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FIRST IN A SERIES OF BIENNIAL CONFERENCES
ABOUT THE POLITICS OF DIGITAL MEDIA


THE INTERNET
AS PLAYGROUND
AND FACTORY
NOVEMBER 12–14, 2009
AT THE NEW SCHOOL, NEW YORK CITY
www.digitallabor.org




The conference is sponsored by Eugene Lang College The New School for Liberal Arts and
presented in cooperation with the Center for Transformative Media at Parsons The New School for
Design, Yale Information Society Project, 16 Beaver Group, The New School for Social Research,
The Change You Want To See, The Vera List Center for Art and Politics, New York University’s Council
for Media and Culture, and n+1 Magazine.
Acknowledgements                                             General Event Support
                                                             Lula Brown, Alison Campbell, Alex Cline,
Conference Director                                          Patrick Fannon, Keith Higgons, Geoff
Trebor Scholz                                                Kim, Ellen-Maria Leijonhufvud, Stephanie
                                                             Lotshaw, Brie Manakul, Lindsey Medeiros,
Executive Conference Production                              Farah Momin, Heather Potts, Katharine
Trebor Scholz, Larry Jackson                                 Relth, Jesse Ricke, Joumana Seikaly,
                                                             Ndelea Simama, Andre Singleton, Lisa
Conference Production                                        Taber, Yamberlie Tavarez, Brandon Tonner-
Deepthie Welaratna, Farah Momin,                             Connolly, Jolita Valakaite, Cynthia Wang,
Julia P Carrillo
      .                                                      Deepthi Welaratna, Tatiana Zwerling
Production of Video Series Voices from                       Registration Staff
The Internet as Playground and Factory                       Alison Campbell, Alex Cline, Keith Higgons,
Assal Ghawami                                                Geoff Kim, Stephanie Lotshaw, Brie Manakul,
Overture Video                                               Lindsey Medeiros, Heather Potts, Jesse
Assal Ghawami                                                Ricke, Joumana Seikaly, Andre Singleton,
                                                             Deepthi Welaratna, Tatiana Zwerling
Video Mashup
James Blake                                                  Video Documentation
                                                             Matt Sussman (CEA), Alex Cline, Jean Claire
Web Design                                                   Dy, Stephanie Lotshaw, Lindsey Medeiros,
Chris Barr                                                   Heather Potts, Jesse Ricke, Joumana Seikaly,
                                                             Ndelea Simama, Brandon Tonner-Connolly,
Conference Discussion
                                                             Jolita Valakaite, Tatiana Zwerling, 99
all members of the iDC mailing list
                                                             Advice and Encouragement
Mailing List Moderator
                                                             Neil Gordon, Ken Wark, Arien Mack,
Trebor Scholz
                                                             Roberta Sutton, Colleen Macklin, Victoria
iDC Twitter Stream                                           Vesna, Katie Salen, Michael Schober,
Trebor Scholz                                                Gabriella Coleman, Jenny Perlin, Kathleen
                                                             Breidenbach, Sven Travis, Alexander
Event PR, Marketing, Poster Design                           Drai nger, Rachel Sherman, Orit Halpern,
Communications and External Affairs,                         Karl Mendoca, Jeffrey Goldfarb, Verna de
The New School                                               LaMothe, Dawnja Burris, Robin Mookerjee,
Photo Documentation                                          Julia Foulkes, Stefania deKenessey, Timothy
Conway Liao                                                  Quigley, Caveh Zahedi, Ely Kaplan, Shannon
                                                             Mattern, Jonah Bossewitch, Dmitri Nikulin,
Collaboration Prelude Events                                 Ella Turenne, Scott Rosenberg, Laura
Beka Economopoulos (November 11),                            DeNardis at the Yale Information Society
Carin Kuoni, Alyssa Phoebus (September 29)                   Project, Dorothy Kidd, Leah Belsky at
                                                             Kaltura, Ted Magder at New York University’s
Live Streaming
                                                             Council for Media and Culture, Mark Greif
Victoria Vesna, Simeon Poulin
                                                             at n+1 Magazine and Ayreen Anastas and
                                                             Rene Gabri at 16 Beaver Group, and all
                                                             our colleagues at The New School who
                                                             enthusiastically and generously support this
                                                             conference series.
                                        XX%


                 Cert no. XXX-XXX-000




Text stock: Rolland Enviro 100 Print, 60 lb.,100% post-
consumer waste, certi ed Ecologo, Processed Chlorine Free,
FSC recycled and manufactured using biogas energy.
Dear all,

Welcome to Eugene Lang College The New             Labor: Digital Democracy or Centralized
School for Liberal Arts for the rst event in       Sweatshop?” took place at The Change You
a series of biennial conferences about the         Want To See Gallery.
politics of digital media.
                                                   Moving forward, the next conference in the
This inaugural conference, The Internet as         Politics of Digital Media series, The Internet
Playground and Factory, alerts us to the           as Playground and University, will be held
fact that hundreds of millions of people           at Eugene Lang College in the fall of 2011.
continuously make the totality of their life       It will focus on a novel kind of participatory
energy available to a handful of businesses.       media literacy that underwrites students for
                                                   the commons. A preparatory event in April
At this international event about 100              2010 will focus on the death of lm school
activists, lawyers, media scholars,                and the rebirth of screen education.
anthropologists, artists, activists, students,
programmers, historians, and social media          In 2013, the third conference in the series,
experts come together to reevaluate free           The Internet as Barricade and Soap Box,
labor, play, and pleasure in an economy that       will focus on media activism outside
is increasingly driven by the expropriation of     the United States and Europe. Internet
online sociality.                                  cultures have radically internationalized
                                                   over the past ve years. English-language
One aspiration of this conference is to            content no longer dominates the Web.
offer an accessible analysis of the ways in        The digital divide is not what it used to
which people are used—from traditional             be. The Internet is not accessible to the
labor markets to the Internet. Most people         vast majority of people in economically
who are active users of social networking          developing countries, these populations
services are not aware of the ways in which        have a larger density of mobile phones than
their attention is captured and their data         those in the overdeveloped world.
tracks are collected, analyzed, and sold.
                                                   Enjoy the presentations and discussions,
Many speakers will investigate the changing        make new friends, tweet, blog, catch up with
sites of speculative and actual nancial            colleagues, start a collaboration, have a
value creation. In response to the awareness       glass of wine, dance, walk through New York
of patterns of expropriation, they will point to   City at night, and stay in touch with us here
a few starting points where we can tangibly        at Eugene Lang College.
politicize our lives.
                                                   Trebor Scholz
Beyond dreams of refusal of Internet
cultures we propose support for data
portability, decentralization, Free and Open
Source Software, peer-created and owned
public media, and alternative business
models that do not merely strive for the
biggest pro t. If we better understand the
granularities of today’s labor we will be able
to discuss the lives we may lead tomorrow
with more con dence.

Two prelude events have set the stage for
The Internet as Playground and Factory
conference. “Changing Labor Value” at the
Vera List Center for Art Politics discussed
the changing meaning of labor in the digital
era. The second event, “Crowdsourced

                                                                                                    1
THE INTERNET                                        Play the BackChatter
                                                    Conference Game!
AS PLAYGROUND                                       BackChatter is a game about predicting

AND FACTORY                                         Twitter trends designed to be played
                                                    at conferences like this one. Beating
                                                    BackChatter means sharpening your
First in a series of biennial conferences           sociolinguistic smarts. The game is divided
about the politics of digital media                 into rounds that correspond to sessions at
                                                    event where BackChatter is taking place.
November 12–14, 2009 at                             Each round, you pick three words that you
The New School, New York City                       think will be popular in tweets about the
                                                    conference during the next game round. You
Live Stream                                         send in your votes with a direct message to
Sections of this conference will be live streamed   the game consisting of the three words you
at www.streamingculture.parsons.edu                 want to pick. During the next round, you get
                                                    points whenever anyone uses your words
Twitter                                             in a tweet about the event (tweets marked
The hash tag for this event is #IPF09.              with #IPF09). The value of a word is based
Add this to the end of each tweet.                  on how many people voted on it: the MORE
                                                    people that picked a word, the LESS valuable
                                                    it is. So the most valuable words are the
                                                    words that no one else selected.
                                                    A website keeps track of player scores from
                                                    round to round, and has other useful info,
                                                    like a dynamic word cloud formed from
                                                    tweets about the event. If you do visit the
                                                    game site, just remember that a game might
                                                    not be in session so there might not be any
                                                    game data showing.
                                                    BackChatter is a project by Mike Edwards,
                                                    Colleen Macklin, John Sharp and Eric
                                                    Zimmerman. www.backchatter.org

                                                    Play Rooms
                                                    You did not come to this conference just to
                                                    get inspired, learn, dance, and network. You’ll
                                                    want to catch up with friends, compare notes,
                                                    and start collaborations. This is not always
                                                    easy at an urban campus and in the context
                                                    of a conference. The play rooms are empty
                                                    rooms reserved for you to use as you see t.

                                                    Thursday: 6 East 16th Street, 8 to 10 p.m.
                                                    Rooms 910 and 1009

                                                    Friday: 6 East 16th Street, 9 a.m. to 7 p.m.
                                                    Rooms 734, 906, 913, 1002, 1132
                                                    Saturday: 6 East 16th Street, 9 a.m. to 7 p.m.
                                                    Rooms 704, 705, 901, 902, 903, 904, 908,
                                                    911, 912, 1004, 1008



2
AGENDA                                       Friday, November 13
                                             10:30 a.m.–1:15 p.m.
Thursday, November 12
                                             SESSION A: VIRTUAL WORLDS,
5:00 p.m.                                    CIVIL RIGHTS, AND SLAUGHTER
                                             Location Sheila Johnson Design Center,
Kick-off film screening: Sleep Dealer
                                             66 Fifth Avenue, Kellen Auditorium
Location: Alvin Johnson Building,
                                             Digital Labor, Digital Immigration, and
66 West 12th Street, room 404
                                             Transnationality or Why Virtual Worlds Need a
Q&A with director Alex Rivera
                                             Civil Rights Movement, Lisa Nakamura; The
7:15–10:00 p.m.                              Absolute and the Virtual, Alexander Galloway;
                                             Digital Slaughter, Timothy Pachirat; Whatever
Registration and Reception                   Blogging, Jodi Dean. Moderator Ferentz
Location: Eugene Lang College Café,          LaFargue.
65 West 11th Street
(across the courtyard from the               SESSION B: PERFORM OR ELSE:
Alvin Johnson Building)                      AMAZON.COM’S MECHANICAL TURK
                                             Location: Alvin Johnson Building,
Friday, November 13                          66 West 12th Street, room 404
                                             Exploitation and Agency in Amazon’s
8:00–9:30 a.m. Registration                  Mechanical Turk, Lilly Irani; Emoji Dick, Fred
                                             Benenson; Cognitive Labor, Crowdsourcing,
10:00 a.m.
                                             and the Cultural History of Human/Machine
OPENING PLENARY                              Assemblages, Ayhan Aytes; The Mechanical
Location: Tishman Auditorium,                Turk Performance Handbook, Francesco
66 West 12th Street, main oor                Gagliardi. Moderator Edward Maloney.

Remarks by                                   SESSION C: IDEOLOGY AND THE
Bob Kerrey, President of The New School      EROTICS OF “PLAYBOR”
Neil Gordon, Dean of Eugene Lang College     Location: Alvin Johnson Building,
The New School for Liberal Arts              66 West 12th Street, room 407
Trebor Scholz, conference convener, member   On Social Lubrication: Between the Digital
of the faculty of Eugene Lang College        and Chthonic, Dominic Pettman; The Digital
                                             Ideology, Jonathan Beller; Work Hard, Play
                                             Harder—Labor, Playbor, and the Ideology of
                                             Play, Julian Kücklich; Estranged Free Labor,
                                             Mark Andrejevic. Moderator Deborah Levitt.

                                             SESSION D: ARE THE POETS USING YOU?
                                             Location: Alvin Johnson Building,
                                             66 West 12th Street, room 510
                                             Reading from “Implementation,” “Mystery
                                             House Taken Over,” “Book and Volume,”
                                             and “ppg256,” Nick Montfort; The Poetics
                                             of Uncreativity, Darren Wershler. Moderator
                                             Kate Eichhorn.




CAMPUS MAP ON BACK COVER

                                                                                              3
Friday, November 13                              6:00–6:30 p.m.
                                                 FACEBOOK USER LABOR ENACTMENTS
1:15–2:15 p.m. Break                             Performance by Ursula Endlicher
                                                 in collaboration with Burak Arikan
2:15–5:00 p.m.                                   Location: 66 West 12th Street, room 404
SESSION A: THE GIFT OF                           6:00–7:15 p.m.
IMMATERIAL LABOR
Location: Wollman Hall, 65 West 11th Street,     SESSION A: WORK, LABOR, AND
5th oor                                          THE PRODUCTIVITY OF FUN
After Tolerance, Sean Cubitt; Gift, Game,        Location: 66 West 12th Street, room 510
Work, and Labor, McKenzie Wark;                  Where’s the Fun in ERPs? Labor, Logistics
Immaterial Labor 2.0, Mark Cote; America         and the Frontier of Biopolitical Regimes,
Online Volunteers: Lessons from an Early         Ned Rossiter; Work/life: Gatekeeping,
Co-production Community, Hector Postigo.         Ethics, Online Culture, Catherine Driscoll;
Respondent: Julian Dibbell. Moderator            Productivity is Fun, Martin Roberts; Class
Meredith McGill.                                 and Exploitation on the Internet: Theoretical
                                                 Foundations and the Example of Social
SESSION B: JUSTICE, ETHICS,                      Networking Sites, Christian Fuchs.
AND EQUALITY: DIRECTIONS AND                     Moderator Joseph Heathcott.
NEAR FUTURE SCENARIOS
Location: 66 West 12th Street, room 407          SESSION B: COPYRIGHT AND HEALTH:
Workers of the Net, Disassemble!, Ulises         PRACTICE AS LABOR
Mejias; The Ethical Economy, Adam                Location: 66 West 12th Street, room 407
Arvidsson; Distributive Justice Online, Frank    Governing Content in the Social Web, Niva
Pasquale. Moderator Mark Larrimore.              Elkin-Koren; Ends and Means: Digital Labor
                                                 in the Context of Health, Robert Mitchell;
SESSION C: EXPROPRIATING LABOR                   Ethical Visions of Copyright Law, James
IN VIRTUAL WORLDS                                Grimmelman. Moderator Elizabeth Stark.
Location: 66 Fifth Avenue, Kellen Auditorium
Free Labor, Collective Intelligence,             SESSION C: THE CHANGING SITES OF VALUE
and Artistic Production, Christiane Paul;        Location: 66 Fifth Avenue, Kellen Auditorium
Software Art-Work For-Itself, Geoff Cox;         The Digital Affect and Measure Beyond
Invisible Threads, Stephanie Rothenberg;         Biopolitics, Patricia Ticineto Clough;
No Matter, Scott Kildall, Victoria Scott;        The Scanning Eye: Knowledge and Visuality
Performing Value: Labor and Contingency          in Cybernetics, Orit Halpern; Affective Labor:
in Virtual Worlds, Thomas Malaby.                Past and Present, Melissa Gregg.
Moderator Amanda McDonald Crowley.               Moderator Judith Rodenbeck.

SESSION D: ATTENTION, ELITISM,                   7:30-10:00 p.m.
AND VOLUNTEERISM:                                Friday Evening Party with DJ N-RON
INTERROGATING MODES OF LABOR                     Wine will be served (ID may be needed)
Location: 66 West 12th Street, room 510          Location: Wollman Hall, 65 West 11th Street,
How Play Works Out and Work Plays Out in         5th oor (enter at 66 West 12th Street)
an Attention-Centered Economy, Michael
Goldhaber; Old Skill, New Skill, or No Skill,
Paolo Carpignano; Volunteerism at Global
Voices, Ivan Sigal. Moderator Julia Sonnevend.




4
Saturday, November 14                             1:45–4:30 p.m.

                                                  SESSION A: THE EMANCIPATORY
8:00–9:45 a.m. Second Day Registration
                                                  POTENTIAL OF PLAY
Location: 66 Fifth Avenue,
                                                  Location: 66 Fifth Avenue, Kellen Auditorium
Ground oor lobby outside Kellen Auditorium
                                                  Pleasure: Labor: Labor: Pleasure, Gabriella
10:00 a.m.–12:45 p.m.                             Coleman; Dreaming the End of Bureaucracy:
                                                  Network Theory and the Legacy of
SESSION A: GOVERNANCE IN THE AGE                  Counterculture, Fred Turner; No Fun: Work
OF VULNERABLE PUBLICS                             and Labor in Free Software, Chris Kelty;
Location: 66 Fifth Avenue, Kellen Auditorium      Arendt and the Creative Toil of Counting,
Internet Governance: Where Digital Labor          Ben Peters. Moderator Ted By eld.
Determines Digital Freedom, Laura DeNardis;
Minds for Sale, Jonathan Zittrain; From Open      SESSION B: LABOR METRICS:
Source to Crowdsourcing: How Corporations         ATTENTION, IDENTITY, COMPENSATION
Co-Opt Collaboration, Douglas Rushkoff;           Location: 6 East 16th Street, room 1009
Predatory Networks, Self-Defense, and Society,    Are peer producers the subject of the P2P
Brian Holmes. Moderator Laura Y. Liu.             Revolution?, Michel Bauwens; Now What?
                                                  Beyond Expropriation, Trebor Scholz; Identity
SESSION B, PANEL DISCUSSION:                      and the Social: Data Politics and Ethics,
PARTICIPATION LITERACY AND                        Hendrick Speck; Play and the Constitution of
DIGITAL LABOR                                     the Net, Pat Kane. Moderator Heather Chaplin.
Location: 6 East 16th Street, room 1009
Howard Rheingold; Panarchy: Politics, and         SESSION C: USER LABOR:
Polycentrism, Paul Hartzog; Queer Theory and      CREATIVE RESPONSES
The Dichotomies of Work and Play, Christina       Location: 6 East 16th Street, room 906
McPhee; Learning in the Networked Factory,        User Generated Social Structures (UGSS),
Alex Halavais. Moderator Yuri Takhteyev.          Jonah Brucker-Cohen; Capital Implications,
                                                  Kenneth Rogers; User Labor, Burak Arikan;
SESSION C: DIGITAL LABOR AND THE BODY             Caught You Looking: A Report from the
Location: 6 East 16th Street, room 906/913        Bureau of Workplace Interruptions, Chris Barr.
Catching Up With Color Online: Against The        Moderator Brooke Singer.
Concept of Immaterial Labor, Carolyn Lee
Kane; Putting Everybody To Work, Lauren           SESSION D: FAN LABOR, RISKY BUSINESS,
Ellsworth; The Digital Securitization of Labor,   AND THE SOCIAL WEB
David Golumbia; The Internet Is a Totalitarian    Location: Wollman Hall, 65 West 11th Street,
Regime, Luis Vincent Nuñez; Digital Bodies,       5th oor. Session D starts 2:00 p.m.
Digital Labor: De/Reconstructing the Post-        Fan Labor as Paid Labor, Abigail De Kosnik;
human Subject, Brittany Anne Chozinski.           Writing for the Algorithm: Digital Labor and
Moderator Sumita Chakravarty.                     Mobile Work, Laura Forlano; Venture Labor:
                                                  The Risks of Work in Social Media, Gina Neff;
12:45–1:45 p.m. Break                             Creative Resistance in the Brave New Workplace,
                                                  Jesse Drew. Moderator Banu Bargu.

