Israel Palestine crisis

Israel-Palestine Crisis 3530 Toshio Sekine 3539 Eri Tayama 3607 Yu Ishii

Table of Contents
Basic Facts about Israel and Palestine
The Four Conflicts
History
Jewish Immigration
Zionism
Britain’s multi-diplomacy
1920s ~1967
Peace Process
Current Events
More about Palestine
Hamas and Fatah
West Bank/Gaza Strip
More about Israel
Foreign Relations of Israel
Other problems Israel has
Conclusion
Works Cited

State of Israel
Jews 76.4%, non-Jews 23.6% (mostly Arab)
official language: Hebrew
capital: Jerusalem
state religion: Judaism
world’s only Jewish state

Palestine Liberal Organization
Muslim 87%, Jew 7%
official language: Arabic and English
state religion: Islam
divided into the Gaza Strip and the West Bank

The Four Conflicts East Jerusalem capital West and East Jerusalem as an everlasting capital Withdrawal of Israeli settlements Israeli settlements annexation of Israeli settlements repatriation of the refugees and compensation for them Palestine Refugees Refugees of 1948- willing to negotiate for repatriation Refugees of 1967- Not willing to negotiate withdrawal of Israeli troops territory keep the border that was set in 1967 Palestine Conflicts Israel

Jewish Immigration
Jews mostly from Eastern Europe fleeing to Palestine, then a province of the Ottoman Empire, due to antisemitism and pogrom
1882-1903 First Aliyah
1896 publication of Theodor Herzl's The State of the Jews
sets the stage for Zionism
1897 World Zionist Organization founded
to build an infrastructure to further the cause of Jewish settlement in Palestine
1904-1914 Second Aliyah
1919-1923 Third Aliyah

What is Zionism?
Zionism is an ideology which expresses the yearning of Jews over the world for their historical homeland - Zion, the Land of Israel.
Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
The core of the Zionist idea appears in Israel's Declaration of Independence (14 May 1948), which states that:
"The Land of Israel was the birthplace of the Jewish people. Here their spiritual, religious and political identity was shaped. Here they first attained to statehood, created cultural values of national and universal significance and gave to the world the eternal Book of Books. After being forcibly exiled from their land, the people kept faith with it throughout their dispersion and never ceased to pray and hope for their return to it and for the restoration in it of their political freedom."

U.K. and Its Secret Diplomacy
1915 Hussein-McMahon Correspondence
promises Arab state in return for revolt against the Turks
May 1916 Sykes-Picot Agreement
agreement between Britain and France that partitions the territory of the Ottoman Empire
Palestine to remain under international administration
Nov 1917 Balfour Declaration
Britain supports “the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people”

1920s
Jul 1922 League of Nations grants Britain a mandate
to administer Palestine
to place “the country under such political, adminstrative and economic conditions as will secure the establishment of the Jewish national home”
1924-1929 Fourth Aliyah
due to anti-Semitism in Hungary and Poland
1929-1939 Fifth Aliyah
due to the rise of Nazism in Germany

Post WWII
Feb 1947 U.K. withdraws from the Mandate of
Palestine
unable to arrive at a solution acceptable to both Jews and Arabs
Nov 1947 UN Partition Plan
divides the country into two states, one Arab and one Jewish
Jerusalem to be designated an international city administered by the UN to avoid conflict over its status
the Jewish community accepts the plan, but the Arab leadership rejects it

Creation of Israel
May 14, 1948
declares independece from British rule, before the expiration of the British Mandate of Palestine

1948 Arab-Israeli War
May 1948 1948 Arab-Israeli War
Cause
founding of Israel
Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Iraq attack Israel
700,000 Palestinian Arabs become refugees
expansion of the borders of the Jewish state beyond those in the UN Partition Plan
1949 1949 Armistice Agreements
a set of agreements signed in 1949 between Israel and Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria
ended the 1948 Arab-Israeli War
established lines between Israel and the West Bank until the 1967 Six-Day War

Suez Crisis
Oct 1956 Suez Crisis
cause
Egypt’s decision to nationalize and close the Suez Canal
European countries had economic and trading interest in the Suez Canal
Israel wanted to reopen the canal for Israeli shipping
Israel invades Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula with the support of France and Britain
Mar 1957 withdrawl of Israeli forces from the Sinai Peninsula
end of the Suez Crisis

Creation of the PLO
Palestine Liberation Organiation founded on February 3, 1964 in Cairo by the Arab League to preserve the Palestinian entity
goal as the destruction of the State of Israel through armed struggle, and replacing it with an "independent Palestinian state" between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea

