The Industrial Revolution (AP European History)

Cottage Industry “Putting Out” System Fun for the whole family!

SupervisionDifficult to supervise rural workers“Holy Monday”SOLUTION: Factory Production

BeginningsBritain c. 1760Historians: Was there an Industrial “Revolution”?

Why Britain? Natural Advantages• Lots of Rivers • Cheap, easy transportation • Water power• Coal• Iron• Sheep (imported in 16th century)

Why Britain? Human Advantages• National Bank • Chartered 1694 • No NB in France • Source of capital• Private Property Rights• Aristocracy invested in commerce/industry • Not so in France• Canals• Invention

Natural Advantages Human Advantages

Water Frame InventionsOf the Industrial Revolution history adSpinning Jenny spinning jenny (intro only) Richard Arkwright 1768 Spinning MuleJames Hargreaves Inventions of 1764 the Industrial Revolution Samuel Crompton 1779

Mills The Water Frame could not be operated from home. Mills, housing thousands dozens of water frames, were built near rivers.

Water Power Water power is finite – only so many water frames could be built, and only by major rivers. Goods still produced on a small scale in the countryside.

Coal“Those countries where coal-pitsfurnish a proper substance for fuelhave this advantage over others,that not having the same occasionfor forests, the lands may becultivated.” -- Montesquieu The Spirit of the Laws, XXIII, 14.The British had access to coal, which provided massive amounts of energy in comparison to water, but it was still finite.

LudditesNed Ludd Mythical forest dwellerLuddites smashedframes that madeautomated weavingpossible. Smashing is what Luddites do best!Modern Usage:Anti-technology

Universityof Glasgow Scottish universities emphasized science and the mechanical arts. Oxford and Cambridge emphasized theology and the humanities.

Steam Engine E=mc21705 First experimental steam engine invented1769 James Watt (U. of Glasgow) made the Watt existing steam engine (which was being used at Scottish universities for experiments) more efficient.1770s Steam engine becomes a major producer of A preserved Watt engine at power. Loughborough University

CitiesThe development of the steam engine allowed people to build factories anywhere.Many factories popped up in cities, such as Manchester and Liverpool.

A Foreign Traveler’s Impression Alexis de Tocqueville  Journeys to England and Ireland  Visiting Manchester

RailroadsTransportationof goods wasstill a problemuntil railroadswere developed.1825 – Liverpool to Manchester Railway1830 – The Rocket clocked a record 16 MPH.

RailroadsA Revolution in Transportation18th century – Rousseau walked from Geneva, Switzerland, to Paris (257 Miles)Not unusual at that time!

RailroadsGoods can now be produced and transported in mass quantities.

The Malthusian DilemmaThomas Malthus, Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) MalthusFood supply growth is arithmetic, but population growth is geometric.

Population GrowthD. Ricardo, Iron Law of WagesHigher wages will only result in population growth. Therefore, workers should only be paid subsistence wages.

“Dismal Science”Malthus and Ricardo cause others, such as Thomas Carlyle, to refer to economics as the “dismal science.”Their theories were correct in the short run, but wrong in the long run.Production Possibilities Curve (Next Slide)

Production Possibilities CurveA good explanation of the PPC can be found here.New technology can make production (including food) more efficient. http://www.pcecon.com/notes/prodposs.html

Standard of Living Depends on Time Period  1820’s, 1830’s, 1850’s… Momentary shock, but conditions improved

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The Industrial Revolution (AP European History)

by Tom Richey on Dec 30, 2012

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