Introduction to Critical Enquiry Research KKP601 Approaches to Enquiry in the Creative Industries Associate Professor Terry Flew Guest Lecture 2008

Recommended Readings Methodology David Deacon, Michael Pickering, Peter Golding and Graham Murdock, Researching Communications: A Practical Guide to Methods in Media and Cultural Analysis (2 nd Edn., Arnold, 2007) Judy Giles and Tim Middleton, Studying Culture: A Practical Introduction (2 nd Edn., Blackwell, 2008) Applications Manuel Castells, ‘Why Networks Matter’, in H. McCarthy, P. Miller and P. Skidmore (eds.), Network Logic: Who governs in an interconnected world? , DEMOS, 2004. <www.demos.co.uk> Terry Flew, ‘Global Media Cultures’, in Understanding Global Media (Palgrave, 2007), Chapter 5.

Methodology

David Deacon, Michael Pickering, Peter Golding and Graham Murdock, Researching Communications: A Practical Guide to Methods in Media and Cultural Analysis (2 nd Edn., Arnold, 2007)

Judy Giles and Tim Middleton, Studying Culture: A Practical Introduction (2 nd Edn., Blackwell, 2008)

Applications

Manuel Castells, ‘Why Networks Matter’, in H. McCarthy, P. Miller and P. Skidmore (eds.), Network Logic: Who governs in an interconnected world? , DEMOS, 2004. <www.demos.co.uk>

Terry Flew, ‘Global Media Cultures’, in Understanding Global Media (Palgrave, 2007), Chapter 5.

Researching Communications (chapter titles) Approaching Research Dealing with Documentation Selecting and Sampling Asking Questions Handling Numbers Counting Contents Analysing Texts Unpacking News Viewing the Image Interpreting Images Being an Observer Attending to Talk Taking Talk Apart Using Computers (e.g. SPSS) What, how and why of researching communications

Approaching Research

Dealing with Documentation

Selecting and Sampling

Asking Questions

Handling Numbers

Counting Contents

Analysing Texts

Unpacking News

Viewing the Image

Interpreting Images

Being an Observer

Attending to Talk

Taking Talk Apart

Using Computers (e.g. SPSS)

What, how and why of researching communications

Studying Culture (chapter titles) What is Culture? Identity and Difference Representation History Cultural Geography Case Study: Global Tourism Cultural Value: High Culture and Popular Culture Subjects, Bodies, Selves Consumption Technology

What is Culture?

Identity and Difference

Representation

History

Cultural Geography

Case Study: Global Tourism

Cultural Value: High Culture and Popular Culture

Subjects, Bodies, Selves

Consumption

Technology

What of Research? All research methodologies need to be situated within a four-fold understanding of the research process : Define the problem Gather the evidence Analyse the evidence Draw conclusions

All research methodologies need to be situated within a four-fold understanding of the research process :

Define the problem

Gather the evidence

Analyse the evidence

Draw conclusions

Qualitative Research Qualitative research ‘consists of a set of interpretive, material practices that make the world visible … [as] they turn the world into a series of representations … [through] studying things in their natural settings , attempting to make sense of, phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them. ’ Norman Denzin and Yvonne Lincoln, Handbook of Qualitative Research , 3 rd Edn., Sage, 2003, p. 3.

Qualitative research ‘consists of a set of interpretive, material practices that make the world visible … [as] they turn the world into a series of representations … [through] studying things in their natural settings , attempting to make sense of, phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them. ’

Norman Denzin and Yvonne Lincoln, Handbook of Qualitative Research , 3 rd Edn., Sage, 2003, p. 3.

