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Watching From Above:
 The Role of the DSMB

     Ajay J. Kirtane, MD, SM
Center for Interventional Vascular Therapy
  Columbia University Medical Center /
     New York Presbyterian Hospital
Conflict of Interest Disclosure

• Ajay J. Kirtane
     None
2006 US Food and Drug Administration
        Guidance Document




 http://www.fda.gov/RegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm127069.htm
Data and Safety Monitoring Boards
        Roles and responsibilities
• An independent group of experts that
 advises the Steering Committee
• Reviews accumulating data from a clinical
 trial over a specified time interval
• The overall responsibility of the DSMB is to
 protect the ethical and safety interests of
 subjects while protecting as much as
 possible the scientific validity of the study
• Other monitoring responsibilities may be
 assigned for particular studies
Balancing Study Needs
     Role of Data & Safety Monitoring Board


                       Avoid mistake of stopping
Assure
                        trial early, jeopardizing
patient
                         care of thousands of
safety
                                future pts
Clinical Trial Management Structure


  Steering Committee          Industry Sponsor    Regulatory Agencies



                     Independent
                    Data Monitoring
                   Committee (DSMB)


    Statistical Analysis        Site and Data        Central Units
           Center            Management Center       Core Labs etc
                                                         CEC

                                   Clinical
                                Investigators




            Adapted from M. Fisher, E. Roecker, D. Demets.
                       Drug Inf J. 2001;35:115
Why an Independent DSMB?
• Reduces bias – both real and perceived
• Confidential data (including unblinded)
  required for DSMB to perform functions
• Any knowledge of unblinded data at the level
  of Sponsor, Investigators, trial management
  groups limits ability to manage the trial
• Protects trial stakeholders from difficult
  decisions for stopping/continuing trial
• Independence should extend to
  statistician/group preparing and reviewing the
  report
Specific roles of the DSMB
• Assess data quality
• Monitor recruitment and compliance
• Monitor safety (harm)
• Monitor efficacy (interim analysis)
• Decide on continuation / pausing /
  termination of trial
• Suggest additional analyses
• Advise on modifications of the protocol or
  sample size
• Consider ethical impact of decisions
Data and Safety Monitoring Boards
                   Membership of DSMB
•   Membership should reflect disciplines necessary to
    interpret the data from the trial and to evaluate
    participant safety
•   Generally consists of three to seven members
    including:
      Expert(s) in the clinical aspects of the disease/patient
         population being studied
      One or more biostatisticians, can include experts in
         clinical trial conduct and methodology
     •   Ad hoc specialists may be invited to participate as non-
         voting members at any time (e.g. bioethicist)
     •   Any individual with vested interests in the outcome of the
         study are not eligible to serve although they may attend
         open sessions
Components of a DSMB Charter
• Purpose, Responsibilities       • Monitoring
• Membership                           •  Safety - timeliness
      Selection                       •  Efficacy - plan
      Qualifications             •   Membership
      Independence, conflicts         •  Selection
      Remuneration               •   Statistical considerations
• Meetings                             •  Safety - ? Statistical
      Format                             guideline
      Open session                    •  Efficacy (state if no plan
      Closed session                     for early stopping)
                                  •   Report from DSMB - memo
• Data reports
                                      to Sponsor or delegate
      Independent statistician
                                  •   Sponsor response
      Which data, locked?
      Adjudicated?               •   Disagreements
Monitoring for Safety
• Data reviewed
  •   Summary of adverse events
  •   Summary of serious adverse events
  •   Summary special adverse events of interest
  •   Prespecified safety endpoints
  •   Any individual events subject to expedited reporting or
      unblinding
• Safety reports must be dynamic and often submitted
 to all or part of DSMB outside of scheduled formal
 review meetings.
• DSMB may recommend modification or termination
 based on any perceived safety concerns or based
 on specified stopping guidelines.
DSMB Statistical Issues
Monitoring for Safety
• There can be unlimited number of reviews
  or interim analyses of safety endpoints!
• Generally no alpha penalty
• Less statistical rigor for early stopping –
  may not require statistical significance
• Stopping guidelines may or may not be
  prespecified – in any case DSMB can
  recommend stopping for any perceived
  safety concern
Monitoring for Efficacy
• DSMB may be asked to review one or
 more formal interim analysis to
 evaluate the study treatment for
 Overwhelming efficacy – requires formal
  statistical testing based on number of
  “looks” to determine level of certainty
 Futility – to determine probability that the
  study could meet the pre-specified
  hypothesis if it continued to completion
   • A stop for futility  end of new treatment!!
DSMB Decision Making
           Must be Individualized

