Explanation Capabilities of the Open Source Case-Based Reasoning Tool myCBR

CAMBRIDGE, UK, 9 DEC 2008 Explanation Capabilities of the Open Source Case-Based Reasoning Tool myCBR Thomas Roth-Berghofer Senior researcher, trb@dfki.de German Research Centre for Artiﬁcial Intelligence DFKI GmbH Samstag, 18. Juli 2009

Basic explanation scenario Samstag, 18. Juli 2009

„TRUST ME. I KNOW WHAT I AM DOING!“ SLEDGE HAMMER Samstag, 18. Juli 2009

What are explanations? Samstag, 18. Juli 2009

What are explanations? Explanations are answers to questions. Samstag, 18. Juli 2009

• Plug-in for popular ontology editor Protégé (Version 3.x) • Extensions provided by myCBR (Version 2.6.1): • Easy import of raw data (csv-ﬁles) • GUIs for modelling knowledge-intensive similarity measures • Similarity-based retrieval functionality • Export of domain model and similarity measures in XML format • Stand-alone retrieval engine for separate use or integration with other systems • Built-in explanation capabilities MORE INFORMATION AND DOWNLOAD: HTTP://MYCBR-PROJECT.NET Samstag, 18. Juli 2009

Example domain: Used Cars Samstag, 18. Juli 2009

Example domain: Used Cars Body Model Color Mileage Manufacturer Samstag, 18. Juli 2009

Samstag, 18. Juli 2009

Local similarity measure VISUAL FEEDBACK: COLOURING OF SIMILARITY VALUES Samstag, 18. Juli 2009

Global similarity measure • Feature match: local similarity measures • Class similarity: aggregate local similarities • Weighted sum • Maximum • Minimum • Euclidian distance Samstag, 18. Juli 2009

Important attributes Samstag, 18. Juli 2009

Searching for a car Samstag, 18. Juli 2009

Questions • about domain concepts • about retrieval results • during modelling and maintenance Samstag, 18. Juli 2009

Question about domain concepts • What is meant by this concept? Samstag, 18. Juli 2009

Conceptual Explanations • The goal of conceptual explanations is to build links between unknown and known concepts. • Variations: • Deﬁnition: “What is a bicycle?” – “A bicycle is a land vehicle with two wheels in line. Bicycles are a form of human powered vehicle.” • Theoretical proposition: “What is force?” – “Force is Mass times Acceleration.” • Prototypical usage of individual things or actions: “What is a bicycle?” – “The thing, that man over there just crashed with.” • Functional mapping: “What is a bicycle?” – “A bicycle serves as a means of transport.” Samstag, 18. Juli 2009

Knowledge sources Samstag, 18. Juli 2009

Problem solving knowledge Knowledge sources Samstag, 18. Juli 2009

Explanation knowledge Problem solving knowledge Knowledge sources Samstag, 18. Juli 2009

Conceptual explanations Samstag, 18. Juli 2009

Questions about retrieval results Samstag, 18. Juli 2009

Questions about retrieval results • How did the system come to the similarity assessment of a particular case? Samstag, 18. Juli 2009

Questions about retrieval results • How did the system come to the similarity Action assessment of a particular case? explanations Samstag, 18. Juli 2009

Questions about retrieval results • How did the system come to the similarity Action assessment of a particular case? explanations • Which are the most similar aspects of a case? Which are the least? Samstag, 18. Juli 2009

Action explanations • Action explanations explain the activities of the respective system. • Action explanations: “Why was this seat post selected?” – “For the given price, only one other seat post was available. But this was too short. • Negative action explanations: “Why was no carrier chosen?” – “A carrier is only available for touring bikes. The user did not choose a touring bike.” Samstag, 18. Juli 2009

• Conceptual Explanations provide links to known concepts. Samstag, 18. Juli 2009

• Conceptual Explanations provide links to known concepts. • Action explanations provide information about the similarity calculation process. Samstag, 18. Juli 2009

Most / least important aspects of a case Samstag, 18. Juli 2009

Explanation conﬁg panel Samstag, 18. Juli 2009

Questions during modelling and maintenance • Are some problem types underrepresented in the case base? • Is there an imbalance of cases in the case base? Samstag, 18. Juli 2009

How many cases use a given attribute? Samstag, 18. Juli 2009

Distribution of cases regarding ‚manufacturer‘ Samstag, 18. Juli 2009

General system approach Samstag, 18. Juli 2009

Take home messages Samstag, 18. Juli 2009

Take home messages • Explanations are important and need to be considered while developing a software system. Samstag, 18. Juli 2009

Take home messages • Explanations are important and Explainer need to be considered while User developing a software system. Originator • Explanations are part of communication scenario Samstag, 18. Juli 2009

Take home messages • Explanations are important and Explainer need to be considered while User developing a software system. Originator • Explanations are part of communication scenario • Conceptual explanations support domain understanding. Samstag, 18. Juli 2009

Take home messages • Explanations are important and Explainer need to be considered while User developing a software system. Originator • Explanations are part of communication scenario • Conceptual explanations support domain understanding. • Action explanations counteract encapsulation and information hiding. Samstag, 18. Juli 2009

