GREECE Understanding culture and art

YOUR GOALS ARE TO Understand the elements of Greek theater. Recognize how Greek ideals permeated Greek culture Explain the art of rhetoric and the value of persuasion Identify fallacies of reasoning . . . .

Corinth

Corinth

Corinth

ANCIENT GREEK PERIOD Theban Plays Oedipus, OaC, Antigone

Greeks believed: MAN IS THE MEASURE OF ALL THINGS

MAN IS THE MEASURE OF ALL THINGS

Throughout history, all great civilizations have tried to connect themselves to the Greeks: Rome Roman Catholic Church England France

Throughout history, all great civilizations have tried to connect themselves to the Greeks:

Rome

Roman Catholic Church

England

France

The White House

What is Philosophy?

Age-Old Profound Questions What is Real and What is Not? Why Are We Here? How Did We Get Here? Where Are We Headed? .

Profound Questions Are often simple YET… Are philosophically “deep.” . . .

Their Answers Are sometimes simple YET… Often paradoxical or even unknowable. . . .

“ The UNEXAMINED LIFE is not worth living. ” Socrates before his death in 399 B.C.

WHAT IS BEAUTY ? Aesthetics

WHAT IS BEAUTY ?

WHAT IS TRUTH ? Epistemology

WHAT IS TRUTH ?

What is…

WHAT IS GOOD THINKING ? Logic

WHAT IS GOOD

THINKING ?

WHAT IS REALITY ? Metaphysics

WHAT IS REALITY ?

WHAT IS RIGHT ? Ethics

WHAT IS RIGHT ?

WHAT FORM OF GOVERNMENT IS BEST ? Politics

WHAT FORM OF GOVERNMENT IS BEST ?

POLITICS

The Greeks wished to maintain ideal proportions when building any room or like structure from the ground up.

Today: The Parthenon in Athens (Int.)

the Fibonacci Series 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, . . http://goldennumber.net/classic/fibonser.htm

GREEK DRAMA

DRAMA: a literary composition written to be performed by actors in which a central character called a tragic protagonist or hero suffers some serious misfortune which is not accidental and therefore meaningless, but is significant in that the misfortune is logically connected with the hero's actions.

DRAMA: a literary composition written to be performed by actors in which a central character called a tragic protagonist or hero suffers some serious misfortune which is not accidental and therefore meaningless, but is significant in that the misfortune is logically connected with the hero's actions.

SOPHOCLES 496 BC to 406 BC Son of wealthy Athenian merchant Lived during golden age of Athens Center of democracy Important figure in society Becomes cultural spokesperson Noted playwright Wrote primarily tragedies Witnessed decline of Athens Wrote Oedipus at Colunus

496 BC to 406 BC

Son of wealthy Athenian merchant

Lived during golden age of Athens

Center of democracy

Important figure in society

Becomes cultural spokesperson

Noted playwright

Wrote primarily tragedies

Witnessed decline of Athens

Wrote Oedipus at Colunus

496-406 B.C. “ Fortunate Sophocles who after a long life died, a happy and a gifted man after writing many fine tragedies he made a good end, having endured no evil. ” Phrynichas, Greek Comic Poet

GREEK THEATER Plays were held at amphitheater for the Feast of Dionysius Tregedy means “goat lamentaion”—dionysis was a satyr God of wine and ecstasy

Plays were held at amphitheater for the Feast of Dionysius

Tregedy means “goat lamentaion”—dionysis was a satyr

God of wine and ecstasy

GREEK THEATER Theater used a chorus Theater itself began as chorus—singers—and then one person stepped out and sang solo  protagonist. (Remaining chorus was antagonist Chorus reflects what the audience is thinking “ color commentary” Provides background and spectacle

Theater used a chorus

Theater itself began as chorus—singers—and then one person stepped out and sang solo  protagonist. (Remaining chorus was antagonist

Chorus reflects what the audience is thinking

“ color commentary”

Provides background and spectacle

GREEK THEATER Characters wore a mask—called a “persona” Faces reflected a variety of characters and their emotions Masks contained “megaphone” to amplify their voices

Characters wore a mask—called a “persona”

Faces reflected a variety of characters and their emotions

Masks contained “megaphone” to amplify their voices

Skene

Ekkyklema

From Aristotle’s Poetics The Six Aspects of Tragedy

From Aristotle’s Poetics The Six Aspects of Tragedy * PLOT CHARACTER SPECTACLE SONG DICTION THOUGHT

PLOT

CHARACTER

SPECTACLE

SONG

DICTION

THOUGHT

From Aristotle’s Poetics The Six Aspects of Tragedy PLOT Plot is the way the incidents are presented to the audience Must be “whole” –beginning/ middle and end Incentive moment-  begins cause and effect Climax resolution Must be complete and have “unity of action” No “deus ex machina” No “episodic plots” Plot can be simple or complex Catastrophe (cata/strophe): change in fortune Perepetia: a reversal Anagnorisis: recognition

PLOT

Plot is the way the incidents are presented to the audience

Must be “whole” –beginning/ middle and end

Incentive moment-  begins cause and effect

Climax

resolution

Must be complete and have “unity of action”

No “deus ex machina”

No “episodic plots”

