Week2

Social History ofNew Media week2ARPANET, “Alternative” Networks, Counter Culture,the Internet, and “Virtual Community” Trebor Scholz

Histories of the Internet week 2Required Readings:Abbate, Janet. “’The most neglected element:’ users transform arpanet.” Inventing the Internet. Cambridge,Mass: MIT P, 1999.Hafner, Katie. “Email.” Where wizards stay up late the origins of the Internet. New York: Simon & Schuster,1996. Trebor Scholz

Histories of the Internet questionsWhat are a few commonly held assumptions about the history of the Internet?Which similarities and differences between the emergence of the Internet and earlier medialike telegraph, radio, and television can you observe? Trebor Scholz

The Victorian Internet by Tom Standage (1989)1746 200 monks Jean-‐Antoine Nollet linked to electrical battery 1797 optical telegraphytelephone, radio, ...

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Braun_HF_1.jpg

"knowledge on call" hyperlinked pages and the “memex”http://tinyurl.com/39mf8lhttp://tinyurl.com/3b7h9v

In 1949 in his novel Heliopolis, the German Ernst Junger dreams up the communication medium "Phonophor," which connects everybody to everybody else, enabling a permanent , technically facilitated forum that also replaces the passport, watch, newspaper, library, and encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger http://tinyurl.com/2s2zn5

[A]ctivation; authorship; community -‐-‐ are the most frequently cited motivations for almost all artistic attempts to encourage participation in art since the 1960s." according to art historian Claire Bishop.

Blog: http://blog.sfmoma.org/tag/art-‐of-‐participation/Flickr set: http://www.lickr.com/photos/ari/sets/72157610572023159/

upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Girl_listenin

Excerpts from chapter 2, and 5 “Sputnik: Declassiied” (2007) http://www.netlix.com/Movie/Sputnik_Declassiied/70086393

http://www.lickr.com/photos/nezitic/311892760/sizes/o/ Red Flag Over Reichstag 9th May 1945

The Advanced Research Projects Agency

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V2QdEj8UjBc

Leonard Kleinrock, MIT"Information Flow in LargeCommunication Nets"(May 31 1961)First paper on packet-switching http://tinyurl.com/23nbat

Packet Switching, Paul Baran 1962 at RAND, US AirforceAll the nodes in the network would be equal in status to allother nodes, each node with its own authority to originate,pass, and receive messages. The messages themselves wouldbe divided into packets, each packet separately addressed.Each packet would begin at some specified source node, andend at some other specified destination node. http://tinyurl.com/2ry3lo

“On Distributed Communication Networks,” March 1964 c) a network without central authority or singlePaul Baran outage point http://tinyurl.com/ywq8nk

Ted Nelson coins the term "Hypertext" in "A File Structure for the Complex, the Changing, and the Indeterminate". 20th National Conference, New York, Association for Computing Machinery

1965Already in 1965, Fernando Corbato and his colleagues atMIT developed a program to allow individual users toswap messages on one single computer.

Excerpts from: American Experience | Summer of Love | PBS www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/love/

People’s Park -‐-‐ Excerpt from “Berkeley in the Sixties”http://akas.imdb.de/media/rm1389337600/tt0099121

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZQbEjPzfDmc&feature=PlayList&p=C97DC8509C17275A&index=2 Macy conferences 1946-‐53, NYC video: 10 mins

Excerpts from: The Commune (2005)http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0439511/

"In a few years, men will be able to communicate more effectively through a machinethan face to face...We believe that we are entering into a technological age, in which wewill be able to interact with the richness of living information -- not merely in the passiveway that we have become accustomed to using books and libraries, but as activeparticipants in an ongoing process, bringing something to it through our interaction withit, and not simply receiving something from it by our connection to it. (53)" http://tinyurl.com/2c9uaf

Louis Pouzin designed and directed the development ofthe Cyclades network in France, which then stopped in1974. http://tinyurl.com/22ykun

In 1968, ARPA sent out a Request forQuotation to build a network offour Interface Message Processors.BBN made it.Dave Walden, Bernie Cosell, Severo Ornstein, Will Crowther, Bob Kahn1969: Advanced Research Projects Agencycommissions ARPANET to conduct researchon networking.First ARPANET nodes connected UCLA,Stanford, UC Santa Barbara, andUniversity of Utah http://tinyurl.com/yuw6ho http://tinyurl.com/2pxazn http://tinyurl.com/2ujdes

Norm Abramson wanted to surf - so he moved to Hawaii in1969. He wanted to network with the other islands and so hebuilt the ALOHAnet in 1970.From the University of Hawaii, Abramson connectedcomputers over a network of radio transmitters using aprotocol telling the computers how to share the airwaves. http://tinyurl.com/yvvmdc Trebor Scholz

