“How The Web Came To Be” Week# 3 Social Media

Social Media week3 “How The Web Came To Be” Trebor Scholz | LCST 2031 A | Spring 2009

What You Need To Know About This Course week 1 Histories of the Internet week 2 Histories of the Internet and World Wide Web week 3 Social Media, Cyber Clustering, and Social Isolation week 4 Participation: Benefits, Numbers, and Quality week 5 Quality. The Wisdom or Ineptitude of the Crowd The Web 2.0 Ideology week 7 week 6 Art and Social Media Spring Break week 8 Political Net Activism week 9 What Does It Take To Participate? Why Participate? week 10 Got Ethics? Labor, Work, What? week 11 week 14 The Power of Users week 13 Net Neutrality week 12 Near Future Scenarios week 15 Presentations Trebor Scholz | The New School University | Eugene Lang| |Spring 2009 A | Spring 2009 LCST 2031 Trebor Scholz | LCST 2031 A

Histories of the Internet and World Wide Web week 3 Feb 9, 11 Required Readings: Turner, Fred. quot;Where the Counterculture Met the New Economy .quot; Stanford. 1 Jan 2007. 26 Aug 2007 <http://www.stanford.edu/~fturner/Turner%20Tech%20&%20Culture%2046%203.pdf> Suggested Reading: Donath, Judith. quot;Sociable Media.quot; Sociable Media Group - MIT Media Lab. 15 Apr 2004. 9 Jul 2007 <http://smg.media.mit.edu/papers/Donath/SociableMedia.encyclopedia.pdf>. Trebor Scholz | LCST 2031 A | Spring 2009

excerpt from “Commune” interview with Peter Coyote , 12 mins

Required Readings: Turner, Fred. quot;Where the Counterculture Met the New Economy .quot; Stanford. 1 Jan 2007. 26 Aug 2007 <http://www.stanford.edu/~fturner/Turner%20Tech%20&%20Culture%2046%203.pdf> Jill (response to Donath): If we can agree that 'mediated communication' is not a replacement for real-life, interpersonal contact, then why does our culture seem to be trending towards it? Is it a matter of convenience, or do we have some kind of innate human predilection for forms of communication that avoid face to face interaction? Frank (response to Turner): How is releasing knowledge to the public aligned with counter culture (in particular, as it was commodified)? Trebor Scholz | LCST 2031 A | Spring 2009

http://www.wholeearth.com/issue‐electronic‐edition.php?iss=2071

Required Readings: Turner, Fred. quot;Where the Counterculture Met the New Economy .quot; Stanford. 1 Jan 2007. 26 Aug 2007 <http://www.stanford.edu/~fturner/Turner%20Tech%20&%20Culture%2046%203.pdf> Brionna (response to Turner): Does the potential economic profit of WELL members go against the countercultural aims of the Whole Earth Catalog? How did the real time aspect of the WELL change the way members interacted with each other? Do virtual communities of today function in the same way? Do they still promote countercultural ideology? Trebor Scholz | LCST 2031 A | Spring 2009

Required Readings: Turner, Fred. quot;Where the Counterculture Met the New Economy .quot; Stanford. 1 Jan 2007. 26 Aug 2007 <http://www.stanford.edu/~fturner/Turner%20Tech%20&%20Culture%2046%203.pdf> Ellen (response to Turner): [I]t almost seems as if people today have a hard time separating the online world from the “real world,” or is it that the lines are blurring and everyone lives online as much in quot;real life.quot; Are the two worlds really inseparable? Arkady (response to Turner): Turner asserts that quot;[i]n both the Catalog and the supplement, [Stewart] Brand marketed not so much goods as a way of looking at how life ought to be lived.quot; (492) Has the exchange of information about this [countercultural] lifestyle been driven well into underground circuits of communication on the Internet? Is it even of particular interest anymore? Or has the tool that so many imagined as an end to consumerist pursuit of quot;remotely done power and gloryquot; become its ultimate medium (Turner 492)? Trebor Scholz | LCST 2031 A | Spring 2009

Required Readings: Turner, Fred. quot;Where the Counterculture Met the New Economy .quot; Stanford. 1 Jan 2007. 26 Aug 2007 <http://www.stanford.edu/~fturner/Turner%20Tech%20&%20Culture%2046%203.pdf> Henry (in response to Turner): The author asserts that counter culture “established a relationship between information technology, economic activity, and alternative forms of community that would outlast the counterculture itself” (488). He cites Howard Rheingold when talking about a “gift economy” in which people help one another “out of the spirit of building something between them” (510). This struck me as very interesting given the hours of time people spend improving and contributing to forums and websites today. to class: Does anyone participate in a community or forum online which has characteristics similar to the WELL? Not the subject material exactly, but more the common bond between users all interested in a similar subject or topic? Trebor Scholz | LCST 2031 A | Spring 2009