                                                  4:30–5:00 p.m. Break

                                                  5:00–7:00 p.m.
                                                  CLOSING PLENARY DISCUSSION
                                                  Location: Wollman Hall, 65 West 11th Street,
                                                  5th oor
                                                  Lisa Nakamura, Trebor Scholz, Howard
                                                  Rheingold, Idil Abshir, Gabriella Coleman,
                                                  Jonathan Beller, André D. Singleton,
                                                  Fred Turner, Pat Kane, Ellen Goodman,
                                                  and you.

                                                                                               5
Speakers and Abstracts                                  productive formations—online phenomena like
                                                        Web 2.0 and FLOSS, off-line practices like urban
Mark Andrejevic, Estranged Free Labor                   “creative scenes” and booming local alternative
Abstract: Accounts of free, immaterial, and             economies, and new business elds like Open
effective labor invoke both the notion of autonomy      Innovation and Ethical Consumerism. This paper
and that of exploitation. This presentation focuses     argues that these diverse phenomena take part
on the role of exploitation, drawing on examples        in the common emergence of a new and radically
taken from commercial social networking                 different economic system, an Ethical Economy
applications to explore what it might mean,             where production is mainly collaborative and
following Antonio Negri, to de ne exploitation          socialized and value is based on the quality
in terms of the “production of an armory of             of social relations (rather than on the input of
instruments for the control of the time of social       productive time). The talk proposes the beginnings
cooperation.” The presentation argues for the           of a theory of this ethical economy with particular
centrality of estrangement and structural forms of      emphasis on its new ethical value logic. It
coercion to a critical conception of exploitation in    suggests an analysis of its historical emergence,
the digital era.                                        showing how it can be understood to result from
“My work focuses on the productive aspect of            a dialectic between cooperation and competition
surveillance and monitoring in the digital era. In      inherent to industrial capitalism from the start.
particular I explore the ways in which the capture      Finally it indicates how the concept of an ethical
of detailed information about citizens becomes a        economy can cast new light on present struggles
source of value creation and generation within the      around the capitalist appropriation of digital
context of the emerging interactive commercial          labor and other forms of social production and
model. I am an associate professor in the               how such a perspective can cast new light on the
Department of Communication Studies at the              future of capitalism.
University of Iowa and a postdoctoral researcher        Adam Arvidsson teaches sociology at the University
at the University of Queensland, where I am             of Milano. He is the author of Brands. Meaning
researching attitudes toward the disclosure of          and Value in Media Culture (London; Rouledge
personal information online.” www.uiowa.edu/            2006), and has published on social production,
~commstud/people/faculty/andrejevic                     creativity and creative industries, and the political
Burak Arikan, User Labor                                economy of cognitive capitalism in general.
Abstract: We propose an open data structure,            Presently he is involved in four major projects:
User Labor Markup Language (ULML), to outline           activist research on the conditions of “creative
the metrics of user participation in social web         labor” in the fashion industry in Milano; a research
services. Our aim is to construct criteria and          project on the nancial value of reputation housed
context for determining the value of user labor,        at the Copenhagen Business School; an EU funded
which is currently a monetized asset for the            attempt to develop bottom-up collaborative brands
service provider but not for the user herself. We       for small entrepreneurs in the creative industries,
believe that universal, transparent, and self-          and a new book, The Ethical Economy, co-authored
controlled user labor metrics will ultimately lead      with Nicolai Peitersen and forthcoming from
to more sustainable social web. User Labor is           Columbia University Press in 2010.
initiated by Burak Arikan and Engin Erdogan.            www.ethicaleconomy.com/info/book
Burak Arikan is an artist and researcher based          Ayhan Aytes, Cognitive Labor, Crowdsourcing, and
in New York and Istanbul. He creates networked          Cultural History of Human/Machine Assemblages
systems that evolve with the interactions of            Abstract: Amazon’s MTurk is a signi cant example
people and machines. His work confronts issues          of valorization of collective intelligence in the
ranging from cultural sustainability to participatory   networked economy. Mediated by this online
economy to art and politics in networked                platform, the workers of the “arti cial arti cial
environments. www.burak-arikan.com; www.twitter.        intelligence” system search, nd, and ful ll human
com/arikan; www.facebook.com/burakarikan                intelligence tasks (HITs) requested by developers.
Adam Arvidsson, The Ethical Economy                     This assemblage represents a crucial formation
Abstract: We are witnessing a wave of new               on a global scale as it facilitates the supply of the
                                                        intellectual labor needs of (mainly) U.S. based

6
businesses by workers from across the world.            Turkey, 2000-2007. Her research and teaching
The particular conditions of intellectual labor in      interests include modern, late modern, and critical
this crowdsourcing scheme maintain a transient,         theory, theories of sovereignty, violence (particularly
task-based, and limited-time relationship between       different forms of political self-sacri ce), labor, and
the worker and the requester and do not require         democracy. www.newschool.edu/NSSR/faculty
direct communication between the parties. The           Chris Barr, Caught You Looking: A Report from
Chess Playing Automaton of 18th-century inventor        the Bureau of Workplace Interruptions
von Kempelen is the metaphor for the relationship       Abstract: Recent shifts in labor constructs to
this system establishes between intellectual            what is being termed “immaterial labor” or “Post-
labor and seemingly automated complex tasks             Fordism,” parallel the rise of artistic practices
since, in both cases, the performance of workers        that have as their basis viewer collaboration and
who animate the arti ce is obscured by the              participation. This presentation looks at artworks
spectacle of the machine. This relationship can         by the presenter and others that engage the
be further scrutinized by approaching the concept       digital workplace. Speci cally, pieces such as
of automata in the entire cultural history of           the “Bureau of Workplace Interruptions” aim to
human machine assemblage in the West. Within            intervene in the communication ow of a normal
this genealogy of machine animating specters,           workday in order to free bandwidth for more
the linkage between von Kempelen’s Chess                intimate communication. This discussion revolves
Playing Automaton and Amazon’s crowdsourcing            around tactics to slow workplace production with
enterprise appear to be more than a mere                communication technologies and invisible theater.
trade insight, especially in the context of the
disembodiment of information formulated                 Chris Barr is an artist and designer concerned with
through the postwar cybernetic discourse,               contemporary labor patterns, communication, and
which has largely contributed to the current            workspace dynamics. His work spans various media
conceptualization of cognitive labor.                   including networked performance, installation,
                                                        and video, and has been exhibited internationally,
Ayhan Aytes is a media researcher studying              notably at the Albright-Knox Art Gallery in Buffalo,
cultural interfaces by means of media archaeology.      the Lab in San Francisco, and Centre de Cultura
His focus is on understanding pre-modern media          Contemporània de Barcelona. Chris is an assistant
such as maps, automata and clocks within                professor in the Department of Art and Design at
their social, cultural and political context. His       West Virginia University. www.chrisbarr.net
photography and multimedia works were recently
exhibited in a joint project in Istanbul, Reading the   Michel Bauwens, Are Peer Producers the
City of Signs: Istanbul: Revealed or Mysti ed. He       Subject of the P2P Revolution?
holds a master’s degree in Communication Design         Abstract: Addressing social contracts and social
from the Institute of Design in Chicago. He is a        con icts in peer production, the presentation
PhD candidate at the University of California at        covers three different models of online value
San Diego in the Department of Communication            creation characterized by different social
and a research assistant in the University              contracts and social con icts. The contradiction
of California multi-campus research group               between users/value creators and platform
Transliteracies. www.ayhanaytes.net                     owners is assessed for its emancipatory potential
                                                        in the new context of knowledge labor.
Banu Bargu (moderator) is an assistant
professor of Political Science at The New School        Michel Bauwens is an active writer, researcher,
for Social Research and Eugene Lang College,            and speaker on the subject of technology, culture,
teaching political theory. She received her PhD         and business innovation. He is the founder of the
from the Department of Government at Cornell            Foundation for Peer-to-Peer Alternatives and works
University in 2008. She has received numerous           in collaboration with a global group of researchers
teaching and research awards, including the John        in the exploration of peer production, governance,
M. and Emily B. Clark Award for Distinguished           and property. He has been an analyst for the United
Teaching, Luigi Einaudi Fellowship, and the Janice      States Information Agency, knowledge manager for
N. and Milton J. Esman Prize for Best Dissertation.     British Petroleum, and eBusiness strategy manager
She is currently nishing a book manuscript,             for Belgacom, as well as an internet entrepreneur in
Human Weapons: The Death Fast Struggle of               native Belgium. He coproduced the TV documentary

                                                                                                               7
Technocalyps with Frank Theys and co-edited a               Beller is the author of The Cinematic Mode of
two-volume book about the anthropology of digital           Production: Attention Economy and the Society
society with Salvino Salvaggio. Michel is Primavera         of the Spectacle and Acquiring Eyes: Philippine
Research Fellow at the University of Amsterdam and          Visuality, Nationalist Struggle and the World-
an external expert for the Ponti cal Academy of Social      Media System. He has taught in the History of
Sciences. He currently lives in Bangkok, Thailand. In       Consciousness and Literature program at University
February 2009, he joined Dhurakij Pundit University’s       of California at Santa Cruz, at San Francisco State
International College as a lecturer, assisting with the     University, at Barnard College, and is currently
development of the Asian Foresight Institute.               professor of Humanities and Media Studies at
www.p2pfoundation.net; www.re-public.gr/en                  Pratt Institute. www.jonathanbeller.wordpress.com
Ted Byfield (moderator) is an assistant professor            Jonah Brucker-Cohen, User-generated
in the School of Art, Media, and Technology of              Social Structures
Parsons The New School for Design. He has worked            Abstract: Digital communication tools are a
for more than a decade as a freelance book                  critical component of everyday life for many
editor for academic and public-interest publishers,         people. The appropriate or inappropriate design of
including Cambridge University Press, the Dia Center        communication tools in uences and shapes how
for the Arts, the New Press, Scribner/Macmillan,            we connect, interact, and collaborate in local and
and Zone Books, and has been co-editor of “ICANN            distributed groups. Many of the digital tools we use
Watch” since 2001 and co-moderator of the Nettime           arose organically, without explicit understanding of
mailing list since 1998. He has presented at many           the complex effects they have on human behaviour.
conferences, including Tulipomania (Amsterdam,              For example, mailing lists emerged more than 30
2000), blur_02 (New York City, 2002), the Next 5            years ago, and yet the social experience of mailing
Minutes 4 (Amsterdam, 2003), Library 2.0 (Yale              lists has remained nearly unchanged, e.g. mailing
University, 2008). His writings on subjects ranging         lists do not exist that are designed to explicitly
from space photography to internet governance have          support business processes. THWONK is an
been published in First Monday, Frieze, Le Monde            ongoing collaborative project (with Mike Bennett)
Diplomatique, and Mute to name a few. He has                to research Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and
consulted for the BBC, the Kitchen, the Open Society        Computer Mediated Communication (CMC). CMC
Institute, and the Waag Society for Old and New             is concerned with the design and study of online
Media. His honors include contributing to the winner        communication tools like email, instant messaging,
of the 1997 Rotterdam Design Prize, a Design Trust          text messaging, social networks, and Twitter.
for Public Space Fellowship in Journalism in 2002,          THWONK is a free website, authoring application,
and a 2003 grantfrom the Open Society Institute.            and infrastructure designed for crowd-sourcing and
He was a contributor in 2003-2004 to the Social             simplifying the creation and rapid prototyping of
Science Research Council’s Information Technology           novel CMC systems so that non-technical users can
and International Cooperation workgroup.                    invent and explore their own CMC. Our purposes
Jonathan Beller, The Digital Ideology                       with THWONK are to shed new light on possible
Abstract: “Digital” has become the mantra for all           CMC designs and to simplify the process of CMC
things contemporary and, as such, signals that the          implementation and research.
capitalist market is present in the very articulation       Jonah Brucker-Cohen, researcher and artist, is a
of digitality. We can be sure that unless we                PhD candidate in the Disruptive Design Team of
ourselves develop an antagonistic relation to “the          the Networking and Telecommunications Research
digital” and “digital culture,” our creativity, if that’s   Group (NTRG) of Trinity College, Dublin. His work
what it is, will continue to serve that system, which       and thesis focuses on the theme of “Deconstructing
structurally guarantees the accumulation of wealth          Networks,” which includes projects that attempt
by a tiny minority and the intensifying immiseration        to critically challenge and subvert accepted
of the global majority. Thus, from the standpoint of        perceptions of network interaction and experience.
social justice, any theory of labor/value that does         He received his masters degree from the Interactive
not reckon with structural inequality and the larger        Telecommunications program of New York
contradictions of capitalism is pernicious.                 University’s Tisch School of the Arts. Since 2003, he
                                                            has co-led the Scrapyard Challenge Workshops with
                                                            Katherine Moriwaki, held in more than 14 countries

8
across Europe, South America, North America, Asia,     Sumita Chakravarty (Moderator), is associate
and Australia. His work has been exhibited at the      professor of Media Studies, former chair of
San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, Museum             Culture and Media at Eugene Lang College The
of Modern Art (MoMA, New York), Institute of           New School for Liberal Arts in New York. She is
Contemporary Art (London), Whitney Museum of           the author of National Identity in Indian Popular
American Art ArtPort, Ars Electronica, ZKM Museum      Cinema, 1947–1987 (Univ. of Texas Press,
of Contemporary Art, Dutch Electronic Art Festival,    1993); The Enemy Within: The Films of Mrinal
Art Futura, SIGGRAPH, ISEA, Chelsea Art Museum,        Sen (London: Flicks Books, 2000); “Fragmenting
and others. www.coin-operated.com; www.twitter.        the Nation: Images of Terrorism in Indian Popular
com/coinop29                                           Cinema” in Terrorism, Media, Liberation (2005);
Paolo Carpignano, Old Skill, New Skill, or No Skill?   “The Erotics of History: Gender and Transgression
Abstract: The paper traces the genealogy of the        in New Asian Cinemas” in Rethinking Third World
current crisis of work by revisiting the canonical     Cinema (2003). Recent publications include
transition between Fordism and Post-fordism and        “Cultural Studies Legacies: Visiting James
proposes a historical and conceptual context           Carey’s Border Country” and essays on media
for the discussion of digital labor. Rather than       globalization. She is currently working on two book
focusing on the institutional changes in labor         projects: one on technology and the erotic, and
processes and management strategies, it looks          the other on media and immigration.
at them from the point of view of the changing         www.newschool.edu/lang/faculty
nature of skill, critically examining notions such     Heather Chaplin (Moderator) is a professor of
as craftsmanship, deskilling, and multitasking,        journalism at The New School and author of the
which have been used to describe the quality of        acclaimed book, Smartbomb: The Quest for Art
labor in manufacturing, mass production, and           Entertainment and Big Bucks in the Videogame
distributed production. It questions traditional       Revolution. She recently participated in a Ford
dichotomies such as unproductive and productive        Foundation grant looking at issues of the public
labor, employment and unemployment, expertise          interest in the next generation of the Internet focusing
and amateurism, free labor and waged labor,            on digital literacy and journalism. She has been
etc. In particular, the paper focuses on the           interviewed for and cited in publications such as the
present nancial crisis and what it dramatically        New Yorker, the Atlantic Monthly, New York Times
reveals about the structural changes taking            Magazine, Businessweek, and the Believer and has
place in the nature of labor practices. It argues      appeared on shows such as Talk of the Nation, and
that the nancialization of daily life and the          CBS Sunday Morning. Her work has appeared in the
systemic condition of “precarity” and “forced          New York Times, the Los Angeles Times, GQ, Details,
entrepreneurship” are but aspects of the blurring      and Salon. She is a regular contributor on game
of the distinction between labor skills and “naked     culture for All Things Considered.
living.” Ultimately, the paper expects to contribute   Mark Coté, Immaterial Labour 2.0
to the questioning of the notion of labor, not         Abstract: In previous research, I proposed the
only as an analytical category but as subjective       concept of immaterial labour 2.0 as one way in
practice.                                              which we might unpack the relationship between
Paolo Carpignano is an associate professor of          play and labour in distributed digital networks. For
Sociology and Media Studies at The New School          this conference, I explore more basic questions
and coordinator of the MA/PhD program in the           raised about the relation between the human and
sociology of media. He is also a writer, consultant,   technology as suggested by contemporary media
and producer for production companies in the           theory, particularly via Bernard Stiegler and Mark
United States, Brazil, and Italy. He is the author     Hansen. Following the proposition that technics
of articles on sociology, social history and media     marks an originary condition of the human, I
theory, and co-author of Crisis and Workers’           want to consider the latest prosthetic condition
Organization and The Formation of the Mass             of social networks as mapped by a “medium
Worker in the USA, and of the online project           cartography” inspired by Deleuzian ethology. As
Televisuality. He is currently working on a new        such, play would transpire on an immanent plane
book on the relationship between work and media.       marking the power of socially-networked selves
www.newschool.edu/mediastudies/faculty                 in terms of both temporal-spatial extensions and