Take home messages • Explanations are important and Explainer need to be considered while User developing a software system. Originator • Explanations are part of communication scenario • Conceptual explanations support domain understanding. • Action explanations counteract encapsulation and information hiding. • Explanation manager provides access to conceptual and action explanations. Samstag, 18. Juli 2009

Thank you! CAMBRIDGE, UK, 9 DEC 2008 Explanation Capabilities of the Open Source Case-Based Reasoning Tool myCBR Thomas Roth-Berghofer Senior researcher, trb@dfki.de German Research Centre for Artiﬁcial Intelligence DFKI GmbH Samstag, 18. Juli 2009

Invitation to participate • ExaCt mailing list: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/explanation-research/ • ExaCt 2009 @ IJCAI 2009 http://exact2009.workshop.hm Samstag, 18. Juli 2009

Publications of ExaCt research group 2008 2007 (contd.) [Bahls, 2008] Bahls, D. (2008). Explanation support for the case-based [Roth-Berghofer et al., 2007] Roth-Berghofer, T. R., Schulz, S., and Leake, reasoning tool myCBR. Project thesis, University of Kaiserslautern. D. B., editors (2007). Proceedings of the AAAI-07 workshop on [Forcher et al., 2008] Forcher, B., Adrian, B., and Roth-Berghofer, T. (2008). Explanation-aware Computing ExaCt2007. AAAI Press. Technical Report Explanations in the information extraction system iDocument. Künstliche WS-07-06. Intelligenz, 22(2). 2006 [Mittag, 2008] Mittag, F. (2008). ReduxExp: A justification-based [Richter et al., 2006] Richter, M. M., Roth-Berghofer, T., and Schulz, S., explanation-support server. Project thesis, University of Kaiserslautern. editors (2006). Explanation-aware Computing, volume 25. SAP - Slovak [Roth-Berghofer and Bahls, 2008] Roth-Berghofer, T. R. and Bahls, D. Academic Press Ltd., Bratislava. (2008). Code tagging and retrieval with myCBR. In Petridis, M., Coenen, F., 2005 and Bramer, M., editors, Research and Development in Intelligent Systems [Roth-Berghofer et al., 2005a] Roth-Berghofer, T., Cassens, J., and Sørmo, XXV, London, UK. Springer Verlag. F. (2005a). Goals and kinds of explanations in case-based reasoning. In [Roth-Berghofer and Mittag, 2008] Roth-Berghofer, T. R. and Mittag, F. Althoff, K.-D., Dengel, A., Bergmann, R., Nick, M., and Roth-Berghofer, T., (2008). ReduxExp: A justification-based explanation-support server. editors, WM 2005: Professional Knowledge Management, pages 264–268, Proceedings of AI-2008. the twenty-eighth SGAI international conference Kaiserslautern, Germany. DFKI GmbH. on artificial intelligence. In Petridis, M., Coenen, F., and Bramer, M., editors, [Roth-Berghofer and Cassens, 2005] Roth-Berghofer, T. R. and Cassens, J. Research and Development in Intelligent Systems XXV, London, UK. (2005). Mapping goals and kinds of explanations to the knowledge Springer Verlag. containers of case-based reasoning systems. In Muñoz-Avila, H. and Ricci, [Roth-Berghofer and Richter, 2008a] Roth-Berghofer, T. R. and Richter, M. F., editors, Case-Based Reasoning Research and Developmen, pages 451– M., editors (2008a). Künstliche Intelligenz—Topic: Explanation, volume 22, 464, Heidelberg. Springer Verlag. Bremen. BöttcherIT Verlag. [Roth-Berghofer et al., 2005b] Roth-Berghofer, T. R., Schulz, S., and [Roth-Berghofer and Richter, 2008b] Roth-Berghofer, T. R. and Richter, M. Woody, A., editors (2005b). Proceedings of the AAAI Fal l Symposium on M. (2008b). On explanation. Künstliche Intelligenz, 22(2):5–7. Explanation-aware Computing ExaCt2005. AAAI Press. Technical Report 2007 FS-05-04. [Bahls and Roth-Berghofer, 2007] Bahls, D. and Roth-Berghofer, T. (2007). 2004 Explanation support for the case-based reasoning tool myCBR. In [Roth-Berghofer, 2004] Roth-Berghofer, T. R. (2004). Explanations and Proceedings of the Twenty-Second AAAI Conference on Artificial Case-Based Reasoning: Foundational issues. In Funk, P. and González- Intelligence. July 22–26, 2007, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada., Calero, P. A., editors, Advances in Case-Based Reasoning, pages 389–403. pages 1844–1845. The AAAI Press, Menlo Park, California. Springer-Verlag. [Eppert, 2007] Eppert, M. (2007). Generating provenance explanations for the gnowsis rebirth machine - a first pass. Pro ject thesis, University of Kaiserslautern. Samstag, 18. Juli 2009

Explanation Capabilities of the Open Source Case-Based Reasoning Tool myCBR

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