The Internet in 1969http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y0pPfyYtiBc&e

http://www.wholeearth.com/index.php

TCP/IP With TCP/IP, the "global network" wasbecoming a reality. Universities andgovernment offices were using thenetwork for communicating withcolleagues and exchanging data. 1974: Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn publish "A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection", which specified in detail the design of a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). http://tinyurl.com/3c64vm http://tinyurl.com/yvvmdc

Whose Standards? Proprietary or Open Standards?Also the fax machine is only useful if many other people have it.Later: If the Internet would have just connected supercomputers, it would have not been as significant. Trebor Scholz http://tinyurl.com/yu7g2m

http://tinyurl.com/29vvarPowWowThroughout the 1970s Instant Messaging began to appear

•There was no single inventor of the Internet.•ARPANET, Usenet, BITNET, and BBS•DARPA was not solely a response to the fearof a nuclear armageddon.

http://tinyurl.com/34gyk21971: Ray Tomlinson of BBN creates email program to sendmessages across a distributed network.1972: Tomlinson expands program to ARPANET users, usingthe "@" sign as part of the address.

Michael Hart 1971. Project Gutenberg is the first and largest single collection of free electronic books, or eBooks. Project Gutenberg is the "oldest digital library built on volunteer efforts to digitize, archive, and distribute cultural works."http://tinyurl.com/26zq8z Trebor Scholz

http://tinyurl.com/35drkahttp://tinyurl.com/2n5gvy 1977 Richard Bartle and Roy Trubshaw created the first MUD (Multi-User Dungeon) leading later to MMORPG

CBBS (first BBS) January of 1978, Chicago was hit byWard Christensen the Great Blizzard of 1978Many people did not have the Internet. They dialed in to CBSS directly via modem.Users had to take turns accessing the system, each hanging up when done to letsomeone else have access. Nevertheless, the system was seen as very useful, and ran formany years and inspired the creation of many other bulletin board systems. http://tinyurl.com/38zf8q http://tinyurl.com/3a8wru

ASCii art on BBS http://tinyurl.com/yukqdk

Emoticons1979 Kevin MacKenzie e-mailed hisfellow subscribers at MsgGroup, anearly Internet bulletin board, with asuggestion to put some emotion backinto the dry text medium of e-mail.(The eyes came later.)

USENET established. USENET was a global, decentralized,distributed Internet discussion system that provided mailservices and file transfers. Precursor of GoogleGroups andother discussion boards. http://tinyurl.com/2mdk3z

ARPANET http://echo.gmu.edu/usenet/images/usenet.gifhttp://www.sri.com/about/timeline/images/map.gi Trebor Scholz

What else did it take to make this WWW work? http://tinyurl.com/2km2n9 This was the ﬁrst IBM PC introduced on Aug 12, 1981 Douglas Engelbart http://tinyurl.com/3c7suu

The Well members could start discussion boards: Mid-80s the most popular one was dedicated to computer manufacturers push proprietary protocols, The Grateful Dead. which failed US Government pushed for ISO but TCP/IP was free, more viralIn the 1980s the PCs entered homes and offices in the United States.

The Well members could start discussion boards: the most popular one was dedicated to The Grateful Dead.1981 BITNET releaseIra Fuchs (CUNY) and Greydon Freeman (Yale)Main features: email, LISTSERVBITNET set expectations for free access and openness: it charged bybandwidth. Once you paid for the line, how much you use it was upto you. Others tried to establish a pay by byte system. http://tinyurl.com/2vxbj http://tinyurl.com/2cl3go

1985Stewart Brand & Larry Brilliantone of the first community bulletin board systemsThe Whole Earth Lectronic Link (The Well)Brand used a networked PC on his houseboat in Sasalito, CA, claiming that he did so inorder to experience commune living without actually moving into one. http://tinyurl.com/374e2g

Francois Lyotard and Thierry Chaput’s exhibition "Les Immateriaux” at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris. 30 artists collaboratively respond to 50 terms related the topic of the "immaterial." Lyotard and Chaput pointed out that they were mainly interested in the way, in which this collaborative writing changed the experience of the act of writing itself. http://tinyurl.com/ynkmby Trebor Scholz

Trebor ScholzThe New School Universityscholzt@newschool.edu This presentation is made public using the creative commons attribution, non-commercial, share alike license. This presentation is based on my previous courses on the topic including: http://www.slideshare.net/trebor/how-the-social-web-came-to-be-part1

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