                                                                                                             9
affective capacity. Conversely, labour would be         earlier co-authored work on affect itself, the
captured on a plane of transcendence in all its         conceptualization of which involves reevaluating
technico-jurudical forms. What social bodies can        certain assumptions necessary to theorizing
do in these contested spaces remains in tension.        digital labor. These assumptions concern
For the past two years Mark Coté has been               the relationship of energy, matter, work and
an assistant professor in Cultural Studies at           information on one hand and on the other the
Trent University with a focus on media and              relationship of measure and value. In suggesting
communication. He has published extensively             that the digital is instigating a transvaluation of
on networked new media in Theory & Event                value, I offer comments on labor power, economy,
(under review), Ephemera, Canadian Journal of           and governmentality. The presentation is meant
Communications, Derive Approdi La Revista, and          as an intervention or an inserted re ection
borderlands, among others. His work deploys             raising the question who or what is laboring in the
contemporary media theory, autonomist theory and        conceptualization of digital labor?
continental thought to understand the relations         Patricia Ticineto Clough is professor of Sociology
between the human and technology and affect and         and Women’s Studies at the City University of New
political economy. www.facebook.com/cote.mark           York-Queens College and the Graduate Center.
Brittany Anne Chozinski, Digital Labor:                 She is the author of Autoaffection: Unconscious
Re/Deconstructing the Post-human Subject                Thought in the Age of Teletechnology (2000),
Abstract: How does this invisible interaction labor     Feminist Thought: Desire, Power and Academic
affect our bodies? What were key steps in the           Discourse (1994), and The End(s) of Ethnography:
history of interaction design that managed to           From Realism to Social Criticism (1998). She is
mobilize and structure the social participation of      editor of The Affective Turn: Theorizing the Social
bodies and psyches in order to capture value?           (2007) and, with Craig Willse, editor of Beyond
                                                        Biopolitics: Essays on the Governance of Life and
Brittany Anne Chozinksi is currently completing         Death (forthcoming). Clough’s work has drawn on
her PhD in sociology at The New School for              theoretical traditions concerned with technology,
Social Research, where she previously earned a          affect, unconscious processes, timespace, and
master’s degree in sociology. By day, she works as      political economy. She is currently working on
a multimedia specialist for a nonpro t adoption         Ecstatic Corona an ethnographic historical
agency, handling everything from social media to        research and experimental writing project about
digital video and web editing. She has taught as        where she grew up in Queens, New York.
an adjunct professor of sociology at Marymount          www.soc.qc.cuny.edu/faculty/clough
Manhattan College and is currently in her second
year as a research assistant for Dr. Jaeho Kang on      Gabriella Coleman,
his work involving propaganda, the Frankfurt School,    Pleasure: Labor: Labor: Pleasure
and communications studies. Her work revolves           Abstract: One of the distinctive features of
around media and subjectivity, with particular          contemporary Internet labor is pleasure. Whether
interest in the digital screen, alterity and mimesis,   it is the pleasure of writing a review on Amazon or
and the body and subject is highly mediated digital     crafting your own clothes (and then selling them
environments. Though labor has not been a key           on Etsy), a sense of pleasure and pride often
focus of her work, it is a reoccurring them, and        follows from these activities of labor common on
she has previous written on televisual labor and        the Internet. In this talk, I examine the politics of
how this shifts with battles of convergence with the    labor and pleasure by addressing a new class
internet and mobile media. Chozinksi has a strong       of character also common on the Internet, the
background in cinema studies and the Frankfurt          griefer and troll who, as their name suggests,
School and seeks to apply critical theoretical          cause grief on the Internet for the sake of the lulz
analysis to media and technology studies within         (aka pleasure). With a focus on recent battles
sociology. www.facebook.com/brittany.chozinski;         between Anonymous (the trolls) and the Church of
www.twitter.com/topshelf                                Scientology, I explore the importance of pleasure
                                                        (that often bubbles directly from labor) for
Patricia Ticineto Clough, The Digital Affect            understanding not only this speci c case but for
and Measure Beyond Biopolitics                          critically grappling more generally with the nexus
Abstract: My presentation returns to an                 between labor and pleasure on the Internet.

10
Trained as an anthropologist, Gabriella Coleman       (2007) and is currently working on a book project.
is an assistant professor in the Department of        He is an editor for the DATA Browser book series
Media, Culture, and Communication at NYU.             (published by Autonomedia) and co-edited
She teaches courses on hacking and digital            Economising Culture (2004), Engineering Culture
politics and has done the bulk of her research        (2005) and Creating Insecurity (2009).
on the politics of free software.                     www.anti-thesis.net/work
www.steinhardt.nyu.edu/faculty_bios/view/             Jeff Crouse (participant in Prelude event,
Gabriella_Coleman; gabriellacoleman.org/blog          Nov. 11) talks about a few projects of his that
Geoff Cox, Software Art-Work For-Itself               use Internet labor, including Invisible Threads, a
Abstract: With software, not only is the              virtual online sweatshop; Crowded, a radio show
programmer’s work dif cult to identify (often         produced by Mechanical Turk workers; Dirt Party,
hidden behind the interface) but the user’s labor     where personal information about party-goers is
also disappears into the operating system. In a       gathered by online workers to create a live visual
contemporary scenario, this is exempli ed by          presentation; and You3b, a community site for the
the operations of “social media,” wherein the         creation of YouTube triptychs.
social relation is produced in restrictive form,      Jeff Crouse makes playful parodies commenting
underpinned by the socio-technical hierarchical       on the role of technology in our lives. His work
logic of server-client relations. The participatory   takes many forms, including software, Web
work-play ethic of social media can thus be           applications, installations, games, and video.
understood as an expression of new forms of           His piece Invisible Threads, a mixed-reality
control, such that the value stolen no longer         installation about virtual labor, was featured at
relates simply to labor power but to subjectivity     the New Frontiers Gallery at the Sundance Film
too. The associated dislocation of social             Festival in 2007. James Chimpton, a robotic
antagonism remains useful to conceptualize            monkey, interviewed the artists of the 2008
the way that exploitation is subsumed into the        Whitney Biennial using information harvested from
wider social realm. Consequently, the control of      the web in real time. Another piece, Dirt Party,
social media, and the labor related to it, are key    made people at the 2008 Futuresonic Festival
sites of antagonism that need to be identi ed         in Manchester confront their online identities by
for alternatives to be engaged. The presentation      crowdsourcing the task of digging up “dirt” about
refers to a number of artistic projects that draw     them from the Internet. His work has also been
attention to the contradictions expressed in the      shown at the DC FilmFest, the Come Out and Play
complexities of production, and the continued         Festival in Amsterdam, Laboral in Gíjon, Spain, the
importance of antagonism as a mechanism for           Obie Awards, and the Eyebeam Art & Technology
social change. The phrase software-art-work is        Center in New York. He has received grants from
expressed in a deliberately ambiguous way—to          Rhizome and Turbulence, and is has been a fellow
indicate the work involved in making software,        at Eyebeam since 2007. BS, Individualized Study,
the work involved in using software, as well as the   New York University; MS, Digital Media, Georgia
work that software does in-itself—taken together      Tech. Crouse joined the Bennington faculty in
to establish the necessity of software-art-work       Computing in the fall of 2009. www.jeffcrouse.info
operating “for-itself.”
                                                      Amanda McDonald Crowley (Moderator)
Geoff Cox is a lecturer at the University of          brings to Eyebeam a substantial and international
Plymouth (UK), an occasional artist, writer,          background in media arts. She is a cultural
and associate curator of Online Projects at           worker, curator and facilitator who specialises in
Arnol ni, Bristol (UK). He is part of Art & Social    creating new media and contemporary art events
Technologies Research at Plymouth, as well as         and programs that encourage cross-disciplinary
an adjunct faculty member at Transart Institute       practice, collaboration and exchange. She moved
(Donau University, Austria). He has a research        to New York in October 2005, relocating from her
interest in software (art) studies expressed in       native Australia where she had been based while
various projects such as the co-curated touring       working nationally and throughout Europe and
exhibition Generator (2002/03), his PhD thesis        Asia. She served as the executive producer of the
Antithesis: The Dialectics of Software Art (2006),    2004 International Symposium of Electronic Art
the co-curated public art project Social Hacking

                                                                                                       11
(ISEA2004), developing the event from concept           the idea of “whatever being” as a tag for a
to major conferences, exhibitions, performances,        contemporary mode of belonging unbound by
concerts and site speci c installations on a ferry in   the inscriptions of disciplinary identity. Some
the Baltic Sea and locations in Estonia and Finland.    agree that this mode could herald a better
She was associate director for the Adelaide Festival    coming community. Linking whatever being
2002 where she was also chair of the working            to appearances of whatever in networked
group that curated the exhibition and symposium         communications and positioning it within a brief
conVerge: where art and science meet. From 1995         history of the interconnections between media
to 2000 McDonald Crowley was Director of the            and identity, I argue that whatever being is the
Australian Network for Art and Technology (ANAT),       wrong model for a subject capable of left political
an organization with a national brief to foster links   practice and opposition.
between the arts, sciences and new technology.          Jodi Dean is professor of Political Science at
She has done residencies in Berlin, Germany             Hobart and William Smith Colleges and Erasmus
(1994/5), Banff Center for the Arts (2002), and at      Professor of the Humanities in the Faculty of
Sarai in Delhi, India (2002/3), regularly speaks at     Philosophy at Erasmus University. She is the
international conferences and festivals, and lurks on   author or editor of nine books. The most recent
a lot of media, technology, and culture email lists.    is Democracy and Other Neoliberal Fantasies:
www.eyebeam.org/people/amanda-mcdonald-                 Communicative Politics and Left Politics.
crowley                                                 www.deanicite.typepad.com; www.twitter.com/
Sean Cubitt, After Tolerance                            Jodi3425; www.facebook.com/jodidean
Abstract: Where the gift of labor has been              Laura E. DeNardis, Internet Governance:
commercialized, as it has in social networking, the     Where Digital Labor Determines Digital Freedom
surveillance functions of the database economy          Abstract: The work of Internet governance—such as
serve not only to target but to average. Here the       managing Internet resources and setting technical
virtual nature of the crowd, its power to act, is       standards—is not only an issue of technical design
removed by a process of forecasting how much            but a form of technological rulemaking about the
deviance is tolerable in a population. The challenge    public’s civil liberties online. For example, some
then is to challenge the auto-archiving of network      Internet standards are at the center of technology
activity with its extension. What is essential is not   and law questions about copyright ltering,
the actual, nor identity, but precisely non-identity:   surveillance and censorship, and individual privacy.
the non-identical nature of the world to which          The work of Internet governance is primarily done
Western thought perpetually ascribes identity.          by private institutions, often operating outside
The challenge is to drive the logic of individualism    the jurisdiction of traditional governments and
to its far side, to turn the compulsory choice of       completely out of public view. While the production
consumerism into actual freedom.                        of content may be increasingly democratized, the
Sean Cubitt is director of the program in               production of technical architecture is not. DeNardis
Media and Communications at the University              will examine the shift from the traditional policy work
of Melbourne and Honorary Professor of the              of governments and citizens to the more diffusive
University of Dundee. His publications include          and private institutional labor of Internet governance
Timeshift: On Video Culture, Videography: Video         structures and will examine the role of openness,
Media as Art and Culture, Digital Aesthetics,           transparency, and other democratic values in
Simulation and Social Theory, The Cinema                helping to legitimate such a shift.
Effect and EcoMedia. He is the series editor for        Dr. Laura DeNardis is the executive director of
Leonardo Books at MIT Press. His current research       the Yale Information Society Project. She is an
is on public screens and the transformation of          Internet scholar, teaches at Yale Law School, and
public space and on genealogies of digital light        is the author of Protocol Politics: The Globalization
technologies. www.culture-communication.                of Internet Governance (The MIT Press 2009),
www.unimelb.edu.au/media-communications;                Information Technology in Theory (Thompson
www.seancubitt.blogspot.com                             2007 with Pelin Aksoy), and numerous book
Jodi Dean, Whatever Blogging                            chapters and articles. www.lauradenardis.org;
Abstract: Giorgio Agamben has introduced                www.twitter.com/LauraDeNardis; yaleisp.org


12
Julian Dibbell (Moderator) has been writing            of gifts, of social networking from maintaining
about online culture for nearly two decades. He        family bonds to dating or socialising with friends,
is the author of two books about online worlds,        and of just passing the time—overlap in so many
Play Money: Or How I Quit My Day Job and Made          ways with work spaces, work tools, and the
Millions Trading Virtual Loot (Basic, 2006) and        virtually compulsory elements of everyday life like
My Tiny Life: Crime and Passion in a Virtual           banking or schooling. I draw for this discussion
World (Henry Holt, 1999). He has written essays        not only on critical theoretical approaches to
and articles about hackers, computer viruses,          labour, including speculative terms such as
online communities, encryption technologies,           affective and immaterial labour, but also on policy
music pirates, and the heady cultural, political,      documents designed to manage the incursion
and philosophical questions that tie these and         of life on work, on activist claims regarding the
other digital-age phenomena together. He lives in      protection of life against the uncursions of work,
Chicago, Illinois. www.juliandibbell.com               and on ethnographic research across MMORPG
Jesse Drew, Creative Resistance                        gaming, MUVE participants, fan ction journal
in the Brave New Workplace                             communities and archives, and academic use of
Abstract: Communications has always been               social networking sites.
a key component of wage labor’s attempts to            Catherine Driscoll is senior lecturer in Gender
leverage better pay, improve conditions of work,       and Cultural Studies at the University of Sydney.
or creatively protest the boredom and monotony         She works in a range of elds, including cultural
of work. How have these practices evolved as the       theory, online culture, modernity, rural studies,
digital workplace has supplanted more traditional      and youth culture. Her publications include
employment? Is there a continuity between the          Girls: Feminine Adolescence in Popular Culture
fax machine and the photocopier and social             and Cultural Theory (Columbia UP, 2002) and
networking and mobile technologies? What is the        Modernist Cultural Studies (UP of Florida, 2009).
relationship between individual acts of creative       Forthcoming publications include Teen Film: A
expression and a collective labor response to new      Critical Introduction (Berg, 2010), Broadcast
forms of exploitation in the new workplace? These      Yourself: Intimacy, Presence and Community
are the questions I will explore in my presentation.   Online (with Melissa Gregg), and a book on
Jesse Drew is a writer and media artist whose work     Australian country girlhood. Other current projects
on participatory media in a democratic society,        include an Australia Research Council project on
labor communications and media technology              country towns. www.arts.usyd.edu.au/departs/
have appeared in numerous publications                 gcs/staff/pro les/cdriscoll.shtml
and anthologies. Drew’s documentary and                Kate Eichhorn (Moderator), Are the Poets
experimental lm/video work has been exhibited          Using You? A Reading and Discussion
internationally and domestically in many different     with Nick Montford and Darren Wershler
venues. For many years he was a labor activist in      Abstract: Corporations are not alone in the
both traditional smokestack factories and modern       desire to expropriate the value of online users’
electronic assembly plants. He is currently director   labor. Alongside corporate entities, writers and
and associate professor of Technocultural Studies      artists are redeploying users’ work and works,
at the University of California at Davis.              words and images, codes and innovations. In
www.jessedrew.com                                      contrast to corporations, however, their gain is
Catherine Driscoll, Work/Life: Gatekeeping,            primarily aesthetic rather than monetary, but is
Ethics, Online Culture                                 expropriated labor for aesthetic gain necessarily
Abstract: In this presentation I want to think about   less problematic than expropriated labor for
the messiness of what is often referred to as          monetary gain? More importantly, what might we
work/life balance and understood by distinctions       learn about the complexity and contradictions
between leisure and labour in moves to manage          of digital labor from writers and artists who
what online culture means in the everyday lives        chose to work within commercial platforms,
of participants. It is not enough to acknowledge       especially those actively appropriating other
that work and life can’t be distinguished in the       users’ labor? Is their work a mere extension and/
same way when the tools of leisure—of games,           or enacted critique of corporate expropriations
                                                       of online users’ everyday forms of participation

                                                                                                        13
and creation? More broadly, what decisions               institutions which govern access to content—
drive writers and artists to work within or              copyright and contracts. Social production is
outside commercial platforms, and to what                driven, to a large extent, by social motivation; it is
extent do these decisions affect their status as         often collaborative in nature, and it is created and
cultural workers, the nature of their work and           shared within a social context designed by social
its long-term archivability? In this reading and         media platforms. This social dimension is currently
moderated discussion, writers Nick Montfort and          missing from our regulatory approach to content.
Darren Wershler investigate the possibilities and        While the current intellectual property regime
limitations of cultural production produced both         focuses on central control, social production
within and against commercial platforms and              requires us to articulate a matrix of relationships
the meaning of digital labor across literary and         which has three pillars: the individual, the
artistic communities.                                    facilitator (either commercial or non-commercial,
Kate Eichhorn is an assistant professor of Culture       private or governmental) and the community of
and Media Studies at The New School. Her research        users. A better understanding of this complex
focuses on material culture, the theory and practice     dynamics—between individuals, crowds and
of the archive, and the poetics of everyday life.        social media platforms— is necessary in order to
Recent articles have appeared or are forthcoming         design adequate policies for the social web. The
in Public Culture, Invisible Culture, Cultural Studies   paper underlines the limitations of the current
= Critical Methodologies and Women’s Studies: An         regime and points to the need for rethinking
Interdisciplinary Journal. She is also the author of     our conceptual framework. I describe the social
two books of poetry, including Fond (2008), and          nature of UGC and analyze the implications of
co-editor of Prismatic Publics (2009). She serves        social production for the different stakeholders.
as review editor for Topia: Canadian Journal of          The social web creates a mixture of commercial
Cultural Studies and is currently completing a book-     and non-commercial interactions, transitory
length study entitled Reading the Refuse: Archiving      and enduring stakes, ad-hoc collaboration and
and the Poetics of Everyday Life. www.newschool.         sustainable communities. I explain why social
edu/lang/faculty                                         production and UGC might be incompatible with
                                                         the current copyright regime. I also discuss market
Beka Economopoulos, (Moderator; also                     analysis and argue that the view of users-platform
participant in Prelude event, Nov. 11), has 15           interaction as a market transaction for goods and
years experience as a grassroots eld and online          services governed by contracts, is rather limited.
organizer, working with local, national, and             Finally, I offer several insights on the institutions
international NGOs and activist mobilizations. She       that should govern access to User Generate
is currently the vice president of Fission Strategy,     Content in the social web.
a consultancy specializing in Web 2.0 and new
media approaches to online advocacy, organizing,         Niva Elkin-Koren is the dean of the University of
marketing, and communications. Prior to joining          Haifa Faculty of Law. She is the founding director
Fission, she directed the Online Organizing team         of the Haifa Center for Law & Technology (HCLT).
at Greenpeace USA, managing online/of ine                She received her LLB from Tel-Aviv University
integration, distributed labor, and social media         School of Law in 1989, her LLM from Harvard
strategy. Beka is also a co-founder of Not An            Law School in 1991, and her SJD from Stanford
Alternative, a volunteer-run non-pro t organization      Law School in 1995. Her research focuses on the
based in Brooklyn, New York, whose mission aims          legal institutions that facilitate private and public
to integrate art, activism, technology and theory in     control over the production and dissemination
order to affect popular understandings of events,        of information. She has written and spoken
symbols and history. www. ssionstrategy.com;             extensively about the privatization of information
www.notanalternative.net                                 policy, copyright law and democratic theory, the
                                                         effects of cyberspace on the economic analysis
Niva Elkin-Koren, Governing Content in the               of law, liability of information intermediaries,
Social Web                                               the regulation of search engines, and the legal
Abstract: The prevalence of social production            strategies for enhancing the public domain.
and the rise of user generated content (UGC)             www.law.haifa.ac.il/faculty/eng/elkin.htm
destabilize the fundamental premises of the legal