Six-Day War
Jun 1967 Six-Day War
causes
Egyptian naval blockade of the Gulf of Aqaba
military buildup in the Sinai Peninsula
Syrian support for Fedayeen (= Arab guerilllas, esp. those operating against Israel) incursions into Israel
Israel defeats the comibined forces of Egypt, Syria, Jordan, and Iraq
Israel captures more land
The Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip from Egypt
East Jerusalem and the West Bank from Jordan
The Golan Heights from Syria
more Palestinian refugees
Sep 1967 Khartoum Resolution
8 Arab countries adopt the “Three No’s”
No peace with Israel
No recognition of Israel
No negotiations with Israel

Changes in the Territories

Yom Kippur War
Oct 1973 Yom Kippur War
cause
to regain Egyptian land that Israel captured in 1967
Syria and Egypt surprise-attack Israeli forces in the Golan Heights and the Sinai Peninsula
Jordan, Iraq, and other Arab nations join in and/or support the Arab war effort

Post Yom Kippur War
Oct 1974 The Arab League recognizes the PLO as sole
representative of the Palestinians
Sep 1978 Camp David Accord
signed by Israeli Prime Minister Begin and Egyptian President Sadat
Israel’s withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula in exchange for peace and a frame work for future negotiation over the West Bank and Gaza Strip
Mar 1979 Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty
Egypt becomes the first Arab country to officially recognize Israel

First Intifada
Dec 1987 First Intifada
violence, riots, general strikes, and civil disobedience campaigns by Palestinians spread across the West Bank and Gaza Strip
Israeli forces respond with tear gas, plastic bullets, and live ammunition
Yassin creates Hamas in Gaza
Nov 1988 State of Palestine
proclaimed by the Palestinian National Council meeting in Algiers
Arafat recognizes the State of Israel
Aug 1993 Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government
signed by Arafat and Rabin in Oslo
end of the First Intifada
Aka Oslo Accords

Peace Process
After the Middle East War…
1967 SCR 242
Camp David
Madrid Conference
Israeli-Syrian talks
Oslo Accords
Camp David
2001 Taba
2002 Saudi plan
2003 Road Map
Geneva Accord
2005 Sham el-Shekh Summit

Oslo Accords
Main Points
Transfer of Powers to the Palestinians
The Oslo Accords does not prejudge the Permanent Status
Security remains an Israeli responsibility
・ Finalized 　　　　 : Oslo, Norway Aug, 20,1993 ・ Subsequently officially signed at a public ceremony 　　　　　 : Washington D.C. Sep, 13,1993 Israel’s reaction 　　-> a strong debate took place; the left wing supported, while the right wing opposed. Palestinian’s reaction 　　-> The Fatah accepted, but the "refusal organizations", objected

Road Map The Quartet United States European Union Russia United Nations Israel Palestinian Authority George Bush…(24/6/2002) “ The road map represents a starting point toward achieving the vision of two states, a secure State of Israel and a viable, peaceful, democratic Palestine. It is the framework for progress towards lasting peace and security in the Middle East…”

Process
Process
Phase I: End to Palestinian violence
Phase II: International Conference
-> to support Palestinian economic recovery
Phase III: Second International Conference
-> permanent status agreement and end of conflict

Current Events
Oslo Accords (=Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements)
Israel-PLO 4 May 1994 Cairo Agreement on the Gaza Strip and the Jericho Area
Israel-PLO 28 September 1995 Interim Agreement
Israel-PLO 15 January 1997 Protocol Concerning Redeployment in Hebron
Israel-PLO 23 October 1998 Wye River Memorandum
Israel-PLO 4 September 1999 Sharm el-Sheikh Agreement
-> Transfer of Authority
1999 Ehud Barak elected as Prime Minister (Israel)
Direct negotiation starts
/7 Camp David Summit
2000/9 Second Intifada

Second Intifada
Both Palestinian & Israel, deeply disappointed by the result of the Oslo Accord
Oslo War Arafat’s War Second Intifada(2000) ・ Sharm el-Sheikh Summit ・ Truce agreed ・ Israeli West Bank Barrier

Current Events
2001 Ariel Sharon elected as Prime Minister (Israel)
2002 Israel starts building barrier at the West Bank
2004/4 Road Map ->postponed indefinitely
2004/11 Arafat’s death
　　　　　　　↓
2005/1 Abbas elected PA president
2005/2 Sharm el-Sheikh Commitment
2005/9 Israel completes the engagement plan
withdraw from the Gaza Strip & spearhead the construction of the Israeli West Bank barrier