Beyond the Words versus Statistics Dichotomy DATA HYPOTHESES TEXTS INTERPRETATIONS

Object and Subject of Research Demonstration of research outcomes to those outside of related peer communities Examples: APA(I); research with/for corporate, NGO and government clients Research driven by interest in engagement by others with artefacts produced and consumed by others Examples: textual analysis, audience research, action research; ethnography External Assessment of outcomes by related peer communities Examples: exhibition, installation, live performance event, circulation of creative written work Research driven by person’s own creative practice Examples: art works, novel, performance Internal Subject of Research Object of Research

Research Techniques Action research Field work Interviews Surveys Case studies Ethnography Focus groups Discourse analysis Content analysis Textual analysis Archival/documentary research

Action research

Field work

Interviews

Surveys

Case studies

Ethnography

Focus groups

Discourse analysis

Content analysis

Textual analysis

Archival/documentary research

Developing a Sample Sampling texts and documents Sampling populations Sampling content Sampling data Sampling statements and images

Sampling texts and documents

Sampling populations

Sampling content

Sampling data

Sampling statements and images

Modes of Engagement Participant observation Surveys Semi-structured interviews Questions of representativeness, relevance, reliability of evidence Triangulation of cases and research methodologies

Participant observation

Surveys

Semi-structured interviews

Questions of representativeness, relevance, reliability of evidence

Triangulation of cases and research methodologies

Interviews and Focus Groups Organising an interview Medium of interviewing (face-to-face or other) Single interviews or focus groups? How structured is the interview/focus group? Organising questions to time Comparing responses Resource implications of different methods (e.g. timing, transcription, online v. face-to-face)

Organising an interview

Medium of interviewing (face-to-face or other)

Single interviews or focus groups?

How structured is the interview/focus group?

Organising questions to time

Comparing responses

Resource implications of different methods (e.g. timing, transcription, online v. face-to-face)

Case Studies How many case studies (scope and resource implications)? What is the key information sought (‘Occam’s razor principle’)? Availability or relevant documentation and data Mixed-method approaches (e.g. publicly available data and information, interviews and audience/user surveys) Comparative case studies

How many case studies (scope and resource implications)?

What is the key information sought (‘Occam’s razor principle’)?

Availability or relevant documentation and data

Mixed-method approaches (e.g. publicly available data and information, interviews and audience/user surveys)

Comparative case studies

Triangulation: Case Study #1 - Media Corporations and Online News Media PUBLICLY AVAILABLE MATERIAL (speeches, annual reports, secondary sources) SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS (key informants within the organisation) TEXTUAL/CONTENT ANALYSIS (analysis of sample of online content)

Triangulation: Case Study #2 - New Media and Developing Countries PUBLICLY AVAILABLE MATERIAL (policy documents, archives, speeches, online publications) PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION (immersion in the locality of case study) USER ETHNOGRAPHIES (‘stories’ about patterns of use – affordances and problems)

Entering the Research Industry Research is a $5bn+ industry in Australia (ARC - $1.2billion annually) – most research funding is externally driven Timelines/milestones Project management/working in teams Outcomes/deliverables End-user orientation Publishing research: how to present to different readerships Researching for industry : outcomes-oriented research (‘bottom line’ – time constraints – research commercialisation) Researching for government: policy-oriented research (‘ideas thick’ research – Cunningham – presenting findings for decision-makers) Advocacy research – understanding your constituency

Research is a $5bn+ industry in Australia (ARC - $1.2billion annually) – most research funding is externally driven

Timelines/milestones

Project management/working in teams

Outcomes/deliverables

End-user orientation

Publishing research: how to present to different readerships

Researching for industry : outcomes-oriented research (‘bottom line’ – time constraints – research commercialisation)

Researching for government: policy-oriented research (‘ideas thick’ research – Cunningham – presenting findings for decision-makers)

Advocacy research – understanding your constituency

Entering the Research Industry How to present at conferences and seminars Presenting to the media Applying for research funding Building a research CV and networks (e.g. developing an ‘affable persona’) Ethics of research: research/consultancy relationship

How to present at conferences and seminars

Presenting to the media

Applying for research funding

Building a research CV and networks (e.g. developing an ‘affable persona’)

Ethics of research: research/consultancy relationship