14
Lauren Ellsworth, Putting the Entire Population         using also data from an ULML stream, which is
To Work                                                 getting updated from a running system. In the
Abstract: Lauren Ellsworth explores social media,       presentation/show the participants, the audience,
and the way in which media and interpersonal            the students, are able to submit “movement
relationships shift with the introduction of            descriptions”—describing what the lead dancer
international communities of communication. Is          creates from scratch—and submit this to the
participation in these communities labor? Are           database, to be used again by the second dancer.
we putting the entire population to work? Or are        The returned data from the live-stream is used
we transferring existing work to a new medium,          as well and, together with the submissions,
that coincidentally yields a greater capacity for       in uences the course of the show and co-creates
aggregating and processing consumer data.               a new physical representation of the Web.
Ellsworth is a senior at the University of Chicago      Since the mid-90s the Internet has had an
studying computer science and law, with a focus         impact on Ursula Endlicher’s practice, which
on legal implications of Internet technologies,         bridges the Web and physical reality. She uses
particularly surrounding data portability, reputation   the Web’s ‘hidden’ languages—its HTML code—to
regulation, and expectation of privacy. She is          choreograph performances, visualizes HTML in
interested in the role that developers play in          installations, and translates it into sound. Her work
innovation, the shifting role of media with the         was recently shown at Light Industry, Brooklyn; at
introduction of social media, and the internet as a     Theater am Neumarkt in Zürich, Switzerland; at
network, in which personal network relations still      Quartier21/Museumsquartier, Vienna, Austria; at
reign supreme. www.redyaf e.com; www.twitter.           BM-Suma Contemporary Art Center in Istanbul,
com/redyaf e                                            Turkey; at Woodstreet Galleries, Pittsburgh, PA; and
Ursula Endlicher, Facebook User Labor Enactments        at the LMCC Swing Space@Seaport in New York.
Abstract: For the conference I am staging a             She received commissions from Turbulence.org/
performance, which will translate XML (an               New Radio and Performing Arts, Inc., and from
HTML-based language) into dance movements.              the Whitney Museum for its artport website. Her
The code “behind” the Web will be made visual,          work is included in Rhizome’s Art Base, and in
physical, and experiential. My artwork resides          the ursula blicke videoarchiv at Kunsthalle Wien,
on the intersection of Internet, performance, and       Austria. Endlicher has lectured about her work
installation. Previous works include a net art          internationally and has contributed to several
piece called “html_butoh”, and a live performance       publications about net art, performance and
series, Website Impersonations, both translate          interactivity; she discusses these topics on her
HTML tags into movements. In the performance            blog, Curating Netart, which she runs together with
series, dancers were creating new dance                 Ela Kagel. She was born in Vienna, Austria and
movements based on the functionality of HTML            lives in New York since 1993. www.ursenal.net
tags; the dance vocabulary was added to an              Laura Forlano, Writing for the Algorithm:
online archive, the “html-movement-library”, and        Digital Labor and Mobile Work
reused on stage by other dancers. The audience          Abstract: The Internet has enabled the emergence
played an active role during these shows: they          of virtual, decentralized and digital labor, which
were invited to interpret the dance movements           has reorganized the way people work, where
into descriptions, brief sentences, and add them        they work and what they do. Based on a 3-year
to the ever growing HTML movement alphabet.             study of mobile work practices and an ongoing
Trebor Scholz introduced me to Burak Arikan,            experiment in mobile work called Breakout!, this
asking both of us if we might be interested             presentation will examine individual accounts
working on a performance piece together for             of these changing work practices, environments
the conference. The plan is to perform ULML             and professions. For example, the growing ranks
(user-labor mark-up language), based on Burak           of freelance, self-employed and independent
Arikan’s website “userlabor.org.” I have extended       workers have formed new types of face-to-
my current HTML-movement library and included           face “communities” including membership in
ULML tags. I will practice with my performers           coworking spaces such as New Work City in New
and introduce this new content, based on the            York, which are supported by a range of social
ULML grammar, to them. Burak suggested                  networking tools such as Twitter and MeetUp

                                                                                                          15
groups; the exibility and mobility of labor has         of the exploited class is advanced. The relationship
allowed for new spaces like cafes, parks and            of class and knowledge labor is outlined and
public spaces to be appropriated for work; and,         implications for new media are discussed. The
new jobs such as search engine optimizers (SEO)         paper also discusses how useful categories such
have been created. Such phenomenon point                as the multitude by Antonio Negri and Michael
towards the reorientation of individual identities      Hardt, reproductive labor by Marxist feminism,
away from rms and towards ad-hoc, place-based           and audience commodity by Dallas Smythe, are
networks of likeminded individuals that perform         for a concept of class in informational capitalism.
various forms of unpaid labor for one another in        The contemporary proletariat constantly creates
absence of rm-structured relations. In contrast         and recreates spaces of common experience,
to mass media and advertising accounts of               such as the Internet, educational institutions,
virtual, decentralized and mobile work, which           knowledge spaces, culture, etc through their
present a vision of anytime, anywhere work, these       practices. These spaces and experiences are
new forms of labor are contextual and deeply            appropriated and thereby expropriated and
rooted in place. It is vital that these place-based     exploited by capital in order to accumulate capital.
aspects of digital labor are taken into account in      The notion of the Internet prosumer commodity is
order to understand the overall socio-economic          introduced as theoretical category that describes
transformations that are occurring.                     contemporary Internet-based capital accumulation
Laura Forlano is a visiting fellow at the Information   strategies. Social networking sites (SNS) such
Society Project at Yale Law School. She received        as MySpace, Facebook, or studiVZ are Internet-
her PhD in Communications from Columbia                 based integrated forms of communication and
University in 2008. Her dissertation, When Code         community-building. Based on this theoretical
Meets Place: Collaboration and Innovation at            foundation, a case study of social networking site
WiFi Hotspots, explores the intersection between        usage by students is presented. An online survey
organizations, technology (in particular, mobile        was based on a questionnaire consisting of 35
and wireless technology) and the role of place          (single and multiple) choice questions, 3 open-
in communication, collaboration and innovation.         ended questions, and 5 interval-scaled questions,
Forlano is an adjunct faculty member in the             was carried out (N=674). The respondents were
Design and Management department at Parsons             asked about the major perceived advantages
and the graduate programs in International Affairs      and disadvantages of SNS. The results show
and Media Studies at The New School, where she          that public information and discussion about
teaches courses on innovation, new media and            surveillance and social networking platforms
global affairs, technology and the city, technology     is important for activating critical information
policy, sustainable design and business ethics.         behaviour. The results also allow the conclusion
She serves as a board member of NYCwireless and         that there are no easy solutions to economic
the New York City Computer Human Interaction            and political surveillance on SNS in an age of
Association. Forlano received a master’s in             surveillance and new imperialism and that the
International Affairs from Columbia University, a       topic should be analyzed critically by framing it
diploma in International Relations from the Johns       the context of larger societal issues.
Hopkins University and a bachelor’s in Asian            Christian Fuchs holds a venia docendi in the
Studies from Skidmore College.                          research eld of ICTs and society. His main
www.law.yale.edu/intellectuallife/forlano               research interests are critical social theory, general
Christian Fuchs, Class and Exploitation                 social theory, media and society, critical political
on the Internet: Theoretical Foundations and            economy, critique of the political economy of the
the Example of Social Networking Sites                  media and information, and information society
Abstract: In this paper, I argue that class is a        studies. He is author of more than 100 academic
central concept for understanding the economic          publications, including the monograph Internet
processes of informational capitalism. The category     and Society: Social Theory in the Information Age
of class is conceived based on Marxian theory           (Routledge 2008). www.fuchs.icts.sbg.ac.at
as a process of exploitation. It is not con ned to      Francesco Gagliardi, The Mechanical Turk
capital as the exploiting class and wage labour as      Performance Handbook
the exploited class, but rather an expanded notion      Abstract: While Amazon’s Mechanical Turk is

16
often regarded as a paramount example of              neoliberalism, race and class today have been
exploitation, according to a number of surveys        “liberated,” but at the same time, they exist now
several (western) MTurk workers engage with           in a purely simulated form. I suggest that the
the outrageously underpaid “HITs” (Human              age-old logic of exploitation has never been more
Intelligence Tasks) crowdsourced through the          alive, never more purely actualized, than in today’s
service for reasons other than monetary gain. The     computer simulations.
repetitiveness and mechanical nature of many          Alexander R. Galloway is an author and
tasks offered through Amazon’s “crowdsourcing         programmer. He is a founding member of the
marketplace” dovetails with deep-seated habits of     software collective RSG and coauthor, with Eugene
compulsive multitasking to generate a troubling       Thacker, of The Exploit: A Theory of Networks
form of entertainment. This performance/              (Minnesota, 2007) as well as two other books on
presentation will report on an ongoing project        digital culture. He teaches at New York University.
exploring the performative aspects of this            www.cultureandcommunication.org/galloway;
mode of engagement with MTurk (and similar)           www.r-s-g.org
tasks. The project, which involves designing and
commissioning tasks through the Amazon service,       Michael Goldhaber, How Play Works Out and
is funded entirely by working on HITs.                Work Plays Out in an Attention-centered Economy
                                                      Abstract: While many see the Internet and digital
Francesco Gagliardi is a performance artist,          labor on it as simply a new source of capitalist
historian of performance, and lmmaker based in        pro ts, I see it rather differently. What I will call
New York City. He has been working internationally    the attention system is a new, post-capitalist
as an actor, director and performance artist for      “mode of production” that revolves around the
over a decade. In 2000 he translated, directed,       paying and receiving of what is most intrinsically
and performed in the rst Italian production of        scarce: attention from other human beings. The
Gertrude Stein’s Doctor Faustus Lights the Lights.    recipients are also individual people, much more
Programs of his work were recently presented          than either groups or corporations. Thus it is a
in Los Angles (The Wulf, December 2008),              new class system, composed of net attention
Berlin (Miss Micks, January 2009), Torino, Italy      receivers, stars, and net attention payers “fans.”
(quindicifebbraio, June 2009), and New York City      The class relations are quite different from those
(Ontological-Hysteric Theater, September 2009).       of capitalism. Paying attention is a form of labor,
He is currently working on a series of invisible      even though under most conditions it seems
performances of mental tasks, and on a video          fully voluntary. One is aligning one’s mind to that
series exploring the performative aspects of          of the attention recipient, and in this state one
translation. He is writing about the photographic     is in general willing to try to some extent to do
documentation of performance art in the 1960s         what that recipient wants. When one has a huge
and 70s, and researching the work of Stuart           number of fans, this attention wealth can be
Sherman. He holds a BPhil from Oxford University      quite powerful. While it is true that companies
and a PhD in Philosophy from the University of        seek and sometimes make large pro ts through
Turin. www.francescogagliardi.net                     the Internet, I view that as entirely a secondary
Alexander Galloway, The Absolute and the Virtual      phenomenon. One way to demonstrate that this
Abstract: While the new condition of digital life     new mode is already very nearly dominant over
is one in which the distinction between play and      the old capitalist one is in terms of an index that I
labor has collapsed, at the same time a number        call the TPI index, which can be roughly evaluated
of new divisions have appeared: segregations          according to the different kinds of “transaction”
between us and them, segregations between             in each mode. The index value for the attention
text and image, or segregations between race          system turns out to be far higher today than that
and class. Drawing primarily on the game World        of the capitalist mode.
of Warcraft, I examine the way in which many          I began my professional life as a theoretical
games today subscribe to a speci c concept            physicist and early on was a founder of Science
of class and race, one still based on all the old     for the People. I soon turned to questions of
demons: segregation, division, essentialism, and      technology and society, taught socialism and
exploitation. How did this happen? After the labor    Marxism, authored Reinventing Technology: Policies
movement, after Jim Crow, after civil rights, after

                                                                                                        17
for Democratic Values and about 24 years ago           and on questions of the relationship between
originated the idea of a new kind of economy           culture and language diversity. He has published
based on attention, which I think has come to          widely on digital media and cultural studies; his
dominate. This is the attention system. Formerly        rst book, The Cultural Logic of Computation, was
I called it the Attention Economy though that          published by Harvard University Press in Spring
expression has been hijacked as far as its common      2009. www.people.virginia.edu/~dg6n
meaning. It is an extremely prominent aspect of        Ellen Goodman, Public Media 2.0:
the Internet. I’ve written many articles, columns      New Policy Directions
and blog entries relating to this. Other interests     Abstract: I will present the emerging conception
include extending human rights, human evolution,       of public media 2.0 and how the original
abstract painting, photography, gardens, elephants,    mandate of public broadcasting to engage in
philosophy and post-modernism, and Democratic          outreach and engagement is evolving. Public
Party politics. I live in the SF Bay area.             media entities are both inviting and resisting
www.goldhaber.org; www.twitter.com/mgoldh;             public contributions to new media productions
www.facebook.com/michael.goldhaber                     and activities. The relationship between public
David Golumbia, The Digital Securitization of Labor    media professionals and publics in the work of
Abstract: While the lines between “digital haves”      creation, curation, and connection implicates
and “digital have-nots” do not map precisely onto      private and public media policies.
the line between the lower and middle classes,         Ellen Goodman is a professor at Rutgers University
the association is close enough to raise disturbing    School of Law at Camden, specializing in
questions. Because the system of capital and the       information law and policy. Professor Goodman’s
economic exploitation on which it rests ultimately     scholarship probes the appropriate role of
determine the strati cation of society into classes,   government policy, markets, and social norms in
only changing that system can change class             supporting a robust information environment. She
relations in any signi cant way. In this sense,        has focused recently on the future of public media
“crossing the digital divide” for a member of the      and recently authored a book chapter entitled
lower class is poorly understood in isolation, even    Public Service Media 2.0. This and recent law
if it sometimes occurs in isolation. Rather, it must   review articles are available at ssrn.com. Professor
be seen as a species of class mobility in capitalist   Goodman has spoken before a wide range of
societies that is characteristic of other forms        audiences around the world, has consulted with
of such mobility—in principle available to many,       the U.S. government on communications policy,
but in practice distributed very unevenly. When        and has served as an advisor to President Obama’s
industries are digitized, part of what happens         presidential campaign and transition team. She is
is a process parallel to what Wall Street calls        a Visiting Scholar at the University of Pennsylvania’s
securitization—the conversion of a “non-derivative”    Annenberg School of Communications and has
asset (e.g., a share of stock that provides direct     visited at Penn’s Wharton School and Law School.
ownership in a company)—to a “derivative” asset.       Prior to joining the Rutgers faculty in 2003,
Typically, the part of an asset most valuable to       Professor Goodman was a partner at Covington &
capital is arti cially separated from the less         Burling LLP where she practiced in the information
                                                                   ,
valuable part. This division profoundly distorts       technology area. A graduate of Harvard College
the nature of the assets themselves, by dividing       and Harvard Law School, Professor Goodman was
industries like mining and agriculture even more       a law clerk for Judge Norma Shapiro on the federal
fully than they had previously been into their         court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. She
“control” aspects and their “execution” assets—        lives near Philadelphia with her husband and three
and labor. Here we ask how we might theorize the       children. www-camlaw.rutgers.edu/bio/1020
role for non-digital labor in a world managed by
what is largely a digital elite.                       Melissa Gregg, Affective Labour: Past and Present
                                                       Abstract: This paper provides an overview of the
David Golumbia is Assistant Professor of Media         concept of “affective labour” in media and cultural
Studies, English, and Linguistics at the University    theory to isolate two trends that seem speci c
of Virginia, and holds a PhD in English (University    to the digital era. It begins with an overview of
of Pennsylvania, 1999). His teaching and research      feminist writings on immaterial labour that precede
focus on issues of representation in digital media