 Statistical boundaries
 Internal consistency
 External consistency
 Risk/benefit ratio
 Current vs. future patients
 Clinical impact
 Public health impact


     DSMC “Wisdom”

                    Modified from : http://www.nihtraining.com/
Monitoring Study Conduct
• Data Presented
  •   Enrollment
  •   Data Compliance and Timeliness
  •   Protocol Deviations
  •   Baseline characteristics
• Data usually reviewed in open session (may
 include Sponsor, investigators, CRO)
• Important safety and validity issues may be
 detected from study conduct data
• DSMB may recommend modifications or
 termination that impact the overall study or
 individual sites
Data and Safety Monitoring Boards
                  Good Actions
• In OASIS 6* 22 catheter thromboses noted
 (Fondaparinux vs UFH or placebo in STEMI). DSMB
 identified all in the fondaparinux group
• Investigators were informed of blinded event rates
 and hematologists were consulted at McMaster
• Investigators advised to add unfractionated heparin
 at time of catheterization
• Two more catheter thromboses with fondaparinux
 (in 496 patients) and no increase in bleeding. Trial
 continued showing reduction in mortality with
 fondaparinux
                     *OASIS 6 JAMA 2006
Role of the DSMC: Conclusions
• Patient safety oversight is mandatory in
  most human subject CV trials
• DSMC should be independent,
  multidisciplinary, and involved in drafting
  own charter
• Integration of DSMC needs with core trial
  ops must be functional and still preserve
  confidential content of DSMC discussions
• Statistical stopping rules for benefit or for
  cause are necessary but not sufficient for
  DSMC “wisdom” in oversight

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Watching From Above: The Role of the DSMB