Large Hadron Collider Particle Accelerator CERN http://tinyurl.com/yto62g

WorldWideWeb: Proposal for a HyperText Project, 1989/90 HTML (HyperText Markup Language) URL (Uniform Resource Locator) HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) The British programmer Tim Berners-Lee, CERN (Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire) “... the WWW as an altruistic, non-proprietary, vendor-neutral contribution to society!” http://tinyurl.com/2ntycb http://tinyurl.com/2pxazn

the ﬁrst website

By 1990 ARPANET retired and was transferred to the NSFnet (National Science Foundation) that had started in 1988, connecting 250 non-US networks, Cailliau, Robert, and James Gillies. How the Web was Born: The Story of the World Wide Web. New York: Oxford University Press, USA, 2000.

John Perry Barlow co-founded the Electronic Frontier Foundation with Stuart Brand and Mitch Kapor in 1990, focusing on digital civil liberties.

In 1991, the NSF allowed commercial use of the Internet but it took until 1995 it decommissioned the backbone, leaving the Internet a self-supporting industry. http://tinyurl.com/34ket8 http://tinyurl.com/2pxazn

http://tinyurl.com/29m2wb Launch of Gopher, the quot;infoserver that can deliver text, graphics, audio, and multimedia to clients.quot; Search and retrieval network protocol designed for the Internet. Its goal is to function as an improved form of Anonymous FTP, with features similar to that of the World Wide Web. The University of Minnesota.

Brewster Kahle Bruce Gilliat WAIS Incorporated: Kahle (1992): “I wanted to prove that you could make an Internet company.” After selling WAIS to AOL in May 1995 for $15 million, Kahle and Gilliat founded the Internet Archive and then Alexa Internet. p 136 how the web was born

http://tinyurl.com/yqtupv

1993, Launch of Mosaic Signiﬁcant mile stone in the popularization of the WWW http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic_(web_browser)

Gopher and the World Wide Web were competing systems. In 1993, CERN announced that the World Wide Web would be free to anyone. Two months later, Gopher announced that it was no longer free to use, which pushed users away from gopher to the World Wide Web. Mosaic Gopher public domain for purchase p 279 how the web was born http://tinyurl.com/2pxazn

1994 -- order pizza online. Web has a 341,634 % expansion rate.

Blogging, the art of pointing to each other

Justin Hall: Links from the Underground http://tinyurl.com/yjr6pq

http://tinyurl.com/29ffra 1993 De Digitale Stad (quot;The Digital Cityquot;) Amsterdam- De Balie & XS4ALL cultural experiment bringing politics and citizens together in an online community, attempt of staying independent in an increasingly commercial environment

1996 Wiki Wiki bus at the Honolulu International Airport Ward Cunningham started developing WikiWikiWeb in 1994, and installed it on the Internet in 1995 allowing for the emergence of http://tinyurl.com/2qqsbh http://tinyurl.com/26utwb http://tinyurl.com/ypo99

users could write reviews and consumer guides, an early form of web-based self- publishing http://tinyurl.com/ynlwje

Feb 08, 1999 http://tinyurl.com/2fywza http://tinyurl.com/368x5o http://tinyurl.com/3bdyvj http://tinyurl.com/32aweh Mar 01, 2000

Manuel Castells (1942) Manuel Castells argued that in contemporary society dominant functions and processes are increasingly organized around networks. http://tinyurl.com/39gtmv http://tinyurl.com/2pg78k

Readers can comment

Feb 06, 2007 Jan 25, 1999 Indian social networking site Sulekha http://tinyurl.com/2gu2j9 http://tinyurl.com/ysfgoq

-Buzz Group Break- What question would you most like to have answered regarding the topic of the lecture today? Of all ideas and points you have heard so far today, which is the most obscure or ambiguous to you? What is the most contentious statement you heard in the lecture so far?

http://tinyurl.com/2dnhmy screen shot May 10, 2000

Shawn quot;Napsterquot; Fanning (b. 1980) the 18-year-old college student whose school nickname was quot;Napster,quot; along with his friend Sean Parker first released the original Napster on June 1, 1999. Napster was the first popular peer-to-peer file sharing platform. http://tinyurl.com/2sgcz2 http://tinyurl.com/2lhmmq

http://tinyurl.com/23t8pr (The site started in 1999 but it was first time archived http://www.rtmark.com/ on Waybackmachine on May 23, 2003.) “RTMark is itself a registered corporation which brings together activists who plan projects with donors who fund them. It thus operates outside the laws governing human individuals, and benefits from the much looser laws governing corporations.” http://tinyurl.com/youtse

http://tinyurl.com/2madla Commercially the Internet started to catch on in 1995 with an estimated 18 million users. This untapped international market made speculators ecstatic about the “new economy.”