18
both the Italian tradition lately dominant (in the      implicit ethics, which are used to validate a vision
work of Hardt and Negri, Virno, Lazzarato) and          of respectful and market-oriented exchange
the fan tradition of affective labour highlighted       between creator and consumer. Proponents of
by Henry Jenkins and others interested in               expansive copyright law and strong enforcement
“playbour” (Kucklich), the rise of the “pro-am”         regularly deploy ethical rhetoric rooted in this
(Leadbeater and Miller), “prosumer” (Tof er) and/       vision. Perhaps more surprisingly, so do some
or “produser” (Bruns). Bourdieu’s taxonomy of           of their critics. I use this ethical lens to explore
capital is used to suggest that current attempts        some of the ways in which people envision an
to quantify the exchange value of online digital        ethical or unethical copyright system of production
labour underestimate the signi cance of social and      and exchange and to illustrate some interesting
cultural capital in social networking practices and     tensions in the arguments of copyright critics.
the degree of resistance to corporate exploitation      James Grimmelmann, a former programmer, is
already evident in online communities. Situating        an Associate Professor of Law at New York Law
today’s online social networking practices in a wider   School. www.james.grimmelmann.net
history of professionally-oriented “instrumental
leisure” (Banks), the paper shows how affective         Alex Halavais, Learning in the Networked Factory
labour has become standardised in a wider range         Abstract: The school is a factory for factory
of white collar professional work than the male-        workers. The school environment, traditionally one
dominated work cultures of the past. Drawing on a       of enclosure, intended to shape behaviors around
three year study of information professionals, the      the time-and-space regulation of the factory
uniqueness of digital affective labour is shown to      (and hospital and prison), has of late begun to
lie in its anticipatory and prospective dimensions.     dissolve into networked systems. This shift from
In the digital era, workers engage in networking for    the place to the networked space of the student
the end goal of employability rather than security      has been gradual, but has accelerated with the
of employment (Boltanski & Chiapello). This shift       help of networking technologies in the last few
in the career narratives imagined by information        years. As this shift occurs, we can locate shear
professionals will be shown to necessitate a new        points in the fabric of the life of the learner: a
labour politics organised around “event” as opposed     sixth grader expelled for what is found on his
to “clock” time (Adkins).                               contraband mobile phone, a fty-year-old nishing
                                                        her BA via an entirely price-driven online learning
Melissa Gregg is a leading gure in the eld of           network. Five-year-olds with demanding calendars
affect theory and work. She is the author of Cultural   that (as with “recess” for older students and
Studies’ Affective Voices (2006) and co-editor of       “3-day weekends” for adults) carefully hem in
The Affect Theory Reader (with Gregory J. Seigworth,    “play dates” designed to re ect the “work hard,
Duke UP forthcoming). Her writing on digital
         ,                                              play hard” motto of their parents. At the same
culture and labour has been published in a range        time, the decentralization of control provides
of journals including Convergence, Continuum,           for temporary pockets of play within the larger
Feminist Media Studies and Media International          network. The shift in production from temporally
Australia. With Mark Andrejevic, Melissa convened       and spatially restricted factory to ubiquitous and
one of the rst graduate courses on digital labour       always-on freelance learning re ects and shapes
post-Web-2.0, The Work of Media Consumption, at         the networked factory.
the University of Queensland. She currently teaches
in the Gender and Cultural Studies Department at        I am a social architect, interested in ways of helping
the University of Sydney where she is nishing two       form a culture of creativity, freedom, and justice.
manuscripts on professional identity, friendship and    In particular, I help people to understand how
labour: Work’s Intimacy (Polity, forthcoming 2010)      social media is changing the nature of scholarship
and Broadcast Yourself: Presence, Intimacy, and         and learning, and allowing for new forms of
Community Online (with Catherine Driscoll).             collaboration and self-government. I also have
www.homecookedtheory.com; www.twitter.com/              institutional af liations. www.alex.halavais.net
melgregg                                                Orit Halpern, The Scanning Eye:
James Grimmelman, Ethical Visions of                    Knowledge and Visuality in Cybernetics
Copyright Law                                           Abstract: This paper investigates attitudes to
Abstract: Copyright law comes with a set of             pedagogy and perception in post-war design,