Unilateral Disengagement Plan
2004/4 ・・・ by Ariel Sharon
-> Remove all of its civilian and military presence in the Gaza Strip
(21 Jewish settlements there and 4 in the northern West Bank)
・ Sharon “this plan was designed to improve Israel’s security and international status in the absence of political negotiations to end the Israeli-Palestinian conflict”
・ Criticism
-> a betrayal of his previous policies of support of settlement
-> nothing more than a mode of stalling negotiations and increasing Israeli presence in the West Bank
2005/8/15 deadline 2005/9/12 completed in Gaza Strip 9/22 completed in West Bank Israeli citizens that refused to vacate their homes were evicted by Israeli security forces over a period of several days. About 8000~9000 Israeli residents moved.

Current Events
Fatah and Hamas called a cease-fire on attacks on Israel
2006/1 Hamas wins the control of the Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC)
Israel, the U.S., EU, and other countries cut off their aid to the Palestinians
Hamas is viewed as a terrorist organization
2006/6~ violence on both sides escalated
2007/3 Fatah and Hamas form a new unity government
↓
Collapses
↓
Hamas took over full control of the Gaza Strip
Fatah retains control of the West Bank

Hamas and Fatah
Hamas
a Palestinian Islamic militant organization and political party
was created in 1987 in Gaza at the beginning of the First Intifada
calls for the destruction of the State of Israel and its replacement with a Palestinian Islamic state
listed as a terrorist organization by the EU, Japan, Israel, and the U.S.
does not renounce violence and refuses to honor previous peace agreements between Israel and Palestine
Fatah
a major Palestinian political party and the largest organization in the Palestine Liberation Organization
supported by the U.S. and the EU

The Problems in Palestine The United States of America Israel Palestine Hamas oppression suicide bomb protest Arab League Moderates Radicals Egypt, Jordan,Saudi Arabia Syria support criticism

WEST BANK FACTS
Unemployment rate: 24.3 %
1/3 of households live below the poverty line
West Bank…Who’s the leader? Population 2.3 million Palestinians 400,000 Israeli settlers Palestinian-controlled areas 59% Israeli civil & security control 23% Palestinian civil control Israeli security control 18% Governed by Palestinian

West Bank Barrier 670km long Most of the barrier is wire fence at least 3m high, reinforced with a ditch and coils of razor wire. A few sections considered high-risk have been built from concrete blocks. ・ Why build it? -> to protect Israeli from Palestinian terrorism ・ Main Objection -> epitomizes everything that is wrong with Israel’s occupation -> 210,000 Palestinians would be cut off from social services, schools and places of work ・ Where does America stand? -> views the barrier as problematic ・ What is the UN’s position? -> Barrier is illegal. Tantamount to “an unlawful act of annexation”

Gaza Strip Economic Condition
GAZA FACTS
Unemployment rate: 35.4 %
2/3 of households live below the poverty line

Foreign Relations of Israel
only three members of the Arab League have normalized relations with Israel
Egypt, Jordan, and Mauritania
ties with Morocco have been on the upswing
enemy countries
Lebanon, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Iraq and Yemen
close allies
U.S.
first to recognize the State of Israel
shared political and religious values
Turkey
Germany
to make amends for the Holocaust
strong economic parterners
India
strong military and cultural partership

Conclusion
The Israel-Palestine crisis has been going on for more than 50 years now and we have not come to a solution yet. In this presentation, we only talked about important treaties and wars. However, there have been suicide bombs and riots every single day, killing thousands of innocent people. We, as a group, think that international community should cooperate in resolving this crisis so that both Israel and Palestine can respect and acknowledge each other as independent states .

Works Consulted
“ Palestine-Israel Timeline: Learn About: Palestinian-Israeli Conflict” http://www.afsc.org/israel-palestine/learn/timeline.htm
“ Israel-Palestine History and Conflict timeline” http://israeli-palestinian-conflict.org/conflict-timeline/
“ Hamas” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas
“ Fatah” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatah
“ Israeli-Palestinian Conflict” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli-Palestinian_conflict
“ Timeline of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli-Palestinian_conflict_timeline
“ A Definition of Zionism” http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Zionism/zionism.html
“ BBC NEWS Special Reports Israel and the Palestinians” http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/middle_east/2001/israel_and_the_palestinians/default.stm
“ CIA-The World Factbook—Israel” https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/is.html
“ CIA- The World Factbook—Gaza Strip” https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gz.html
“ CIA- The World Factbook—West Bank” https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/we.html
“ ZIONISM- Background” www.israel.org/MFA/facts%20about%20israel/state/zionism-%20background

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Israel Palestine crisis

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