HYPERMEDIA ja YHTEISKUNTA Tere Vadén, HYPEP1 25.9. 2008

Hypermedia and society Hypermedia as a tool for augmenting human possibilities & capacities Vannaver Bush, Ted Nelson, Douglas Engelbart... (mediated) information – increasingly important as a tool & end product in society cf. Web 2.0 (flickr, YouTube, Wikis, etc. )‏ Theories & models of information society What, exactly, is changing & unique?

Hypermedia as a tool for augmenting human possibilities & capacities

Vannaver Bush, Ted Nelson, Douglas Engelbart...

(mediated) information – increasingly important as a tool & end product in society

cf. Web 2.0 (flickr, YouTube, Wikis, etc. )‏

Theories & models of information society

What, exactly, is changing & unique?

Vannaver Bush: “As we May Think”, http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/194507/bush Memex

Vannaver Bush: “As we May Think”,

http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/194507/bush

Memex

Ted Nelson, hypertext, 1963 Project Xanadu

Ted Nelson, hypertext,

1963

Project Xanadu

Douglas Engelbart, Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework , 1962 http://www.bootstrap.org/augdocs/friedewald030402/augmentinghumanintellect/ahi62index.html

Douglas Engelbart, Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework , 1962

http://www.bootstrap.org/augdocs/friedewald030402/augmentinghumanintellect/ahi62index.html

E.g. hackerism From the 1950's and 1960's Universities, hobbyists Antipatriarchalism (1960's)‏ Hardware hackerism Reliable & cheap computing machinery PC Software hackerism Programs as algorhitms “ hacking” as fun

From the 1950's and 1960's

Universities, hobbyists

Antipatriarchalism (1960's)‏

Hardware hackerism

Reliable & cheap computing machinery

PC

Software hackerism

Programs as algorhitms

“ hacking” as fun

Open information society Spirit of hackerism “ information wants to be free” Digital information is a non-scarce resource (almost) perfect copies with (close to) zero price Information as a tool of production Information as the product

Spirit of hackerism

“ information wants to be free”

Digital information is a non-scarce resource

(almost) perfect copies with (close to) zero price

Information as a tool of production

Information as the product

Software hackers

Hardware Hackers Homebrew Computer Club

Homebrew Computer Club

“ An Open Letter to Hobbyists”

free software e-mail, Internet, Linux ... free encyclopedia, info Wikipedia, ... free culture books, music, movies (Star Wreck)‏ indymedia, wikibooks, wikimagazines... wikiversity, ... Three waves...

free software

e-mail, Internet, Linux ...

free encyclopedia, info

Wikipedia, ...

free culture

books, music, movies (Star Wreck)‏

indymedia, wikibooks, wikimagazines...

wikiversity, ...

Resources: scarce and non-scarce 100101001011 100101001011 100101001011 100101001011

Scarce Non-scarce Free Controlled Air (?)‏ Houses Ideas, language Copyright- industry

free controlled scarce non-scarce - ex. roads - “tragedy of the commons” - ex. houses, apples - ex. language, ideas (air) ‏ - “intellectual property” right/left (who controls what) ‏ greens (non-scarce is scarce) ‏ cybercommunism (scarce is non-scarce) ‏

How to manage resources? Property – motivation for care & increase Utilitarianism Commons – motivation for co-operation Utilitarianism, communitarianism Tragedy of the commons Hardin 1968 Tragedy of the anticommons Lessig, Buchanan ...

Property – motivation for care & increase

Utilitarianism

Commons – motivation for co-operation

Utilitarianism, communitarianism

Tragedy of the commons

Hardin 1968

Tragedy of the anticommons

Lessig, Buchanan ...

Content Code Physical Layers Hyde Park TV PC Internet Free Free Free Controlled Controlled Controlled ? ? ?