                                                                                                           19
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Program IPF09

  • 1. FIRST IN A SERIES OF BIENNIAL CONFERENCES ABOUT THE POLITICS OF DIGITAL MEDIA THE INTERNET AS PLAYGROUND AND FACTORY NOVEMBER 12–14, 2009 AT THE NEW SCHOOL, NEW YORK CITY www.digitallabor.org The conference is sponsored by Eugene Lang College The New School for Liberal Arts and presented in cooperation with the Center for Transformative Media at Parsons The New School for Design, Yale Information Society Project, 16 Beaver Group, The New School for Social Research, The Change You Want To See, The Vera List Center for Art and Politics, New York University’s Council for Media and Culture, and n+1 Magazine.
  • 2. Acknowledgements General Event Support Lula Brown, Alison Campbell, Alex Cline, Conference Director Patrick Fannon, Keith Higgons, Geoff Trebor Scholz Kim, Ellen-Maria Leijonhufvud, Stephanie Lotshaw, Brie Manakul, Lindsey Medeiros, Executive Conference Production Farah Momin, Heather Potts, Katharine Trebor Scholz, Larry Jackson Relth, Jesse Ricke, Joumana Seikaly, Ndelea Simama, Andre Singleton, Lisa Conference Production Taber, Yamberlie Tavarez, Brandon Tonner- Deepthie Welaratna, Farah Momin, Connolly, Jolita Valakaite, Cynthia Wang, Julia P Carrillo . Deepthi Welaratna, Tatiana Zwerling Production of Video Series Voices from Registration Staff The Internet as Playground and Factory Alison Campbell, Alex Cline, Keith Higgons, Assal Ghawami Geoff Kim, Stephanie Lotshaw, Brie Manakul, Overture Video Lindsey Medeiros, Heather Potts, Jesse Assal Ghawami Ricke, Joumana Seikaly, Andre Singleton, Deepthi Welaratna, Tatiana Zwerling Video Mashup James Blake Video Documentation Matt Sussman (CEA), Alex Cline, Jean Claire Web Design Dy, Stephanie Lotshaw, Lindsey Medeiros, Chris Barr Heather Potts, Jesse Ricke, Joumana Seikaly, Ndelea Simama, Brandon Tonner-Connolly, Conference Discussion Jolita Valakaite, Tatiana Zwerling, 99 all members of the iDC mailing list Advice and Encouragement Mailing List Moderator Neil Gordon, Ken Wark, Arien Mack, Trebor Scholz Roberta Sutton, Colleen Macklin, Victoria iDC Twitter Stream Vesna, Katie Salen, Michael Schober, Trebor Scholz Gabriella Coleman, Jenny Perlin, Kathleen Breidenbach, Sven Travis, Alexander Event PR, Marketing, Poster Design Drai nger, Rachel Sherman, Orit Halpern, Communications and External Affairs, Karl Mendoca, Jeffrey Goldfarb, Verna de The New School LaMothe, Dawnja Burris, Robin Mookerjee, Photo Documentation Julia Foulkes, Stefania deKenessey, Timothy Conway Liao Quigley, Caveh Zahedi, Ely Kaplan, Shannon Mattern, Jonah Bossewitch, Dmitri Nikulin, Collaboration Prelude Events Ella Turenne, Scott Rosenberg, Laura Beka Economopoulos (November 11), DeNardis at the Yale Information Society Carin Kuoni, Alyssa Phoebus (September 29) Project, Dorothy Kidd, Leah Belsky at Kaltura, Ted Magder at New York University’s Live Streaming Council for Media and Culture, Mark Greif Victoria Vesna, Simeon Poulin at n+1 Magazine and Ayreen Anastas and Rene Gabri at 16 Beaver Group, and all our colleagues at The New School who enthusiastically and generously support this conference series. XX% Cert no. XXX-XXX-000 Text stock: Rolland Enviro 100 Print, 60 lb.,100% post- consumer waste, certi ed Ecologo, Processed Chlorine Free, FSC recycled and manufactured using biogas energy.
  • 3. Dear all, Welcome to Eugene Lang College The New Labor: Digital Democracy or Centralized School for Liberal Arts for the rst event in Sweatshop?” took place at The Change You a series of biennial conferences about the Want To See Gallery. politics of digital media. Moving forward, the next conference in the This inaugural conference, The Internet as Politics of Digital Media series, The Internet Playground and Factory, alerts us to the as Playground and University, will be held fact that hundreds of millions of people at Eugene Lang College in the fall of 2011. continuously make the totality of their life It will focus on a novel kind of participatory energy available to a handful of businesses. media literacy that underwrites students for the commons. A preparatory event in April At this international event about 100 2010 will focus on the death of lm school activists, lawyers, media scholars, and the rebirth of screen education. anthropologists, artists, activists, students, programmers, historians, and social media In 2013, the third conference in the series, experts come together to reevaluate free The Internet as Barricade and Soap Box, labor, play, and pleasure in an economy that will focus on media activism outside is increasingly driven by the expropriation of the United States and Europe. Internet online sociality. cultures have radically internationalized over the past ve years. English-language One aspiration of this conference is to content no longer dominates the Web. offer an accessible analysis of the ways in The digital divide is not what it used to which people are used—from traditional be. The Internet is not accessible to the labor markets to the Internet. Most people vast majority of people in economically who are active users of social networking developing countries, these populations services are not aware of the ways in which have a larger density of mobile phones than their attention is captured and their data those in the overdeveloped world. tracks are collected, analyzed, and sold. Enjoy the presentations and discussions, Many speakers will investigate the changing make new friends, tweet, blog, catch up with sites of speculative and actual nancial colleagues, start a collaboration, have a value creation. In response to the awareness glass of wine, dance, walk through New York of patterns of expropriation, they will point to City at night, and stay in touch with us here a few starting points where we can tangibly at Eugene Lang College. politicize our lives. Trebor Scholz Beyond dreams of refusal of Internet cultures we propose support for data portability, decentralization, Free and Open Source Software, peer-created and owned public media, and alternative business models that do not merely strive for the biggest pro t. If we better understand the granularities of today’s labor we will be able to discuss the lives we may lead tomorrow with more con dence. Two prelude events have set the stage for The Internet as Playground and Factory conference. “Changing Labor Value” at the Vera List Center for Art Politics discussed the changing meaning of labor in the digital era. The second event, “Crowdsourced 1
  • 4. THE INTERNET Play the BackChatter Conference Game! AS PLAYGROUND BackChatter is a game about predicting AND FACTORY Twitter trends designed to be played at conferences like this one. Beating BackChatter means sharpening your First in a series of biennial conferences sociolinguistic smarts. The game is divided about the politics of digital media into rounds that correspond to sessions at event where BackChatter is taking place. November 12–14, 2009 at Each round, you pick three words that you The New School, New York City think will be popular in tweets about the conference during the next game round. You Live Stream send in your votes with a direct message to Sections of this conference will be live streamed the game consisting of the three words you at www.streamingculture.parsons.edu want to pick. During the next round, you get points whenever anyone uses your words Twitter in a tweet about the event (tweets marked The hash tag for this event is #IPF09. with #IPF09). The value of a word is based Add this to the end of each tweet. on how many people voted on it: the MORE people that picked a word, the LESS valuable it is. So the most valuable words are the words that no one else selected. A website keeps track of player scores from round to round, and has other useful info, like a dynamic word cloud formed from tweets about the event. If you do visit the game site, just remember that a game might not be in session so there might not be any game data showing. BackChatter is a project by Mike Edwards, Colleen Macklin, John Sharp and Eric Zimmerman. www.backchatter.org Play Rooms You did not come to this conference just to get inspired, learn, dance, and network. You’ll want to catch up with friends, compare notes, and start collaborations. This is not always easy at an urban campus and in the context of a conference. The play rooms are empty rooms reserved for you to use as you see t. Thursday: 6 East 16th Street, 8 to 10 p.m. Rooms 910 and 1009 Friday: 6 East 16th Street, 9 a.m. to 7 p.m. Rooms 734, 906, 913, 1002, 1132 Saturday: 6 East 16th Street, 9 a.m. to 7 p.m. Rooms 704, 705, 901, 902, 903, 904, 908, 911, 912, 1004, 1008 2
  • 5. AGENDA Friday, November 13 10:30 a.m.–1:15 p.m. Thursday, November 12 SESSION A: VIRTUAL WORLDS, 5:00 p.m. CIVIL RIGHTS, AND SLAUGHTER Location Sheila Johnson Design Center, Kick-off film screening: Sleep Dealer 66 Fifth Avenue, Kellen Auditorium Location: Alvin Johnson Building, Digital Labor, Digital Immigration, and 66 West 12th Street, room 404 Transnationality or Why Virtual Worlds Need a Q&A with director Alex Rivera Civil Rights Movement, Lisa Nakamura; The 7:15–10:00 p.m. Absolute and the Virtual, Alexander Galloway; Digital Slaughter, Timothy Pachirat; Whatever Registration and Reception Blogging, Jodi Dean. Moderator Ferentz Location: Eugene Lang College Café, LaFargue. 65 West 11th Street (across the courtyard from the SESSION B: PERFORM OR ELSE: Alvin Johnson Building) AMAZON.COM’S MECHANICAL TURK Location: Alvin Johnson Building, Friday, November 13 66 West 12th Street, room 404 Exploitation and Agency in Amazon’s 8:00–9:30 a.m. Registration Mechanical Turk, Lilly Irani; Emoji Dick, Fred Benenson; Cognitive Labor, Crowdsourcing, 10:00 a.m. and the Cultural History of Human/Machine OPENING PLENARY Assemblages, Ayhan Aytes; The Mechanical Location: Tishman Auditorium, Turk Performance Handbook, Francesco 66 West 12th Street, main oor Gagliardi. Moderator Edward Maloney. Remarks by SESSION C: IDEOLOGY AND THE Bob Kerrey, President of The New School EROTICS OF “PLAYBOR” Neil Gordon, Dean of Eugene Lang College Location: Alvin Johnson Building, The New School for Liberal Arts 66 West 12th Street, room 407 Trebor Scholz, conference convener, member On Social Lubrication: Between the Digital of the faculty of Eugene Lang College and Chthonic, Dominic Pettman; The Digital Ideology, Jonathan Beller; Work Hard, Play Harder—Labor, Playbor, and the Ideology of Play, Julian Kücklich; Estranged Free Labor, Mark Andrejevic. Moderator Deborah Levitt. SESSION D: ARE THE POETS USING YOU? Location: Alvin Johnson Building, 66 West 12th Street, room 510 Reading from “Implementation,” “Mystery House Taken Over,” “Book and Volume,” and “ppg256,” Nick Montfort; The Poetics of Uncreativity, Darren Wershler. Moderator Kate Eichhorn. CAMPUS MAP ON BACK COVER 3
  • 6. Friday, November 13 6:00–6:30 p.m. FACEBOOK USER LABOR ENACTMENTS 1:15–2:15 p.m. Break Performance by Ursula Endlicher in collaboration with Burak Arikan 2:15–5:00 p.m. Location: 66 West 12th Street, room 404 SESSION A: THE GIFT OF 6:00–7:15 p.m. IMMATERIAL LABOR Location: Wollman Hall, 65 West 11th Street, SESSION A: WORK, LABOR, AND 5th oor THE PRODUCTIVITY OF FUN After Tolerance, Sean Cubitt; Gift, Game, Location: 66 West 12th Street, room 510 Work, and Labor, McKenzie Wark; Where’s the Fun in ERPs? Labor, Logistics Immaterial Labor 2.0, Mark Cote; America and the Frontier of Biopolitical Regimes, Online Volunteers: Lessons from an Early Ned Rossiter; Work/life: Gatekeeping, Co-production Community, Hector Postigo. Ethics, Online Culture, Catherine Driscoll; Respondent: Julian Dibbell. Moderator Productivity is Fun, Martin Roberts; Class Meredith McGill. and Exploitation on the Internet: Theoretical Foundations and the Example of Social SESSION B: JUSTICE, ETHICS, Networking Sites, Christian Fuchs. AND EQUALITY: DIRECTIONS AND Moderator Joseph Heathcott. NEAR FUTURE SCENARIOS Location: 66 West 12th Street, room 407 SESSION B: COPYRIGHT AND HEALTH: Workers of the Net, Disassemble!, Ulises PRACTICE AS LABOR Mejias; The Ethical Economy, Adam Location: 66 West 12th Street, room 407 Arvidsson; Distributive Justice Online, Frank Governing Content in the Social Web, Niva Pasquale. Moderator Mark Larrimore. Elkin-Koren; Ends and Means: Digital Labor in the Context of Health, Robert Mitchell; SESSION C: EXPROPRIATING LABOR Ethical Visions of Copyright Law, James IN VIRTUAL WORLDS Grimmelman. Moderator Elizabeth Stark. Location: 66 Fifth Avenue, Kellen Auditorium Free Labor, Collective Intelligence, SESSION C: THE CHANGING SITES OF VALUE and Artistic Production, Christiane Paul; Location: 66 Fifth Avenue, Kellen Auditorium Software Art-Work For-Itself, Geoff Cox; The Digital Affect and Measure Beyond Invisible Threads, Stephanie Rothenberg; Biopolitics, Patricia Ticineto Clough; No Matter, Scott Kildall, Victoria Scott; The Scanning Eye: Knowledge and Visuality Performing Value: Labor and Contingency in Cybernetics, Orit Halpern; Affective Labor: in Virtual Worlds, Thomas Malaby. Past and Present, Melissa Gregg. Moderator Amanda McDonald Crowley. Moderator Judith Rodenbeck. SESSION D: ATTENTION, ELITISM, 7:30-10:00 p.m. AND VOLUNTEERISM: Friday Evening Party with DJ N-RON INTERROGATING MODES OF LABOR Wine will be served (ID may be needed) Location: 66 West 12th Street, room 510 Location: Wollman Hall, 65 West 11th Street, How Play Works Out and Work Plays Out in 5th oor (enter at 66 West 12th Street) an Attention-Centered Economy, Michael Goldhaber; Old Skill, New Skill, or No Skill, Paolo Carpignano; Volunteerism at Global Voices, Ivan Sigal. Moderator Julia Sonnevend. 4
  • 7. Saturday, November 14 1:45–4:30 p.m. SESSION A: THE EMANCIPATORY 8:00–9:45 a.m. Second Day Registration POTENTIAL OF PLAY Location: 66 Fifth Avenue, Location: 66 Fifth Avenue, Kellen Auditorium Ground oor lobby outside Kellen Auditorium Pleasure: Labor: Labor: Pleasure, Gabriella 10:00 a.m.–12:45 p.m. Coleman; Dreaming the End of Bureaucracy: Network Theory and the Legacy of SESSION A: GOVERNANCE IN THE AGE Counterculture, Fred Turner; No Fun: Work OF VULNERABLE PUBLICS and Labor in Free Software, Chris Kelty; Location: 66 Fifth Avenue, Kellen Auditorium Arendt and the Creative Toil of Counting, Internet Governance: Where Digital Labor Ben Peters. Moderator Ted By eld. Determines Digital Freedom, Laura DeNardis; Minds for Sale, Jonathan Zittrain; From Open SESSION B: LABOR METRICS: Source to Crowdsourcing: How Corporations ATTENTION, IDENTITY, COMPENSATION Co-Opt Collaboration, Douglas Rushkoff; Location: 6 East 16th Street, room 1009 Predatory Networks, Self-Defense, and Society, Are peer producers the subject of the P2P Brian Holmes. Moderator Laura Y. Liu. Revolution?, Michel Bauwens; Now What? Beyond Expropriation, Trebor Scholz; Identity SESSION B, PANEL DISCUSSION: and the Social: Data Politics and Ethics, PARTICIPATION LITERACY AND Hendrick Speck; Play and the Constitution of DIGITAL LABOR the Net, Pat Kane. Moderator Heather Chaplin. Location: 6 East 16th Street, room 1009 Howard Rheingold; Panarchy: Politics, and SESSION C: USER LABOR: Polycentrism, Paul Hartzog; Queer Theory and CREATIVE RESPONSES The Dichotomies of Work and Play, Christina Location: 6 East 16th Street, room 906 McPhee; Learning in the Networked Factory, User Generated Social Structures (UGSS), Alex Halavais. Moderator Yuri Takhteyev. Jonah Brucker-Cohen; Capital Implications, Kenneth Rogers; User Labor, Burak Arikan; SESSION C: DIGITAL LABOR AND THE BODY Caught You Looking: A Report from the Location: 6 East 16th Street, room 906/913 Bureau of Workplace Interruptions, Chris Barr. Catching Up With Color Online: Against The Moderator Brooke Singer. Concept of Immaterial Labor, Carolyn Lee Kane; Putting Everybody To Work, Lauren SESSION D: FAN LABOR, RISKY BUSINESS, Ellsworth; The Digital Securitization of Labor, AND THE SOCIAL WEB David Golumbia; The Internet Is a Totalitarian Location: Wollman Hall, 65 West 11th Street, Regime, Luis Vincent Nuñez; Digital Bodies, 5th oor. Session D starts 2:00 p.m. Digital Labor: De/Reconstructing the Post- Fan Labor as Paid Labor, Abigail De Kosnik; human Subject, Brittany Anne Chozinski. Writing for the Algorithm: Digital Labor and Moderator Sumita Chakravarty. Mobile Work, Laura Forlano; Venture Labor: The Risks of Work in Social Media, Gina Neff; 12:45–1:45 p.m. Break Creative Resistance in the Brave New Workplace, Jesse Drew. Moderator Banu Bargu. 4:30–5:00 p.m. Break 5:00–7:00 p.m. CLOSING PLENARY DISCUSSION Location: Wollman Hall, 65 West 11th Street, 5th oor Lisa Nakamura, Trebor Scholz, Howard Rheingold, Idil Abshir, Gabriella Coleman, Jonathan Beller, André D. Singleton, Fred Turner, Pat Kane, Ellen Goodman, and you. 5
  • 8. Speakers and Abstracts productive formations—online phenomena like Web 2.0 and FLOSS, off-line practices like urban Mark Andrejevic, Estranged Free Labor “creative scenes” and booming local alternative Abstract: Accounts of free, immaterial, and economies, and new business elds like Open effective labor invoke both the notion of autonomy Innovation and Ethical Consumerism. This paper and that of exploitation. This presentation focuses argues that these diverse phenomena take part on the role of exploitation, drawing on examples in the common emergence of a new and radically taken from commercial social networking different economic system, an Ethical Economy applications to explore what it might mean, where production is mainly collaborative and following Antonio Negri, to de ne exploitation socialized and value is based on the quality in terms of the “production of an armory of of social relations (rather than on the input of instruments for the control of the time of social productive time). The talk proposes the beginnings cooperation.” The presentation argues for the of a theory of this ethical economy with particular centrality of estrangement and structural forms of emphasis on its new ethical value logic. It coercion to a critical conception of exploitation in suggests an analysis of its historical emergence, the digital era. showing how it can be understood to result from “My work focuses on the productive aspect of a dialectic between cooperation and competition surveillance and monitoring in the digital era. In inherent to industrial capitalism from the start. particular I explore the ways in which the capture Finally it indicates how the concept of an ethical of detailed information about citizens becomes a economy can cast new light on present struggles source of value creation and generation within the around the capitalist appropriation of digital context of the emerging interactive commercial labor and other forms of social production and model. I am an associate professor in the how such a perspective can cast new light on the Department of Communication Studies at the future of capitalism. University of Iowa and a postdoctoral researcher Adam Arvidsson teaches sociology at the University at the University of Queensland, where I am of Milano. He is the author of Brands. Meaning researching attitudes toward the disclosure of and Value in Media Culture (London; Rouledge personal information online.” www.uiowa.edu/ 2006), and has published on social production, ~commstud/people/faculty/andrejevic creativity and creative industries, and the political Burak Arikan, User Labor economy of cognitive capitalism in general. Abstract: We propose an open data structure, Presently he is involved in four major projects: User Labor Markup Language (ULML), to outline activist research on the conditions of “creative the metrics of user participation in social web labor” in the fashion industry in Milano; a research services. Our aim is to construct criteria and project on the nancial value of reputation housed context for determining the value of user labor, at the Copenhagen Business School; an EU funded which is currently a monetized asset for the attempt to develop bottom-up collaborative brands service provider but not for the user herself. We for small entrepreneurs in the creative industries, believe that universal, transparent, and self- and a new book, The Ethical Economy, co-authored controlled user labor metrics will ultimately lead with Nicolai Peitersen and forthcoming from to more sustainable social web. User Labor is Columbia University Press in 2010. initiated by Burak Arikan and Engin Erdogan. www.ethicaleconomy.com/info/book Burak Arikan is an artist and researcher based Ayhan Aytes, Cognitive Labor, Crowdsourcing, and in New York and Istanbul. He creates networked Cultural History of Human/Machine Assemblages systems that evolve with the interactions of Abstract: Amazon’s MTurk is a signi cant example people and machines. His work confronts issues of valorization of collective intelligence in the ranging from cultural sustainability to participatory networked economy. Mediated by this online economy to art and politics in networked platform, the workers of the “arti cial arti cial environments. www.burak-arikan.com; www.twitter. intelligence” system search, nd, and ful ll human com/arikan; www.facebook.com/burakarikan intelligence tasks (HITs) requested by developers. Adam Arvidsson, The Ethical Economy This assemblage represents a crucial formation Abstract: We are witnessing a wave of new on a global scale as it facilitates the supply of the intellectual labor needs of (mainly) U.S. based 6
  • 9. businesses by workers from across the world. Turkey, 2000-2007. Her research and teaching The particular conditions of intellectual labor in interests include modern, late modern, and critical this crowdsourcing scheme maintain a transient, theory, theories of sovereignty, violence (particularly task-based, and limited-time relationship between different forms of political self-sacri ce), labor, and the worker and the requester and do not require democracy. www.newschool.edu/NSSR/faculty direct communication between the parties. The Chris Barr, Caught You Looking: A Report from Chess Playing Automaton of 18th-century inventor the Bureau of Workplace Interruptions von Kempelen is the metaphor for the relationship Abstract: Recent shifts in labor constructs to this system establishes between intellectual what is being termed “immaterial labor” or “Post- labor and seemingly automated complex tasks Fordism,” parallel the rise of artistic practices since, in both cases, the performance of workers that have as their basis viewer collaboration and who animate the arti ce is obscured by the participation. This presentation looks at artworks spectacle of the machine. This relationship can by the presenter and others that engage the be further scrutinized by approaching the concept digital workplace. Speci cally, pieces such as of automata in the entire cultural history of the “Bureau of Workplace Interruptions” aim to human machine assemblage in the West. Within intervene in the communication ow of a normal this genealogy of machine animating specters, workday in order to free bandwidth for more the linkage between von Kempelen’s Chess intimate communication. This discussion revolves Playing Automaton and Amazon’s crowdsourcing around tactics to slow workplace production with enterprise appear to be more than a mere communication technologies and invisible theater. trade insight, especially in the context of the disembodiment of information formulated Chris Barr is an artist and designer concerned with through the postwar cybernetic discourse, contemporary labor patterns, communication, and which has largely contributed to the current workspace dynamics. His work spans various media conceptualization of cognitive labor. including networked performance, installation, and video, and has been exhibited internationally, Ayhan Aytes is a media researcher studying notably at the Albright-Knox Art Gallery in Buffalo, cultural interfaces by means of media archaeology. the Lab in San Francisco, and Centre de Cultura His focus is on understanding pre-modern media Contemporània de Barcelona. Chris is an assistant such as maps, automata and clocks within professor in the Department of Art and Design at their social, cultural and political context. His West Virginia University. www.chrisbarr.net photography and multimedia works were recently exhibited in a joint project in Istanbul, Reading the Michel Bauwens, Are Peer Producers the City of Signs: Istanbul: Revealed or Mysti ed. He Subject of the P2P Revolution? holds a master’s degree in Communication Design Abstract: Addressing social contracts and social from the Institute of Design in Chicago. He is a con icts in peer production, the presentation PhD candidate at the University of California at covers three different models of online value San Diego in the Department of Communication creation characterized by different social and a research assistant in the University contracts and social con icts. The contradiction of California multi-campus research group between users/value creators and platform Transliteracies. www.ayhanaytes.net owners is assessed for its emancipatory potential in the new context of knowledge labor. Banu Bargu (moderator) is an assistant professor of Political Science at The New School Michel Bauwens is an active writer, researcher, for Social Research and Eugene Lang College, and speaker on the subject of technology, culture, teaching political theory. She received her PhD and business innovation. He is the founder of the from the Department of Government at Cornell Foundation for Peer-to-Peer Alternatives and works University in 2008. She has received numerous in collaboration with a global group of researchers teaching and research awards, including the John in the exploration of peer production, governance, M. and Emily B. Clark Award for Distinguished and property. He has been an analyst for the United Teaching, Luigi Einaudi Fellowship, and the Janice States Information Agency, knowledge manager for N. and Milton J. Esman Prize for Best Dissertation. British Petroleum, and eBusiness strategy manager She is currently nishing a book manuscript, for Belgacom, as well as an internet entrepreneur in Human Weapons: The Death Fast Struggle of native Belgium. He coproduced the TV documentary 7