  • 1. Watching From Above: The Role of the DSMB Ajay J. Kirtane, MD, SM Center for Interventional Vascular Therapy Columbia University Medical Center / New York Presbyterian Hospital
  • 2. Conflict of Interest Disclosure • Ajay J. Kirtane  None
  • 3. 2006 US Food and Drug Administration Guidance Document http://www.fda.gov/RegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm127069.htm
  • 4. Data and Safety Monitoring Boards Roles and responsibilities • An independent group of experts that advises the Steering Committee • Reviews accumulating data from a clinical trial over a specified time interval • The overall responsibility of the DSMB is to protect the ethical and safety interests of subjects while protecting as much as possible the scientific validity of the study • Other monitoring responsibilities may be assigned for particular studies
  • 5. Balancing Study Needs Role of Data & Safety Monitoring Board Avoid mistake of stopping Assure trial early, jeopardizing patient care of thousands of safety future pts
  • 6. Clinical Trial Management Structure Steering Committee Industry Sponsor Regulatory Agencies Independent Data Monitoring Committee (DSMB) Statistical Analysis Site and Data Central Units Center Management Center Core Labs etc CEC Clinical Investigators Adapted from M. Fisher, E. Roecker, D. Demets. Drug Inf J. 2001;35:115
  • 7. Why an Independent DSMB? • Reduces bias – both real and perceived • Confidential data (including unblinded) required for DSMB to perform functions • Any knowledge of unblinded data at the level of Sponsor, Investigators, trial management groups limits ability to manage the trial • Protects trial stakeholders from difficult decisions for stopping/continuing trial • Independence should extend to statistician/group preparing and reviewing the report
  • 8. Specific roles of the DSMB • Assess data quality • Monitor recruitment and compliance • Monitor safety (harm) • Monitor efficacy (interim analysis) • Decide on continuation / pausing / termination of trial • Suggest additional analyses • Advise on modifications of the protocol or sample size • Consider ethical impact of decisions
  • 9. Data and Safety Monitoring Boards Membership of DSMB • Membership should reflect disciplines necessary to interpret the data from the trial and to evaluate participant safety • Generally consists of three to seven members including:  Expert(s) in the clinical aspects of the disease/patient population being studied  One or more biostatisticians, can include experts in clinical trial conduct and methodology • Ad hoc specialists may be invited to participate as non- voting members at any time (e.g. bioethicist) • Any individual with vested interests in the outcome of the study are not eligible to serve although they may attend open sessions
  • 10. Components of a DSMB Charter • Purpose, Responsibilities • Monitoring • Membership • Safety - timeliness  Selection • Efficacy - plan  Qualifications • Membership  Independence, conflicts • Selection  Remuneration • Statistical considerations • Meetings • Safety - ? Statistical  Format guideline  Open session • Efficacy (state if no plan  Closed session for early stopping) • Report from DSMB - memo • Data reports to Sponsor or delegate  Independent statistician • Sponsor response  Which data, locked?  Adjudicated? • Disagreements
  • 11. Monitoring for Safety • Data reviewed • Summary of adverse events • Summary of serious adverse events • Summary special adverse events of interest • Prespecified safety endpoints • Any individual events subject to expedited reporting or unblinding • Safety reports must be dynamic and often submitted to all or part of DSMB outside of scheduled formal review meetings. • DSMB may recommend modification or termination based on any perceived safety concerns or based on specified stopping guidelines.
  • 12. DSMB Statistical Issues Monitoring for Safety • There can be unlimited number of reviews or interim analyses of safety endpoints! • Generally no alpha penalty • Less statistical rigor for early stopping – may not require statistical significance • Stopping guidelines may or may not be prespecified – in any case DSMB can recommend stopping for any perceived safety concern
  • 13. Monitoring for Efficacy • DSMB may be asked to review one or more formal interim analysis to evaluate the study treatment for Overwhelming efficacy – requires formal statistical testing based on number of “looks” to determine level of certainty Futility – to determine probability that the study could meet the pre-specified hypothesis if it continued to completion • A stop for futility  end of new treatment!!
  • 14. DSMB Decision Making Must be Individualized  Statistical boundaries  Internal consistency  External consistency  Risk/benefit ratio  Current vs. future patients  Clinical impact  Public health impact DSMC “Wisdom” Modified from : http://www.nihtraining.com/
  • 15. Monitoring Study Conduct • Data Presented • Enrollment • Data Compliance and Timeliness • Protocol Deviations • Baseline characteristics • Data usually reviewed in open session (may include Sponsor, investigators, CRO) • Important safety and validity issues may be detected from study conduct data • DSMB may recommend modifications or termination that impact the overall study or individual sites
  • 16. Data and Safety Monitoring Boards Good Actions • In OASIS 6* 22 catheter thromboses noted (Fondaparinux vs UFH or placebo in STEMI). DSMB identified all in the fondaparinux group • Investigators were informed of blinded event rates and hematologists were consulted at McMaster • Investigators advised to add unfractionated heparin at time of catheterization • Two more catheter thromboses with fondaparinux (in 496 patients) and no increase in bleeding. Trial continued showing reduction in mortality with fondaparinux *OASIS 6 JAMA 2006
  • 17. Role of the DSMC: Conclusions • Patient safety oversight is mandatory in most human subject CV trials • DSMC should be independent, multidisciplinary, and involved in drafting own charter • Integration of DSMC needs with core trial ops must be functional and still preserve confidential content of DSMC discussions • Statistical stopping rules for benefit or for cause are necessary but not sufficient for DSMC “wisdom” in oversight

Editor's Notes

  1. Many of the points from this lecture come from guidance document provided by US FDA in 2002.
  2. Data and Safety Monitoring board also known as Data Monitoring Committee (DMC) is responsible for monitoring accumulating clinical data, including unblinded data. Decisions are based on summary of data.DSMB not same as Clinical events committee or CEC which reviews individual event and adjudicates if meets study definition. CEC always must be blinded to study treatment.
  3. This schematic shows where DSMB is positioned in management of clinical trial. It is independent but has reporting to Sponsor, steering committee and data management group.
  4. The working of DSMB must be specified in every trial by DSMB charter or manual of operations. We do not have time to review in detail but shown here are the important elements of that document.
  5. In monitoring for safety the statistical rules are generally different. We are not usually waiting for overwhelming evidence of harm and must be allowed to look frequently if needed. So, There may be unlimited looksGenerally no alpha penaltyDSMB can recommend stopping for any perceived safety concerns
  6. Since clinical trials are designed with specific numbers of subjects and duration of follow-up, a decision to stop a trial early due to efficacy requires overwhelming evidence. There are several statistical algorithms designed to determine the level of evidence needed. They share in common that the alpha level or p value depends on the number of looks or analyses planned, the total p value at the end of the study can not exceed 0.05, and the earlier stopping may occur the lower p value must be. Shown here is example for Obrien –Fleming method with 2 planned interim analyses and 1 final. If trial were to stop after first analysis it would require a p value <0.001 as evidence of overwhelming evidence.