In 2004 the peer-to-peer file sharing client LimeWire was released. It is still possible to download LimeWire and share copyrighted files peer-to-peer. http://tinyurl.com/3y5o5o

Tulip mania, 1637 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Semper_Augustus_Tulip_17th_century.jpg

1990s dotcom awe and the crash too much too fast http://tinyurl.com/26ppkw http://tinyurl.com/yrkjya http://tinyurl.com/38zy97

September 11, 2001

2000/2001: Former editor-in-chief of Nupedia and Citizendium founder Larry Sanger (born 1968) and the American Internet entrepreneur Jimmy Wales (born 1966) create Wikipedia. http://tinyurl.com/3y2uz8 http://tinyurl.com/2jcrmc

Bram Cohen BitTorrent is a peer-to-peer file sharing (P2P) communications protocol, first implementation in 2001. BitTorrent has 135 million installs and accounts 55% of all Internet traffic (07, Bram Cohen) http://tinyurl.com/292zfg http://tinyurl.com/yp6egx

2002 2007 http://tinyurl.com/249uls

Folksonomy (also known as collaborative tagging , social classification, social indexing, social tagging, and other names) is the practice and method of collaboratively creating and managing tags to annotate and categorize content. In contrast to traditional subject indexing metadata is not only generated by experts but also by creators and consumers of the content. folksonomy

2000 2002. Meetup 2,000,000 users (07) revitalize local communities 2003: prominence through Howard Dean

The Internet as organizational tool 8-30 million people in 800 cities worldwide simultaneously showed their defiance of the impending war in Iraq on February 15, 2003. On March 19 the first American bombs dropped on Baghdad, Iraq. On March 20, the invasion started. http://tinyurl.com/322lyy

Podcasting Podcasters' web sites can be syndicated, subscribed to, and downloaded automatically, using an aggregator or feed reader capable of reading feed formats such as RSS or Atom. http://tinyurl.com/3dbcqt

2003 The founders of Kazaa released the peer-to-peer Internet telephony network Skype.

photo credit as quot;Scott Beale / Laughing Squidquot; Sept 10, 2007 Joshua Schachter, acquired by Yahoo in 2005 3 million users, 10 million bookmarks (07)

June 2003 Google starts AdSense

http://tinyurl.com/2mbjtr

first archived: Jun 04, 2006 social networking for business http://tinyurl.com/yey25h http://tinyurl.com/2j43c6 http://tinyurl.com/2uqbct

PeanutButterWiki (PbWiki)- a “free” ad-supported wiki quot;Make a free wiki as easily as a peanut butter sandwich!quot;

December 09, 2004 http://tinyurl.com/38pbt2 September 10, 2007

2004 domain ﬁrst switched on Aug 06, 2005 Facebook is a social networking website that was launched on February 4, 2004. (Started for colleges, then high schools, and now everyone.) http://tinyurl.com/22myzy

2004 Archived: Apr 29, 2004 (http://tinyurl.com/2uh8to) Flickr. Canada. 2004

Tim O’Reilly quot;What is Web 2.0?quot; Photo: James Duncan Davidson http://tinyurl.com/2vw6cb

http://tinyurl.com/2569dr

Fandom Cingular Wireless announced today it has shattered its own record for wireless text messaging during the fifth season of quot;American Idolquot; (2006) -- 64.5 million text messages throughout the show's season. http://tinyurl.com/2m4luf http://tinyurl.com/35omx8 http://tinyurl.com/2umdo3

Micro-blogging users to write brief text updates (usually about 140 characters) and publish them, either to be viewed by anyone or by a restricted group which can be chosen by the user. These messages can be submitted by a variety of means, including text messaging, and the web. Finland status updates on FB http://tinyurl.com/2yhpa3

(social networking site of the National Hockey League) (social networking for pet aﬁcionados) (social search) (social networking and referral grouped around fashion) (social networking site about mental health and wellness) (feminist social networking site celebrating friendships among women) (social networking focused on weddings) (social networking and referral for the entire family) 2006 (activist, youth social networking)

(mobile social networking and media sharing) (social networking around baking) (social networking about books) (mobile media sharing) (mobile social networking, IM) (social maps) (micro-blogging) (social news site) (Game platform) 2007

(North-American) English content is not dominating the Internet anymore. Women aged 25-34 spend more time online than men in the same age group. 1.114 billion people use the Internet (2008) http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,2154293,00.html?gusrc=rss&feed=technology

Trebor Scholz scholzt@newschool.edu Twitter: trebors Blog: http://www.collectivate.net/journalisms Delicious: http://del.icio.us/trebor Flickr: http://flickr.com/photos/treborscholz LibraryThing: http://www.librarything.com/profile/trebor

“How The Web Came To Be” Week# 3 Social Media

by The New School on Feb 11, 2009

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“How The Web Came To Be” Week# 3 Social Media Presentation Transcript