  • 10. Technocalyps with Frank Theys and co-edited a Beller is the author of The Cinematic Mode of two-volume book about the anthropology of digital Production: Attention Economy and the Society society with Salvino Salvaggio. Michel is Primavera of the Spectacle and Acquiring Eyes: Philippine Research Fellow at the University of Amsterdam and Visuality, Nationalist Struggle and the World- an external expert for the Ponti cal Academy of Social Media System. He has taught in the History of Sciences. He currently lives in Bangkok, Thailand. In Consciousness and Literature program at University February 2009, he joined Dhurakij Pundit University’s of California at Santa Cruz, at San Francisco State International College as a lecturer, assisting with the University, at Barnard College, and is currently development of the Asian Foresight Institute. professor of Humanities and Media Studies at www.p2pfoundation.net; www.re-public.gr/en Pratt Institute. www.jonathanbeller.wordpress.com Ted Byfield (moderator) is an assistant professor Jonah Brucker-Cohen, User-generated in the School of Art, Media, and Technology of Social Structures Parsons The New School for Design. He has worked Abstract: Digital communication tools are a for more than a decade as a freelance book critical component of everyday life for many editor for academic and public-interest publishers, people. The appropriate or inappropriate design of including Cambridge University Press, the Dia Center communication tools in uences and shapes how for the Arts, the New Press, Scribner/Macmillan, we connect, interact, and collaborate in local and and Zone Books, and has been co-editor of “ICANN distributed groups. Many of the digital tools we use Watch” since 2001 and co-moderator of the Nettime arose organically, without explicit understanding of mailing list since 1998. He has presented at many the complex effects they have on human behaviour. conferences, including Tulipomania (Amsterdam, For example, mailing lists emerged more than 30 2000), blur_02 (New York City, 2002), the Next 5 years ago, and yet the social experience of mailing Minutes 4 (Amsterdam, 2003), Library 2.0 (Yale lists has remained nearly unchanged, e.g. mailing University, 2008). His writings on subjects ranging lists do not exist that are designed to explicitly from space photography to internet governance have support business processes. THWONK is an been published in First Monday, Frieze, Le Monde ongoing collaborative project (with Mike Bennett) Diplomatique, and Mute to name a few. He has to research Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and consulted for the BBC, the Kitchen, the Open Society Computer Mediated Communication (CMC). CMC Institute, and the Waag Society for Old and New is concerned with the design and study of online Media. His honors include contributing to the winner communication tools like email, instant messaging, of the 1997 Rotterdam Design Prize, a Design Trust text messaging, social networks, and Twitter. for Public Space Fellowship in Journalism in 2002, THWONK is a free website, authoring application, and a 2003 grantfrom the Open Society Institute. and infrastructure designed for crowd-sourcing and He was a contributor in 2003-2004 to the Social simplifying the creation and rapid prototyping of Science Research Council’s Information Technology novel CMC systems so that non-technical users can and International Cooperation workgroup. invent and explore their own CMC. Our purposes Jonathan Beller, The Digital Ideology with THWONK are to shed new light on possible Abstract: “Digital” has become the mantra for all CMC designs and to simplify the process of CMC things contemporary and, as such, signals that the implementation and research. capitalist market is present in the very articulation Jonah Brucker-Cohen, researcher and artist, is a of digitality. We can be sure that unless we PhD candidate in the Disruptive Design Team of ourselves develop an antagonistic relation to “the the Networking and Telecommunications Research digital” and “digital culture,” our creativity, if that’s Group (NTRG) of Trinity College, Dublin. His work what it is, will continue to serve that system, which and thesis focuses on the theme of “Deconstructing structurally guarantees the accumulation of wealth Networks,” which includes projects that attempt by a tiny minority and the intensifying immiseration to critically challenge and subvert accepted of the global majority. Thus, from the standpoint of perceptions of network interaction and experience. social justice, any theory of labor/value that does He received his masters degree from the Interactive not reckon with structural inequality and the larger Telecommunications program of New York contradictions of capitalism is pernicious. University’s Tisch School of the Arts. Since 2003, he has co-led the Scrapyard Challenge Workshops with Katherine Moriwaki, held in more than 14 countries 8
  • 11. across Europe, South America, North America, Asia, Sumita Chakravarty (Moderator), is associate and Australia. His work has been exhibited at the professor of Media Studies, former chair of San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, Museum Culture and Media at Eugene Lang College The of Modern Art (MoMA, New York), Institute of New School for Liberal Arts in New York. She is Contemporary Art (London), Whitney Museum of the author of National Identity in Indian Popular American Art ArtPort, Ars Electronica, ZKM Museum Cinema, 1947–1987 (Univ. of Texas Press, of Contemporary Art, Dutch Electronic Art Festival, 1993); The Enemy Within: The Films of Mrinal Art Futura, SIGGRAPH, ISEA, Chelsea Art Museum, Sen (London: Flicks Books, 2000); “Fragmenting and others. www.coin-operated.com; www.twitter. the Nation: Images of Terrorism in Indian Popular com/coinop29 Cinema” in Terrorism, Media, Liberation (2005); Paolo Carpignano, Old Skill, New Skill, or No Skill? “The Erotics of History: Gender and Transgression Abstract: The paper traces the genealogy of the in New Asian Cinemas” in Rethinking Third World current crisis of work by revisiting the canonical Cinema (2003). Recent publications include transition between Fordism and Post-fordism and “Cultural Studies Legacies: Visiting James proposes a historical and conceptual context Carey’s Border Country” and essays on media for the discussion of digital labor. Rather than globalization. She is currently working on two book focusing on the institutional changes in labor projects: one on technology and the erotic, and processes and management strategies, it looks the other on media and immigration. at them from the point of view of the changing www.newschool.edu/lang/faculty nature of skill, critically examining notions such Heather Chaplin (Moderator) is a professor of as craftsmanship, deskilling, and multitasking, journalism at The New School and author of the which have been used to describe the quality of acclaimed book, Smartbomb: The Quest for Art labor in manufacturing, mass production, and Entertainment and Big Bucks in the Videogame distributed production. It questions traditional Revolution. She recently participated in a Ford dichotomies such as unproductive and productive Foundation grant looking at issues of the public labor, employment and unemployment, expertise interest in the next generation of the Internet focusing and amateurism, free labor and waged labor, on digital literacy and journalism. She has been etc. In particular, the paper focuses on the interviewed for and cited in publications such as the present nancial crisis and what it dramatically New Yorker, the Atlantic Monthly, New York Times reveals about the structural changes taking Magazine, Businessweek, and the Believer and has place in the nature of labor practices. It argues appeared on shows such as Talk of the Nation, and that the nancialization of daily life and the CBS Sunday Morning. Her work has appeared in the systemic condition of “precarity” and “forced New York Times, the Los Angeles Times, GQ, Details, entrepreneurship” are but aspects of the blurring and Salon. She is a regular contributor on game of the distinction between labor skills and “naked culture for All Things Considered. living.” Ultimately, the paper expects to contribute Mark Coté, Immaterial Labour 2.0 to the questioning of the notion of labor, not Abstract: In previous research, I proposed the only as an analytical category but as subjective concept of immaterial labour 2.0 as one way in practice. which we might unpack the relationship between Paolo Carpignano is an associate professor of play and labour in distributed digital networks. For Sociology and Media Studies at The New School this conference, I explore more basic questions and coordinator of the MA/PhD program in the raised about the relation between the human and sociology of media. He is also a writer, consultant, technology as suggested by contemporary media and producer for production companies in the theory, particularly via Bernard Stiegler and Mark United States, Brazil, and Italy. He is the author Hansen. Following the proposition that technics of articles on sociology, social history and media marks an originary condition of the human, I theory, and co-author of Crisis and Workers’ want to consider the latest prosthetic condition Organization and The Formation of the Mass of social networks as mapped by a “medium Worker in the USA, and of the online project cartography” inspired by Deleuzian ethology. As Televisuality. He is currently working on a new such, play would transpire on an immanent plane book on the relationship between work and media. marking the power of socially-networked selves www.newschool.edu/mediastudies/faculty in terms of both temporal-spatial extensions and 9
  • 12. affective capacity. Conversely, labour would be earlier co-authored work on affect itself, the captured on a plane of transcendence in all its conceptualization of which involves reevaluating technico-jurudical forms. What social bodies can certain assumptions necessary to theorizing do in these contested spaces remains in tension. digital labor. These assumptions concern For the past two years Mark Coté has been the relationship of energy, matter, work and an assistant professor in Cultural Studies at information on one hand and on the other the Trent University with a focus on media and relationship of measure and value. In suggesting communication. He has published extensively that the digital is instigating a transvaluation of on networked new media in Theory & Event value, I offer comments on labor power, economy, (under review), Ephemera, Canadian Journal of and governmentality. The presentation is meant Communications, Derive Approdi La Revista, and as an intervention or an inserted re ection borderlands, among others. His work deploys raising the question who or what is laboring in the contemporary media theory, autonomist theory and conceptualization of digital labor? continental thought to understand the relations Patricia Ticineto Clough is professor of Sociology between the human and technology and affect and and Women’s Studies at the City University of New political economy. www.facebook.com/cote.mark York-Queens College and the Graduate Center. Brittany Anne Chozinski, Digital Labor: She is the author of Autoaffection: Unconscious Re/Deconstructing the Post-human Subject Thought in the Age of Teletechnology (2000), Abstract: How does this invisible interaction labor Feminist Thought: Desire, Power and Academic affect our bodies? What were key steps in the Discourse (1994), and The End(s) of Ethnography: history of interaction design that managed to From Realism to Social Criticism (1998). She is mobilize and structure the social participation of editor of The Affective Turn: Theorizing the Social bodies and psyches in order to capture value? (2007) and, with Craig Willse, editor of Beyond Biopolitics: Essays on the Governance of Life and Brittany Anne Chozinksi is currently completing Death (forthcoming). Clough’s work has drawn on her PhD in sociology at The New School for theoretical traditions concerned with technology, Social Research, where she previously earned a affect, unconscious processes, timespace, and master’s degree in sociology. By day, she works as political economy. She is currently working on a multimedia specialist for a nonpro t adoption Ecstatic Corona an ethnographic historical agency, handling everything from social media to research and experimental writing project about digital video and web editing. She has taught as where she grew up in Queens, New York. an adjunct professor of sociology at Marymount www.soc.qc.cuny.edu/faculty/clough Manhattan College and is currently in her second year as a research assistant for Dr. Jaeho Kang on Gabriella Coleman, his work involving propaganda, the Frankfurt School, Pleasure: Labor: Labor: Pleasure and communications studies. Her work revolves Abstract: One of the distinctive features of around media and subjectivity, with particular contemporary Internet labor is pleasure. Whether interest in the digital screen, alterity and mimesis, it is the pleasure of writing a review on Amazon or and the body and subject is highly mediated digital crafting your own clothes (and then selling them environments. Though labor has not been a key on Etsy), a sense of pleasure and pride often focus of her work, it is a reoccurring them, and follows from these activities of labor common on she has previous written on televisual labor and the Internet. In this talk, I examine the politics of how this shifts with battles of convergence with the labor and pleasure by addressing a new class internet and mobile media. Chozinksi has a strong of character also common on the Internet, the background in cinema studies and the Frankfurt griefer and troll who, as their name suggests, School and seeks to apply critical theoretical cause grief on the Internet for the sake of the lulz analysis to media and technology studies within (aka pleasure). With a focus on recent battles sociology. www.facebook.com/brittany.chozinski; between Anonymous (the trolls) and the Church of www.twitter.com/topshelf Scientology, I explore the importance of pleasure (that often bubbles directly from labor) for Patricia Ticineto Clough, The Digital Affect understanding not only this speci c case but for and Measure Beyond Biopolitics critically grappling more generally with the nexus Abstract: My presentation returns to an between labor and pleasure on the Internet. 10
  • 13. Trained as an anthropologist, Gabriella Coleman (2007) and is currently working on a book project. is an assistant professor in the Department of He is an editor for the DATA Browser book series Media, Culture, and Communication at NYU. (published by Autonomedia) and co-edited She teaches courses on hacking and digital Economising Culture (2004), Engineering Culture politics and has done the bulk of her research (2005) and Creating Insecurity (2009). on the politics of free software. www.anti-thesis.net/work www.steinhardt.nyu.edu/faculty_bios/view/ Jeff Crouse (participant in Prelude event, Gabriella_Coleman; gabriellacoleman.org/blog Nov. 11) talks about a few projects of his that Geoff Cox, Software Art-Work For-Itself use Internet labor, including Invisible Threads, a Abstract: With software, not only is the virtual online sweatshop; Crowded, a radio show programmer’s work dif cult to identify (often produced by Mechanical Turk workers; Dirt Party, hidden behind the interface) but the user’s labor where personal information about party-goers is also disappears into the operating system. In a gathered by online workers to create a live visual contemporary scenario, this is exempli ed by presentation; and You3b, a community site for the the operations of “social media,” wherein the creation of YouTube triptychs. social relation is produced in restrictive form, Jeff Crouse makes playful parodies commenting underpinned by the socio-technical hierarchical on the role of technology in our lives. His work logic of server-client relations. The participatory takes many forms, including software, Web work-play ethic of social media can thus be applications, installations, games, and video. understood as an expression of new forms of His piece Invisible Threads, a mixed-reality control, such that the value stolen no longer installation about virtual labor, was featured at relates simply to labor power but to subjectivity the New Frontiers Gallery at the Sundance Film too. The associated dislocation of social Festival in 2007. James Chimpton, a robotic antagonism remains useful to conceptualize monkey, interviewed the artists of the 2008 the way that exploitation is subsumed into the Whitney Biennial using information harvested from wider social realm. Consequently, the control of the web in real time. Another piece, Dirt Party, social media, and the labor related to it, are key made people at the 2008 Futuresonic Festival sites of antagonism that need to be identi ed in Manchester confront their online identities by for alternatives to be engaged. The presentation crowdsourcing the task of digging up “dirt” about refers to a number of artistic projects that draw them from the Internet. His work has also been attention to the contradictions expressed in the shown at the DC FilmFest, the Come Out and Play complexities of production, and the continued Festival in Amsterdam, Laboral in Gíjon, Spain, the importance of antagonism as a mechanism for Obie Awards, and the Eyebeam Art & Technology social change. The phrase software-art-work is Center in New York. He has received grants from expressed in a deliberately ambiguous way—to Rhizome and Turbulence, and is has been a fellow indicate the work involved in making software, at Eyebeam since 2007. BS, Individualized Study, the work involved in using software, as well as the New York University; MS, Digital Media, Georgia work that software does in-itself—taken together Tech. Crouse joined the Bennington faculty in to establish the necessity of software-art-work Computing in the fall of 2009. www.jeffcrouse.info operating “for-itself.” Amanda McDonald Crowley (Moderator) Geoff Cox is a lecturer at the University of brings to Eyebeam a substantial and international Plymouth (UK), an occasional artist, writer, background in media arts. She is a cultural and associate curator of Online Projects at worker, curator and facilitator who specialises in Arnol ni, Bristol (UK). He is part of Art & Social creating new media and contemporary art events Technologies Research at Plymouth, as well as and programs that encourage cross-disciplinary an adjunct faculty member at Transart Institute practice, collaboration and exchange. She moved (Donau University, Austria). He has a research to New York in October 2005, relocating from her interest in software (art) studies expressed in native Australia where she had been based while various projects such as the co-curated touring working nationally and throughout Europe and exhibition Generator (2002/03), his PhD thesis Asia. She served as the executive producer of the Antithesis: The Dialectics of Software Art (2006), 2004 International Symposium of Electronic Art the co-curated public art project Social Hacking 11
  • 14. (ISEA2004), developing the event from concept the idea of “whatever being” as a tag for a to major conferences, exhibitions, performances, contemporary mode of belonging unbound by concerts and site speci c installations on a ferry in the inscriptions of disciplinary identity. Some the Baltic Sea and locations in Estonia and Finland. agree that this mode could herald a better She was associate director for the Adelaide Festival coming community. Linking whatever being 2002 where she was also chair of the working to appearances of whatever in networked group that curated the exhibition and symposium communications and positioning it within a brief conVerge: where art and science meet. From 1995 history of the interconnections between media to 2000 McDonald Crowley was Director of the and identity, I argue that whatever being is the Australian Network for Art and Technology (ANAT), wrong model for a subject capable of left political an organization with a national brief to foster links practice and opposition. between the arts, sciences and new technology. Jodi Dean is professor of Political Science at She has done residencies in Berlin, Germany Hobart and William Smith Colleges and Erasmus (1994/5), Banff Center for the Arts (2002), and at Professor of the Humanities in the Faculty of Sarai in Delhi, India (2002/3), regularly speaks at Philosophy at Erasmus University. She is the international conferences and festivals, and lurks on author or editor of nine books. The most recent a lot of media, technology, and culture email lists. is Democracy and Other Neoliberal Fantasies: www.eyebeam.org/people/amanda-mcdonald- Communicative Politics and Left Politics. crowley www.deanicite.typepad.com; www.twitter.com/ Sean Cubitt, After Tolerance Jodi3425; www.facebook.com/jodidean Abstract: Where the gift of labor has been Laura E. DeNardis, Internet Governance: commercialized, as it has in social networking, the Where Digital Labor Determines Digital Freedom surveillance functions of the database economy Abstract: The work of Internet governance—such as serve not only to target but to average. Here the managing Internet resources and setting technical virtual nature of the crowd, its power to act, is standards—is not only an issue of technical design removed by a process of forecasting how much but a form of technological rulemaking about the deviance is tolerable in a population. The challenge public’s civil liberties online. For example, some then is to challenge the auto-archiving of network Internet standards are at the center of technology activity with its extension. What is essential is not and law questions about copyright ltering, the actual, nor identity, but precisely non-identity: surveillance and censorship, and individual privacy. the non-identical nature of the world to which The work of Internet governance is primarily done Western thought perpetually ascribes identity. by private institutions, often operating outside The challenge is to drive the logic of individualism the jurisdiction of traditional governments and to its far side, to turn the compulsory choice of completely out of public view. While the production consumerism into actual freedom. of content may be increasingly democratized, the Sean Cubitt is director of the program in production of technical architecture is not. DeNardis Media and Communications at the University will examine the shift from the traditional policy work of Melbourne and Honorary Professor of the of governments and citizens to the more diffusive University of Dundee. His publications include and private institutional labor of Internet governance Timeshift: On Video Culture, Videography: Video structures and will examine the role of openness, Media as Art and Culture, Digital Aesthetics, transparency, and other democratic values in Simulation and Social Theory, The Cinema helping to legitimate such a shift. Effect and EcoMedia. He is the series editor for Dr. Laura DeNardis is the executive director of Leonardo Books at MIT Press. His current research the Yale Information Society Project. She is an is on public screens and the transformation of Internet scholar, teaches at Yale Law School, and public space and on genealogies of digital light is the author of Protocol Politics: The Globalization technologies. www.culture-communication. of Internet Governance (The MIT Press 2009), www.unimelb.edu.au/media-communications; Information Technology in Theory (Thompson www.seancubitt.blogspot.com 2007 with Pelin Aksoy), and numerous book Jodi Dean, Whatever Blogging chapters and articles. www.lauradenardis.org; Abstract: Giorgio Agamben has introduced www.twitter.com/LauraDeNardis; yaleisp.org 12
  • 15. Julian Dibbell (Moderator) has been writing of gifts, of social networking from maintaining about online culture for nearly two decades. He family bonds to dating or socialising with friends, is the author of two books about online worlds, and of just passing the time—overlap in so many Play Money: Or How I Quit My Day Job and Made ways with work spaces, work tools, and the Millions Trading Virtual Loot (Basic, 2006) and virtually compulsory elements of everyday life like My Tiny Life: Crime and Passion in a Virtual banking or schooling. I draw for this discussion World (Henry Holt, 1999). He has written essays not only on critical theoretical approaches to and articles about hackers, computer viruses, labour, including speculative terms such as online communities, encryption technologies, affective and immaterial labour, but also on policy music pirates, and the heady cultural, political, documents designed to manage the incursion and philosophical questions that tie these and of life on work, on activist claims regarding the other digital-age phenomena together. He lives in protection of life against the uncursions of work, Chicago, Illinois. www.juliandibbell.com and on ethnographic research across MMORPG Jesse Drew, Creative Resistance gaming, MUVE participants, fan ction journal in the Brave New Workplace communities and archives, and academic use of Abstract: Communications has always been social networking sites. a key component of wage labor’s attempts to Catherine Driscoll is senior lecturer in Gender leverage better pay, improve conditions of work, and Cultural Studies at the University of Sydney. or creatively protest the boredom and monotony She works in a range of elds, including cultural of work. How have these practices evolved as the theory, online culture, modernity, rural studies, digital workplace has supplanted more traditional and youth culture. Her publications include employment? Is there a continuity between the Girls: Feminine Adolescence in Popular Culture fax machine and the photocopier and social and Cultural Theory (Columbia UP, 2002) and networking and mobile technologies? What is the Modernist Cultural Studies (UP of Florida, 2009). relationship between individual acts of creative Forthcoming publications include Teen Film: A expression and a collective labor response to new Critical Introduction (Berg, 2010), Broadcast forms of exploitation in the new workplace? These Yourself: Intimacy, Presence and Community are the questions I will explore in my presentation. Online (with Melissa Gregg), and a book on Jesse Drew is a writer and media artist whose work Australian country girlhood. Other current projects on participatory media in a democratic society, include an Australia Research Council project on labor communications and media technology country towns. www.arts.usyd.edu.au/departs/ have appeared in numerous publications gcs/staff/pro les/cdriscoll.shtml and anthologies. Drew’s documentary and Kate Eichhorn (Moderator), Are the Poets experimental lm/video work has been exhibited Using You? A Reading and Discussion internationally and domestically in many different with Nick Montford and Darren Wershler venues. For many years he was a labor activist in Abstract: Corporations are not alone in the both traditional smokestack factories and modern desire to expropriate the value of online users’ electronic assembly plants. He is currently director labor. Alongside corporate entities, writers and and associate professor of Technocultural Studies artists are redeploying users’ work and works, at the University of California at Davis. words and images, codes and innovations. In www.jessedrew.com contrast to corporations, however, their gain is Catherine Driscoll, Work/Life: Gatekeeping, primarily aesthetic rather than monetary, but is Ethics, Online Culture expropriated labor for aesthetic gain necessarily Abstract: In this presentation I want to think about less problematic than expropriated labor for the messiness of what is often referred to as monetary gain? More importantly, what might we work/life balance and understood by distinctions learn about the complexity and contradictions between leisure and labour in moves to manage of digital labor from writers and artists who what online culture means in the everyday lives chose to work within commercial platforms, of participants. It is not enough to acknowledge especially those actively appropriating other that work and life can’t be distinguished in the users’ labor? Is their work a mere extension and/ same way when the tools of leisure—of games, or enacted critique of corporate expropriations of online users’ everyday forms of participation 13