Plot can be simple or complex

Catastrophe (cata/strophe): change in fortune

Perepetia: a reversal

Anagnorisis: recognition

Contemporary Short Story Pattern

From Aristotle’s Poetics The Six Aspects of Tragedy CHARACTER Personal motivations intricately connected to cause/ effect aspect of plot Protagonist should be renowned and prosperous  change from good to bad Hubris Hamartia: a tragic flaw Characters should have the following qualities: Good or fine Fitness of character True to life Consistency Necessary or probable Idealized/ ennobled

CHARACTER

Personal motivations intricately connected to cause/ effect aspect of plot

Protagonist should be renowned and prosperous  change from good to bad

Hubris

Hamartia: a tragic flaw

Characters should have the following qualities:

Good or fine

Fitness of character

True to life

Consistency

Necessary or probable

Idealized/ ennobled

From Aristotle’s Poetics The Six Aspects of Tragedy THOUGHT Reference to theme DICTION Word choice is proper and appropriate Emphasis on style and use of literary devices (metaphor) SONG Musical element of the play Use of the chorus SPECTACLE * Production for effect

THOUGHT

Reference to theme

DICTION

Word choice is proper and appropriate

Emphasis on style and use of literary devices (metaphor)

SONG

Musical element of the play

Use of the chorus

SPECTACLE

* Production for effect

Persuasion and Rhetoric

David’s Death of Socrates: Neoclassical Period (1787)

Rhetoric Taught to Greek farmers to make their cases at court. Aristotle described rhetoric as ‘the ability, in each particular case, to see the available means of persuasion.” Dictionary: the art of speaking or writing effectively Can be negative—”baseless talk or writing”

Taught to Greek farmers to make their cases at court.

Aristotle described rhetoric as ‘the ability, in each particular case, to see the available means of persuasion.”

Dictionary: the art of speaking or writing effectively

Can be negative—”baseless talk or writing”

Rhetoric ETHOS Appeal based upon the character of the speaker Based on reputation of author OLD FAMILY NAME NOBILITY NEW TITLE RESUME APPEARANCE PATHOS Appeal based upon emotion Be wary of becoming mindless in the face of emotion Pity, shame, indignation, anger

ETHOS

Appeal based upon the character of the speaker

Based on reputation of author

OLD

FAMILY NAME

NOBILITY

NEW

TITLE

RESUME

APPEARANCE

PATHOS

Appeal based upon emotion

Be wary of becoming mindless in the face of emotion

Pity, shame, indignation, anger

Rhetoric LOGOS Appeal based on logic or reason Two types INDUCTIVE Specific to general Use of observations John was late and his hair was messy  He overslept. DEDUCTIVE General to specific Use of syllogism 1) premise + 2) premise  conclusion

LOGOS

Appeal based on logic or reason

Two types

INDUCTIVE

Specific to general

Use of observations

John was late and his hair was messy  He overslept.

DEDUCTIVE

General to specific

Use of syllogism

1) premise + 2) premise  conclusion

FALLACIES of REASONING 1. Ad Hominem Circumstantial 2. Ad Hominem Tu Quoque 3. Ad Populem (Appeal to Belief) 4. Burden of Proof 5. Appeal to Ridicule 6. Bandwagon 7. Division

FALLACIES of REASONING

1. Ad Hominem Circumstantial

2. Ad Hominem Tu Quoque

3. Ad Populem (Appeal to Belief)

4. Burden of Proof

5. Appeal to Ridicule

6. Bandwagon

7. Division

AD HOMINEM CIRCUMSTANTIAL EXAMPLE: Lumpy can’t possibly be right about his plan to help the poor because he’s never known what it’s like to be hungry.

AD HOMINEM CIRCUMSTANTIAL

EXAMPLE:

Lumpy can’t possibly be right about his plan to help the poor because he’s never known what it’s like to be hungry.

AD HOMINEM TU QUOQUE EXAMPLE: “ That hypocrite of a cop who gave us a ticket for speeding was completely in the wrong for doing so because I saw that very same officer breaking the speed limit herself just yesterday!”

AD HOMINEM

TU QUOQUE

EXAMPLE:

“ That hypocrite of a cop who gave us a ticket for speeding was completely in the wrong for doing so because I saw that very same officer breaking the speed limit herself just yesterday!”

BURDEN of PROOF EXAMPLE: Joe B: “I think we should provide money to the flood victims in New Orleans.” Lumpy: “But that’s not a good idea since we’re starving ourselves.” Joe B: “But how can you possibly against helping others?”

BURDEN of PROOF

EXAMPLE:

Joe B: “I think we should provide money to the flood victims in New Orleans.”

Lumpy: “But that’s not a good idea since we’re starving ourselves.”

Joe B: “But how can you possibly against helping others?”

BANDWAGON EXAMPLE: Hazing the freshman together isn’t a big deal. Anyway, you should do it if only because if you don’t, the team won’t ever trust you ever again.

BANDWAGON

EXAMPLE:

Hazing the freshman together isn’t a big deal. Anyway, you should do it if only because if you don’t, the team won’t ever trust you ever again.

DIVISION EXAMPLE: That ball is green; therefore the atoms that make up the ball are also green.

DIVISION

EXAMPLE:

That ball is green; therefore the atoms that make up the ball are also green.