus ls%vdjla l, jdr .KfkaoS ,nd.;a ,l=Kq j, w.hhka" jeks o;a;
Arrays ;=, .nvd l,yels foa iòyd WodyrKhkah' Array tlla ;=, .nvd lr we;s iEu o;a;hlgu
ia:dkhla fyj;a index number tlla we;' Tng Array tlla ;=,g w,q;a o;a; we;=,a l, yelshs
^WodyrKhla f,i wdydr jgsfgdarejlg ;j;a tla wdydrhl kula tla lsrSu i,lkak&' ;sfnk o;a;
fjkia l,yelshs ^kus ,ehsia;=jl lsishus ia:dkhl we;s kula fjkia lsrSu i,lkak&' lsishus
o;a;hla bj;a lr oeush yelshs ^Tfns us;=rkaf.a e-mail ,smsk ,ehsia;=fjka tla wfhl=f.a ,smskhla
bj;a lr oeuSu i,lkak&' fus iEufohlau isoqlsrSug Tn by; iòyka l," wod, o;a;fha index
number tl oek.; hq;=h' Index number tl u.ska isoqlrkafka wod, o;a;h iu. Array tl
udrA.fhka iusnkaOhla we;s lsrSuhs' Arrays iu. lghq;= lsrSu fndfydajsg myiqhs' tfiakus" Arrays
ms,snò ;dCIKsl lreKq fu;eka isg i,ld ne,Su wrUuq'
Arrays ms,snòj l:d lsrSfusoS m%Odk wjia:d 3la i,ld ne,sh hq;=hs:
1. Arrays ksmojSu
my; oelafjkafka array tlla iEoSfuoS fyj;a define lsrSfusoS Ndjs; lrK jHdlrKhhs'
===========================================================
data type array name [length] = { data 0, data 1, data 2, ...... }

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