  • 16. and creation? More broadly, what decisions institutions which govern access to content— drive writers and artists to work within or copyright and contracts. Social production is outside commercial platforms, and to what driven, to a large extent, by social motivation; it is extent do these decisions affect their status as often collaborative in nature, and it is created and cultural workers, the nature of their work and shared within a social context designed by social its long-term archivability? In this reading and media platforms. This social dimension is currently moderated discussion, writers Nick Montfort and missing from our regulatory approach to content. Darren Wershler investigate the possibilities and While the current intellectual property regime limitations of cultural production produced both focuses on central control, social production within and against commercial platforms and requires us to articulate a matrix of relationships the meaning of digital labor across literary and which has three pillars: the individual, the artistic communities. facilitator (either commercial or non-commercial, Kate Eichhorn is an assistant professor of Culture private or governmental) and the community of and Media Studies at The New School. Her research users. A better understanding of this complex focuses on material culture, the theory and practice dynamics—between individuals, crowds and of the archive, and the poetics of everyday life. social media platforms— is necessary in order to Recent articles have appeared or are forthcoming design adequate policies for the social web. The in Public Culture, Invisible Culture, Cultural Studies paper underlines the limitations of the current = Critical Methodologies and Women’s Studies: An regime and points to the need for rethinking Interdisciplinary Journal. She is also the author of our conceptual framework. I describe the social two books of poetry, including Fond (2008), and nature of UGC and analyze the implications of co-editor of Prismatic Publics (2009). She serves social production for the different stakeholders. as review editor for Topia: Canadian Journal of The social web creates a mixture of commercial Cultural Studies and is currently completing a book- and non-commercial interactions, transitory length study entitled Reading the Refuse: Archiving and enduring stakes, ad-hoc collaboration and and the Poetics of Everyday Life. www.newschool. sustainable communities. I explain why social edu/lang/faculty production and UGC might be incompatible with the current copyright regime. I also discuss market Beka Economopoulos, (Moderator; also analysis and argue that the view of users-platform participant in Prelude event, Nov. 11), has 15 interaction as a market transaction for goods and years experience as a grassroots eld and online services governed by contracts, is rather limited. organizer, working with local, national, and Finally, I offer several insights on the institutions international NGOs and activist mobilizations. She that should govern access to User Generate is currently the vice president of Fission Strategy, Content in the social web. a consultancy specializing in Web 2.0 and new media approaches to online advocacy, organizing, Niva Elkin-Koren is the dean of the University of marketing, and communications. Prior to joining Haifa Faculty of Law. She is the founding director Fission, she directed the Online Organizing team of the Haifa Center for Law & Technology (HCLT). at Greenpeace USA, managing online/of ine She received her LLB from Tel-Aviv University integration, distributed labor, and social media School of Law in 1989, her LLM from Harvard strategy. Beka is also a co-founder of Not An Law School in 1991, and her SJD from Stanford Alternative, a volunteer-run non-pro t organization Law School in 1995. Her research focuses on the based in Brooklyn, New York, whose mission aims legal institutions that facilitate private and public to integrate art, activism, technology and theory in control over the production and dissemination order to affect popular understandings of events, of information. She has written and spoken symbols and history. www. ssionstrategy.com; extensively about the privatization of information www.notanalternative.net policy, copyright law and democratic theory, the effects of cyberspace on the economic analysis Niva Elkin-Koren, Governing Content in the of law, liability of information intermediaries, Social Web the regulation of search engines, and the legal Abstract: The prevalence of social production strategies for enhancing the public domain. and the rise of user generated content (UGC) www.law.haifa.ac.il/faculty/eng/elkin.htm destabilize the fundamental premises of the legal 14
  • 17. Lauren Ellsworth, Putting the Entire Population using also data from an ULML stream, which is To Work getting updated from a running system. In the Abstract: Lauren Ellsworth explores social media, presentation/show the participants, the audience, and the way in which media and interpersonal the students, are able to submit “movement relationships shift with the introduction of descriptions”—describing what the lead dancer international communities of communication. Is creates from scratch—and submit this to the participation in these communities labor? Are database, to be used again by the second dancer. we putting the entire population to work? Or are The returned data from the live-stream is used we transferring existing work to a new medium, as well and, together with the submissions, that coincidentally yields a greater capacity for in uences the course of the show and co-creates aggregating and processing consumer data. a new physical representation of the Web. Ellsworth is a senior at the University of Chicago Since the mid-90s the Internet has had an studying computer science and law, with a focus impact on Ursula Endlicher’s practice, which on legal implications of Internet technologies, bridges the Web and physical reality. She uses particularly surrounding data portability, reputation the Web’s ‘hidden’ languages—its HTML code—to regulation, and expectation of privacy. She is choreograph performances, visualizes HTML in interested in the role that developers play in installations, and translates it into sound. Her work innovation, the shifting role of media with the was recently shown at Light Industry, Brooklyn; at introduction of social media, and the internet as a Theater am Neumarkt in Zürich, Switzerland; at network, in which personal network relations still Quartier21/Museumsquartier, Vienna, Austria; at reign supreme. www.redyaf e.com; www.twitter. BM-Suma Contemporary Art Center in Istanbul, com/redyaf e Turkey; at Woodstreet Galleries, Pittsburgh, PA; and Ursula Endlicher, Facebook User Labor Enactments at the LMCC Swing Space@Seaport in New York. Abstract: For the conference I am staging a She received commissions from Turbulence.org/ performance, which will translate XML (an New Radio and Performing Arts, Inc., and from HTML-based language) into dance movements. the Whitney Museum for its artport website. Her The code “behind” the Web will be made visual, work is included in Rhizome’s Art Base, and in physical, and experiential. My artwork resides the ursula blicke videoarchiv at Kunsthalle Wien, on the intersection of Internet, performance, and Austria. Endlicher has lectured about her work installation. Previous works include a net art internationally and has contributed to several piece called “html_butoh”, and a live performance publications about net art, performance and series, Website Impersonations, both translate interactivity; she discusses these topics on her HTML tags into movements. In the performance blog, Curating Netart, which she runs together with series, dancers were creating new dance Ela Kagel. She was born in Vienna, Austria and movements based on the functionality of HTML lives in New York since 1993. www.ursenal.net tags; the dance vocabulary was added to an Laura Forlano, Writing for the Algorithm: online archive, the “html-movement-library”, and Digital Labor and Mobile Work reused on stage by other dancers. The audience Abstract: The Internet has enabled the emergence played an active role during these shows: they of virtual, decentralized and digital labor, which were invited to interpret the dance movements has reorganized the way people work, where into descriptions, brief sentences, and add them they work and what they do. Based on a 3-year to the ever growing HTML movement alphabet. study of mobile work practices and an ongoing Trebor Scholz introduced me to Burak Arikan, experiment in mobile work called Breakout!, this asking both of us if we might be interested presentation will examine individual accounts working on a performance piece together for of these changing work practices, environments the conference. The plan is to perform ULML and professions. For example, the growing ranks (user-labor mark-up language), based on Burak of freelance, self-employed and independent Arikan’s website “userlabor.org.” I have extended workers have formed new types of face-to- my current HTML-movement library and included face “communities” including membership in ULML tags. I will practice with my performers coworking spaces such as New Work City in New and introduce this new content, based on the York, which are supported by a range of social ULML grammar, to them. Burak suggested networking tools such as Twitter and MeetUp 15
  • 18. groups; the exibility and mobility of labor has of the exploited class is advanced. The relationship allowed for new spaces like cafes, parks and of class and knowledge labor is outlined and public spaces to be appropriated for work; and, implications for new media are discussed. The new jobs such as search engine optimizers (SEO) paper also discusses how useful categories such have been created. Such phenomenon point as the multitude by Antonio Negri and Michael towards the reorientation of individual identities Hardt, reproductive labor by Marxist feminism, away from rms and towards ad-hoc, place-based and audience commodity by Dallas Smythe, are networks of likeminded individuals that perform for a concept of class in informational capitalism. various forms of unpaid labor for one another in The contemporary proletariat constantly creates absence of rm-structured relations. In contrast and recreates spaces of common experience, to mass media and advertising accounts of such as the Internet, educational institutions, virtual, decentralized and mobile work, which knowledge spaces, culture, etc through their present a vision of anytime, anywhere work, these practices. These spaces and experiences are new forms of labor are contextual and deeply appropriated and thereby expropriated and rooted in place. It is vital that these place-based exploited by capital in order to accumulate capital. aspects of digital labor are taken into account in The notion of the Internet prosumer commodity is order to understand the overall socio-economic introduced as theoretical category that describes transformations that are occurring. contemporary Internet-based capital accumulation Laura Forlano is a visiting fellow at the Information strategies. Social networking sites (SNS) such Society Project at Yale Law School. She received as MySpace, Facebook, or studiVZ are Internet- her PhD in Communications from Columbia based integrated forms of communication and University in 2008. Her dissertation, When Code community-building. Based on this theoretical Meets Place: Collaboration and Innovation at foundation, a case study of social networking site WiFi Hotspots, explores the intersection between usage by students is presented. An online survey organizations, technology (in particular, mobile was based on a questionnaire consisting of 35 and wireless technology) and the role of place (single and multiple) choice questions, 3 open- in communication, collaboration and innovation. ended questions, and 5 interval-scaled questions, Forlano is an adjunct faculty member in the was carried out (N=674). The respondents were Design and Management department at Parsons asked about the major perceived advantages and the graduate programs in International Affairs and disadvantages of SNS. The results show and Media Studies at The New School, where she that public information and discussion about teaches courses on innovation, new media and surveillance and social networking platforms global affairs, technology and the city, technology is important for activating critical information policy, sustainable design and business ethics. behaviour. The results also allow the conclusion She serves as a board member of NYCwireless and that there are no easy solutions to economic the New York City Computer Human Interaction and political surveillance on SNS in an age of Association. Forlano received a master’s in surveillance and new imperialism and that the International Affairs from Columbia University, a topic should be analyzed critically by framing it diploma in International Relations from the Johns the context of larger societal issues. Hopkins University and a bachelor’s in Asian Christian Fuchs holds a venia docendi in the Studies from Skidmore College. research eld of ICTs and society. His main www.law.yale.edu/intellectuallife/forlano research interests are critical social theory, general Christian Fuchs, Class and Exploitation social theory, media and society, critical political on the Internet: Theoretical Foundations and economy, critique of the political economy of the the Example of Social Networking Sites media and information, and information society Abstract: In this paper, I argue that class is a studies. He is author of more than 100 academic central concept for understanding the economic publications, including the monograph Internet processes of informational capitalism. The category and Society: Social Theory in the Information Age of class is conceived based on Marxian theory (Routledge 2008). www.fuchs.icts.sbg.ac.at as a process of exploitation. It is not con ned to Francesco Gagliardi, The Mechanical Turk capital as the exploiting class and wage labour as Performance Handbook the exploited class, but rather an expanded notion Abstract: While Amazon’s Mechanical Turk is 16
  • 19. often regarded as a paramount example of neoliberalism, race and class today have been exploitation, according to a number of surveys “liberated,” but at the same time, they exist now several (western) MTurk workers engage with in a purely simulated form. I suggest that the the outrageously underpaid “HITs” (Human age-old logic of exploitation has never been more Intelligence Tasks) crowdsourced through the alive, never more purely actualized, than in today’s service for reasons other than monetary gain. The computer simulations. repetitiveness and mechanical nature of many Alexander R. Galloway is an author and tasks offered through Amazon’s “crowdsourcing programmer. He is a founding member of the marketplace” dovetails with deep-seated habits of software collective RSG and coauthor, with Eugene compulsive multitasking to generate a troubling Thacker, of The Exploit: A Theory of Networks form of entertainment. This performance/ (Minnesota, 2007) as well as two other books on presentation will report on an ongoing project digital culture. He teaches at New York University. exploring the performative aspects of this www.cultureandcommunication.org/galloway; mode of engagement with MTurk (and similar) www.r-s-g.org tasks. The project, which involves designing and commissioning tasks through the Amazon service, Michael Goldhaber, How Play Works Out and is funded entirely by working on HITs. Work Plays Out in an Attention-centered Economy Abstract: While many see the Internet and digital Francesco Gagliardi is a performance artist, labor on it as simply a new source of capitalist historian of performance, and lmmaker based in pro ts, I see it rather differently. What I will call New York City. He has been working internationally the attention system is a new, post-capitalist as an actor, director and performance artist for “mode of production” that revolves around the over a decade. In 2000 he translated, directed, paying and receiving of what is most intrinsically and performed in the rst Italian production of scarce: attention from other human beings. The Gertrude Stein’s Doctor Faustus Lights the Lights. recipients are also individual people, much more Programs of his work were recently presented than either groups or corporations. Thus it is a in Los Angles (The Wulf, December 2008), new class system, composed of net attention Berlin (Miss Micks, January 2009), Torino, Italy receivers, stars, and net attention payers “fans.” (quindicifebbraio, June 2009), and New York City The class relations are quite different from those (Ontological-Hysteric Theater, September 2009). of capitalism. Paying attention is a form of labor, He is currently working on a series of invisible even though under most conditions it seems performances of mental tasks, and on a video fully voluntary. One is aligning one’s mind to that series exploring the performative aspects of of the attention recipient, and in this state one translation. He is writing about the photographic is in general willing to try to some extent to do documentation of performance art in the 1960s what that recipient wants. When one has a huge and 70s, and researching the work of Stuart number of fans, this attention wealth can be Sherman. He holds a BPhil from Oxford University quite powerful. While it is true that companies and a PhD in Philosophy from the University of seek and sometimes make large pro ts through Turin. www.francescogagliardi.net the Internet, I view that as entirely a secondary Alexander Galloway, The Absolute and the Virtual phenomenon. One way to demonstrate that this Abstract: While the new condition of digital life new mode is already very nearly dominant over is one in which the distinction between play and the old capitalist one is in terms of an index that I labor has collapsed, at the same time a number call the TPI index, which can be roughly evaluated of new divisions have appeared: segregations according to the different kinds of “transaction” between us and them, segregations between in each mode. The index value for the attention text and image, or segregations between race system turns out to be far higher today than that and class. Drawing primarily on the game World of the capitalist mode. of Warcraft, I examine the way in which many I began my professional life as a theoretical games today subscribe to a speci c concept physicist and early on was a founder of Science of class and race, one still based on all the old for the People. I soon turned to questions of demons: segregation, division, essentialism, and technology and society, taught socialism and exploitation. How did this happen? After the labor Marxism, authored Reinventing Technology: Policies movement, after Jim Crow, after civil rights, after 17
  • 20. for Democratic Values and about 24 years ago and on questions of the relationship between originated the idea of a new kind of economy culture and language diversity. He has published based on attention, which I think has come to widely on digital media and cultural studies; his dominate. This is the attention system. Formerly rst book, The Cultural Logic of Computation, was I called it the Attention Economy though that published by Harvard University Press in Spring expression has been hijacked as far as its common 2009. www.people.virginia.edu/~dg6n meaning. It is an extremely prominent aspect of Ellen Goodman, Public Media 2.0: the Internet. I’ve written many articles, columns New Policy Directions and blog entries relating to this. Other interests Abstract: I will present the emerging conception include extending human rights, human evolution, of public media 2.0 and how the original abstract painting, photography, gardens, elephants, mandate of public broadcasting to engage in philosophy and post-modernism, and Democratic outreach and engagement is evolving. Public Party politics. I live in the SF Bay area. media entities are both inviting and resisting www.goldhaber.org; www.twitter.com/mgoldh; public contributions to new media productions www.facebook.com/michael.goldhaber and activities. The relationship between public David Golumbia, The Digital Securitization of Labor media professionals and publics in the work of Abstract: While the lines between “digital haves” creation, curation, and connection implicates and “digital have-nots” do not map precisely onto private and public media policies. the line between the lower and middle classes, Ellen Goodman is a professor at Rutgers University the association is close enough to raise disturbing School of Law at Camden, specializing in questions. Because the system of capital and the information law and policy. Professor Goodman’s economic exploitation on which it rests ultimately scholarship probes the appropriate role of determine the strati cation of society into classes, government policy, markets, and social norms in only changing that system can change class supporting a robust information environment. She relations in any signi cant way. In this sense, has focused recently on the future of public media “crossing the digital divide” for a member of the and recently authored a book chapter entitled lower class is poorly understood in isolation, even Public Service Media 2.0. This and recent law if it sometimes occurs in isolation. Rather, it must review articles are available at ssrn.com. Professor be seen as a species of class mobility in capitalist Goodman has spoken before a wide range of societies that is characteristic of other forms audiences around the world, has consulted with of such mobility—in principle available to many, the U.S. government on communications policy, but in practice distributed very unevenly. When and has served as an advisor to President Obama’s industries are digitized, part of what happens presidential campaign and transition team. She is is a process parallel to what Wall Street calls a Visiting Scholar at the University of Pennsylvania’s securitization—the conversion of a “non-derivative” Annenberg School of Communications and has asset (e.g., a share of stock that provides direct visited at Penn’s Wharton School and Law School. ownership in a company)—to a “derivative” asset. Prior to joining the Rutgers faculty in 2003, Typically, the part of an asset most valuable to Professor Goodman was a partner at Covington & capital is arti cially separated from the less Burling LLP where she practiced in the information , valuable part. This division profoundly distorts technology area. A graduate of Harvard College the nature of the assets themselves, by dividing and Harvard Law School, Professor Goodman was industries like mining and agriculture even more a law clerk for Judge Norma Shapiro on the federal fully than they had previously been into their court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. She “control” aspects and their “execution” assets— lives near Philadelphia with her husband and three and labor. Here we ask how we might theorize the children. www-camlaw.rutgers.edu/bio/1020 role for non-digital labor in a world managed by what is largely a digital elite. Melissa Gregg, Affective Labour: Past and Present Abstract: This paper provides an overview of the David Golumbia is Assistant Professor of Media concept of “affective labour” in media and cultural Studies, English, and Linguistics at the University theory to isolate two trends that seem speci c of Virginia, and holds a PhD in English (University to the digital era. It begins with an overview of of Pennsylvania, 1999). His teaching and research feminist writings on immaterial labour that precede focus on issues of representation in digital media 18
  • 21. both the Italian tradition lately dominant (in the implicit ethics, which are used to validate a vision work of Hardt and Negri, Virno, Lazzarato) and of respectful and market-oriented exchange the fan tradition of affective labour highlighted between creator and consumer. Proponents of by Henry Jenkins and others interested in expansive copyright law and strong enforcement “playbour” (Kucklich), the rise of the “pro-am” regularly deploy ethical rhetoric rooted in this (Leadbeater and Miller), “prosumer” (Tof er) and/ vision. Perhaps more surprisingly, so do some or “produser” (Bruns). Bourdieu’s taxonomy of of their critics. I use this ethical lens to explore capital is used to suggest that current attempts some of the ways in which people envision an to quantify the exchange value of online digital ethical or unethical copyright system of production labour underestimate the signi cance of social and and exchange and to illustrate some interesting cultural capital in social networking practices and tensions in the arguments of copyright critics. the degree of resistance to corporate exploitation James Grimmelmann, a former programmer, is already evident in online communities. Situating an Associate Professor of Law at New York Law today’s online social networking practices in a wider School. www.james.grimmelmann.net history of professionally-oriented “instrumental leisure” (Banks), the paper shows how affective Alex Halavais, Learning in the Networked Factory labour has become standardised in a wider range Abstract: The school is a factory for factory of white collar professional work than the male- workers. The school environment, traditionally one dominated work cultures of the past. Drawing on a of enclosure, intended to shape behaviors around three year study of information professionals, the the time-and-space regulation of the factory uniqueness of digital affective labour is shown to (and hospital and prison), has of late begun to lie in its anticipatory and prospective dimensions. dissolve into networked systems. This shift from In the digital era, workers engage in networking for the place to the networked space of the student the end goal of employability rather than security has been gradual, but has accelerated with the of employment (Boltanski & Chiapello). This shift help of networking technologies in the last few in the career narratives imagined by information years. As this shift occurs, we can locate shear professionals will be shown to necessitate a new points in the fabric of the life of the learner: a labour politics organised around “event” as opposed sixth grader expelled for what is found on his to “clock” time (Adkins). contraband mobile phone, a fty-year-old nishing her BA via an entirely price-driven online learning Melissa Gregg is a leading gure in the eld of network. Five-year-olds with demanding calendars affect theory and work. She is the author of Cultural that (as with “recess” for older students and Studies’ Affective Voices (2006) and co-editor of “3-day weekends” for adults) carefully hem in The Affect Theory Reader (with Gregory J. Seigworth, “play dates” designed to re ect the “work hard, Duke UP forthcoming). Her writing on digital , play hard” motto of their parents. At the same culture and labour has been published in a range time, the decentralization of control provides of journals including Convergence, Continuum, for temporary pockets of play within the larger Feminist Media Studies and Media International network. The shift in production from temporally Australia. With Mark Andrejevic, Melissa convened and spatially restricted factory to ubiquitous and one of the rst graduate courses on digital labour always-on freelance learning re ects and shapes post-Web-2.0, The Work of Media Consumption, at the networked factory. the University of Queensland. She currently teaches in the Gender and Cultural Studies Department at I am a social architect, interested in ways of helping the University of Sydney where she is nishing two form a culture of creativity, freedom, and justice. manuscripts on professional identity, friendship and In particular, I help people to understand how labour: Work’s Intimacy (Polity, forthcoming 2010) social media is changing the nature of scholarship and Broadcast Yourself: Presence, Intimacy, and and learning, and allowing for new forms of Community Online (with Catherine Driscoll). collaboration and self-government. I also have www.homecookedtheory.com; www.twitter.com/ institutional af liations. www.alex.halavais.net melgregg Orit Halpern, The Scanning Eye: James Grimmelman, Ethical Visions of Knowledge and Visuality in Cybernetics Copyright Law Abstract: This paper investigates attitudes to Abstract: Copyright law comes with a set of pedagogy and perception in post-war design, 19